Text | Yuan Zhixue
Lu Hongtao (1866-1927), zi xiancha, Jiangsu Tongshan people, Beiyang warlord general, first belonged to the Anhui family, and then to the direct line. When Lu Hongtao was 19 years old, he entered the artillery department of Tianjin Wubei Academy and was related to the great warlords Duan Qirui, Feng Guozhang, wang Shizhen and others. In 1891, Lu Hongtao graduated from the Tianjin Wubei Academy and was assigned to Gansu as an apprentice. Yang Changjun, the governor of Shaanxi and Gansu, did not spare him, so he went to Xinjiang to join the inspectors of Tao Mo. Tao Hou was transferred to the governorship of Shaanxi and Gansu, and Lu Hongtao followed him. In 1897, Tao appointed Lu Hongtao as the orthodox teacher of the foreign artillery team. Since then, Lu Hongtao has begun a 28-year military career in Gansu.
In 1925, Lu Hongtao, the governor of Gansu Province, and his bodyguards
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" served as the overseer of Gansu > the chaotic world</h1>
At the end of the Qing Dynasty, Gansu organized and trained the new army, but only formed a mixed association, under the jurisdiction of three standards, Lu Hongtao successively served as the inspector of the gansu new army, the gansu standing army first standard first battalion pipe belt, the first standard standard unified. After the outbreak of the Xinhai Revolution, Chang Geng, the governor of Qing, Shaanxi and Gansu, stationed in Lanzhou, carried out a large-scale reorganization of the Gansu garrison, and the first standard of the Mixed Association, Lu Hongtao, was organized into the Zhenwu Army. After the reorganization of the various units was completed, Sheng Yun attacked the Shaanxi Nationalist Army under the command of Sheng Yun, with Lu Hongtao's Zhenwu Army as the forward, and after entering Shaanxi, a fierce battle was waged between Changwu and the Nationalist Army's Zhang Yunshan Department, and the Nationalist Army was quite invincible, but then the news of the Abdication of the Qing Emperor came, and Lu Hongtao and others withdrew and returned to Gansu. In May 1913, Lu Hongtao was appointed as the commander-in-chief of Liangzhou Town. In March 1914, Zhang Guangjian supervised Gan, and Lu Hongtao tried their best to serve. In March 1915, Lu Hongtao was appointed by Zhang Guangjian as the defender of Longdong Town, leaving the town of Pingliang in 17 counties, supporting 48 sentries, and becoming a powerful faction in Gansu. In 1921, Zhang Guangjian was expelled by Ma Fuxiang and others, and the Beijing government appointed Cai Chengxun, the former governor of Suiyuan, as the overseer of Gansu, and Lu Hongtao took care of the Gansu overseer before his arrival. Lu Hongtao secretly organized demonstrations from all walks of life in Lanzhou to electrify the whole country against "Cai Tiger" Dougan. Because Lu Taohong was in longdong town to guard the envoy, strict management of the army, maintenance of public order, unwilling to do much, good reputation, so with the support of all walks of life in Gansu, coupled with Zhang Guangjian's secret protection, in May 1921, the Beijing government then changed Cai Chengxun to Jiangxi overseer, Lu Hongtao continued to care for the Gansu capital army, in 1922 Lu Hongtao officially became the gansu overseer.
< h1 class = "pgc-h-arrow-right" > solid foundation to hunt down revolutionaries</h1>
Revolutionary Zhang Yu monk
Zhang Yusheng wrote a letter to his relatives on the way back to Lanzhou
In 1921, Zhang Yusheng, a revolutionary from Wushan, Gansu Province, entered Gansu to persuade Lu Hongtao and Zhang Zhaotong to defect to the Beiyang warlords without success, and unexpectedly learned that the Beiyang government had allocated Lu Hongtao's first batch of arms from Guanyintang Station in Henan province to Gansu through Shaanxi, and quickly returned to Shaanxi overnight, plotting with Yang Hucheng to intercept it. On March 25, 1922, Zhang Yusheng planned and commanded the Jingguo Army to ambush the Tiefo Temple in Qianxian County, Shaanxi Province, and intercepted the weapons and ammunition of thirty-two carriages, including more than 1,000 rifles made in Hanyang and more than 600,000 rounds of ammunition. After Lu Hongtao lost his gun, he immediately organized the Shaanxi-Gansu warlords to retaliate, and attacked and suppressed the Jingguo army with his belly and back, and Yang Hucheng led his troops to defeat and retreat to northern Shaanxi. Zhang Yusheng was sent by Yang Hucheng to Beijing to secretly lurk and wait for an opportunity to make a comeback. At 2:00 a.m. on November 14, 1922, Zhang Yusheng was secretly arrested by the Beiyang Warlord Police Department at the Xiheyan Inn outside the front gate of Beijing, and the secret draft of the telegram he personally wrote to Yang Hucheng was found at his residence. In December of the same year, Zhang Yusheng was secretly escorted from Beijing by Li Changqing, a subordinate of Lu Hongtao. When he left Beijing, Wu Peifeng, the leader of the Beiyang warlords, issued an order to Li Changqing in person: "Escort Zhang Yusheng to the Tiefo Temple in Qianxian County, Shaanxi Province, and execute him on the spot." However, At the same time, Li Changqing received a telegram from Lu Hongtao, instructing Zhang Yusheng to be escorted to Lanzhou for investigation. After Li Changqing escorted Zhang Yusheng out of Beijing, he was afraid of changes on the way, and first detoured from Zhili to Inner Mongolia and Shanxi, and then through Shaanxi into Gansu. When he left Beijing, he was escorted in a disguised costume by an official car, and after entering Gansu, he used a prison cart instead. During the escort process, Zhang Yu monk wrote a letter to the "Shide Hall" in Gongchang Province everywhere he went, which was sent by the male servant of Tongwei's retinue. "Shide Hall" is a medicine shop opened by the Tianxi Zhang family in Longxi. After Zhang Yusheng's arrest, people from all walks of life in Beijing and the provincial capital of Lanzhou actively organized rescues, and Lanzhou and Wushan set off a wave of protests against reactionary warlords. Zhang Yusheng was tortured and tortured in Lanzhou Prison, and in the face of the butcher's knife of the reactionary warlord, his righteousness was awe-inspiring and unyielding. In the spring of 1923, Li Yuanhong issued a pardon order, and Lu Hongtao heard the news and acted preemptively, secretly killing Zhang Yusheng at the foot of Gaolan Mountain on the night of March 3, at the age of 35.
<h1 class= "pgc-h-arrow-right" > greet the Ninth Panchen Lama in times of crisis</h1>
In his youth, the Ninth Panchen Lama Erdeni Quji Nyima and his entourage
On the night of November 15, 1923, the Ninth Panchen Lama led 15 attendants and headed north. When the Panchen Lama fled, he was afraid of being pursued and killed by the Dalai Lama, and his actions were highly confidential, and he chose a quiet mountain road day and night, so he was found fleeing from the monastery seven days later. When the Kashag heard the news, he immediately sent troops to pursue him, but because he did not know the specific action route of the Panchen Lama, and coincided with the heavy snow sealing the mountain, he had to give up. On June 5, 1924 (May 4 of the lunar calendar), the Panchen Lama experienced many hardships and arrived in Lanzhou after nine deaths, and Lu Hongtao, the overseer of Gansu, led thousands of officials and troops to greet him on the outskirts of Lanzhou. Cao Kun, the president of the Beiyang Government, specially sent Li Naifen as the "welcome commissioner" and led a hundred guards from Beijing to Lanzhou to welcome him. In 1924, when Lu Hongtao, the governor of Gansu Province, was the honorary chairman of the All-China Road Construction Association, under the initiative and support of the National Road Construction Association, he began to prepare for the construction of the Sealand Highway, and decided that the garrison engineer battalion would first expand the section from Dongshaomen in Lanzhou to Donggang Town. After Lu Hongtao became the governor of Gansu, in 1924, he organized the provincial directly subordinate units into the First Division of the Gansu Army, as his basic strength, and he was also the commander of the division, Wei Hongfa was the chief of the division, and he had two brigades under his command, and the brigade commanders Huang Degui and Li Changqing were both from Lu Hongtao's Ma Ben. In July of the same year, Lu Hongtao was awarded the title of General of the General's Office of Suwu. In March 1924, Lu Hongtao was concurrently appointed governor of Gansu Province. In January 1925, the Overseer was abolished and Lu Hongtao was replaced by the Gansu Military Governor.
< h1 class= "pgc-h-arrow-right" > subordinate rebellion was forced to leave Gan</h1>
Lanzhou, the capital of Gansu Province in the early 1920s
On the banks of the Yellow River in Lanzhou, the capital of Gansu Province in the early 1920s
In March 1925, lu Hongtao suffered a stroke and was bedridden, and Li Changqing secretly contacted Zhang Zhaotong, the defender of Longdong Town, and after reaching an offensive and defensive alliance, Li Changqing, together with his closest regiment leader Bao Yuxiang, threatened Lu Hongtao and asked him to surrender power. 1925 was a turning point for Lu Hongtao. This year, Lu Hongtao, who was already 59 years old, was seriously ill and basically paralyzed, and the military and government could no longer take care of it. On the one hand, in Gansu, Lu Hongtao's subordinates planned to overthrow Lu Hongtao, hoping to take advantage of Lu Hongtao's serious illness to seize the position of division commander, and after seizing the military power, they would seize his position as governor of the province. On the other hand, the political environment in Gansu is complex and there is a lack of talents, and Lu Hongtao's son Lu Songnian is only in his early twenties, and in the face of such a situation, Lu Hongtao did not let his son inherit his career. During his illness, Lu Hongtao was discouraged when he saw the defection of his close subordinates, and even sent a telegram to the Beijing government to demand his resignation. The Beijing government appointed Feng Yuxiang as the Northwest Border Defense Inspector and Gansu Military Affairs Aftermath Supervisor. Feng Yuxiang then appointed Liu Yufen as acting governor of Gansu and led the nationalist army into Gansu, while Lu Hongtao left Gansu, where he had ruled for five years, to become a Duke of Yu in Tianjin. On his way out of Lanzhou, Lu Hongtao sent a telegram to Duan Qirui and Feng Yuxiang, recounting Li Changqing's reasons for forcing him to flee Gansu in a mutiny. At the end of September 1925, while forcing Lu Hongtao to hand over the seal of the division commander and flee to Tianjin, Li Changqing led his troops to defeat Huang Degui, who was stationed at Hualin Mountain, and made himself the commander of the First Division, actively deploying defenses in the eastern suburbs of Lanzhou to prevent other incidents.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > Li Changqing was buried in the Garden of the Governor's Office at the Hongmen Banquet</h1>
Lanzhou in 1925
In October 1925, liu Yufen waited in Lanzhou and was stationed at the Governor's Office (now the Gansu Provincial Government). At that time, Li Changqing was the commander of the First Division of the Gansu Army, and the basic units included Bao Yuxiang's first brigade, two regiments, one battalion each of artillery, cavalry, and heavy troops, and a company of pistols, and its garrison was the East School Yard, the East Gate, and the Gunpowder Bureau. After Acting as the Governor of Gansu, Liu Yufen had always been dissatisfied with Li Changqing's stubbornness, and later Liu Yufen proposed to reorganize Li Shi, and Li Changqing's Bao Yuxiang Brigade was directly subordinate to the Supervision Bureau, but Liu Changqing's reorganization plan was shirked by Li Changqing and Bao Yuxiang on the grounds that "Gansu soldiers were originally in one place, unwilling to separate, please avoid transfer", and at this point, Liu Yufen was even more dissatisfied. Later, Liu Yufen ordered Li Changqing's troops to be transferred to Yongdeng, but Li Changqing did not obey the order. The contradiction between Liu and Li further intensified because Liu Yufen's guards went to the area where Li Changqing's troops were stationed at the East Campus to practice, but li Changqing prevented them from succeeding in their wishes, and at this point, the contradictions between the two sides had been completely made public, and they were wary of each other and almost opposed to each other. On November 13, Liu Yufen sent an invitation to invite officers above the battalion commander of Li Changqing's department to dinner at the Governor's Office. Li Changqing personally led his subordinates to the Governor's Office for a banquet. After arriving at the governor's office, Li Changqing and the others were separated one by one, and Li Changqing left a Bao Yuxiang by his side. When Li Changqing, Bao Yuxiang, and Wei Shaowu were invited to rest in the Fang Garden behind the Staff Office of the Governor's Office, suddenly Liu Yufen's pistol team swarmed with guns and pointed their guns at Li Changqing, Bao Yuxiang, and Wei Shaowu.
<h1 class= "pgc-h-arrow-right" > admonishing future generations on their deathbeds</h1>
On August 31, 1927, Lu Hongtao died of illness in Tianjin at the age of 61. Before his death, Lu Hongtao always had one thing to worry about, that is, the children in the family. "In that era, the descendants of many warlords can be said to be stupid children, have no skills at all, when the scenery of the family, they can still have food and clothing, and when they are in the middle of the family, many people cannot survive at all, and Grandpa may be worried about this matter." Lu Hongtao's great-grandson said, "Grandpa once told us that before his death, Grandpa always stressed that we must let the children read and grow, and train them to become knowledgeable and talented people..." Lu Hongtao's descendants have always adhered to the proverbs of their ancestors in education, so that future generations can read and practice and strive to increase their talents. After Lu Hongtao's death, his wife and children still lived at No. 80 Jianshe Road in Tianjin, and after the liberation of Tianjin, they lived in Munan Road, Dali Road, Hebei Road and other places. Lu Hongtao's descendants did not engage in politics, and his son Lu Songnian had a very good relationship with "Li Shanren" Li Baye, and once worked with him to run a commercial bank and flour mill, but unfortunately there were no results. The situation in the family is not as good as before, but in the education of children, there is no relaxation, "Grandpa Lu Songnian's private school in the early years can be said to be a literati, good writing, and special kindness to people, in the education of my father's generation, Grandpa is also dedicated to letting children go to the best schools, training them to go to college and even study abroad." At that time, Lu Songnian had nine children in his family, most of whom were studying at Tianjin Yaohua Middle School and receiving a good education.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > appendix "Tomb Inscription of General Suwu Lu Cemetery" (author Ke Shaochen).</h1>
Lu Hongtao, also spelled Xiancha, was born on July 29 in Tongzhi Bingyin, Jiangsu Province. In the sixteenth year of Qing Guangxu (1890), he graduated from the Beiyang Wubei Academy (with Feng Guozhang and Duan Qirui), passed the first class, and went to Dagu to practice at the Weihai port of Shun. In the nineteenth year (1893), he went out with the Inspector of Xinjiang Tao Mo, appointed the new coach of the Xinzi Battalion, and promoted the Weiyuan Artillery Team to help lead. Twenty-one years (1895), Tao Mo was the governor of Shaanxi and Gansu, from Gansu. Due to the suppression of the chaos, the Shandan battalion was guerrilla- and the standing infantry standard belt was served. In the third year of Xuanun (1911), when the Shaanxi Revolution began, Lu Hongtao was ordered to lead his troops with Zhang Xingzhi, the governor of Shaanxi and Gansu, and the general soldier Anliang, and marched from the East Road, fighting five battles and winning five victories. Thereafter, forty-eight battles of all sizes were fought. Xi'an earthquake, a day of shock. Until the teacher was instructed, he regretted that he had failed. For his meritorious service, he supplemented the deputy general of the superintendent biao, added the rank of major general of the army, and promoted the commander-in-chief of Liangzhou Town. Inspector Zhang Guangjian of Gansu made him the defender of Longdong Town. In 1918, it defeated the northern Shaanxi bandits Sui Bandits, in 1919 defeated Ye Quan and the Shaanxi bandit Guo Jian, and in 1920 it was defeated again. In 1921, he was awarded the title of General of the Army, the Governor of Gansu, the Third Rank of The Order, and the General of Suwu. In 1924, he was also appointed governor of Gansu Province. The ultimatum is divided into four things. One is to rule the officials, two to the people's livelihood, three to be virtuous, and four to be frugal. Subordinates scramble for their own grinding, and they become tired of habits. It also built water conservancy projects, irrigated more than 10,000 hectares of fields, built dams for more than 20 miles, planted 10,000 trees, and used giant trees as school funds to maintain education. In 1925, he was appointed as the governor of Gansu. "With accumulation of labor, old diseases", he returned to Tianjin in 1926. On August 30, 1927 (the fourth day of the eighth month of Ding Di), xue was born in Tianjin, when he was sixty years old.
Memorial Hall of the Lanzhou Office of the Eighth Route Army