Zhu Xi
When it comes to the Southern Song Dynasty, the literary heroes can be described as brilliant stars, the most outstanding of which are Zhu Xi and Lu Jiuyuan, who are both unborn thinkers, philosophers, and educators.
Interestingly, Zhu Xi is a man of integrity, does not make false remarks in his lectures, and perfects "Taoism", we can call Zhu Fuzi; Lu Jiuyuan has a rigorous personality, and his words touch people's hearts, and he founded "Heart Science", we can call Mr. Lu.
According to historical records, Zhu and Lu had only seen two faces in their lives, but they exchanged letters with each other, debated and discussed the Tao, and had contact with each other for seventeen years. During this period, Zhu Lu and zhu lu had arguments, accusations, peace, solidarity, and bondage, but it was by no means intolerable to water and fire that we mistakenly thought!
<h1>Zhu Lu's first meeting: The meeting of goose lakes</h1>
The first meeting between Zhu lu and Lu began in the "Meeting of Goose Lake" in the second year of Chunxi (1175).
The "Goose Lake Meeting" was held at the Goose Lake Temple in Leadshan Mountain, and the meeting was presided over by Lu Zuqian, a common friend of the two, and the celebrities attending the meeting included Zhu Xi, Lu Jiuyuan, and Lu Jiuling, and the main participants were lu Jiuyuan and Zhu Xi, who launched a fierce debate closely around the "party of learning".
Zhu Xi advocated "Taoist learning", that is, attaching importance to the study of the day after tomorrow, advocating respect for the poor reason, and proposing the famous "existence of heavenly principles, removal of human desires" in later generations. Zhu Xi ridiculed Lu's study as "Zen studies", which deviated from Confucian classics such as the Four Books and Five Classics and talked about the mind.
Lu Jiuyuan advocated "honor and virtue", that is, attaching importance to the cultivation of the innate moral heart, advocating "inventing the original mind", and proposing the famous "heart is reason" in later generations. Lu Jiuyuan criticized Zhu's educational methods as too fragmented and cumbersome, and used knowledge as a substitute for them, and mostly dogmatic rigidity.
Lu Jiuyuan
The meeting at Goose Lake lasted for three days, and Lu Jiuyuan's words at the meeting were fierce and his steps were pressing forward, while Zhu Xi saw the tricks and did not give in. After this meeting, the Lu family's heart study was spread from the family's learning, and the Zhu family's theory was perfected from the flawed learning, but the distinction between "Zhu Lu and Lu's similarities and differences" was derived from this, which is an indisputable fact.
<h1>The outbreak of the Zhu-Lu controversy: Taiji, Wuji debate</h1>
During the Tang and Song dynasties, in the face of the prosperity and development of Buddhism and Taoism, Confucianism began to gradually lose its right to speak in cultural rule. Mr. Zhou Dunyi, Mr. Lianxi, turned out to be a "Taiji Book", put forward the theories of "Taiji" and "Wuji", and pioneered the Theory of Song Ming. However, the debate about "Taiji" and "Wuji" in later generations has been for a long time, which eventually led to the detonation of Zhu Lu and the two people.
Zhu Xi advocated that everything has a heavenly reason, interpreted "Taiji" and "Wuji" from the perspective of science, and seized the right to comment on the classics, but the theory of "Taiji" came from Taoism, resulting in its lack of convincing. At the same time, Lu Jiuyuan did not agree with Zhu Xi's commentary, and interpreted "Taiji" from the psychological point of view of "mind is reason", which is more reasonable.
Zhu Xi and Lu Jiuyuan launched protracted debates around "Taiji" and "Wuji", which had a great impact at that time. Zhu Lu and Zhu Lu were both masters and scholars in the world, and they had formed their own unique ideological system, resulting in the two being unable to convince each other at all. The two students supported their own teachers and attacked each other, so the controversy gradually expanded from a doctrinal dispute to a school dispute, which was also the main evidence of the discord between the two in later generations.
<h1>Zhu Luyanhe: The Collection of Nankang</h1>
The seventh year of Chunxi (1180) is definitely an ominous year in the literary circles of the Southern Song Dynasty. Lu Jiuling, the fifth brother of Lu Jiuyuan in the "Three Continents of Jiangxi", died, and only two of the three continents remained. Zhang Yu, one of the world-famous "Three Sages of southeast china", died in this year; Lü Zuqian was bedridden for a long time, and the following year he would follow in his footsteps; Zhu Xi was also plagued by eye diseases and had difficulty moving.
Zhang Yu
The friends who used to teach together were like dead leaves in the autumn wind, and the bookish spirit and literati of the past were light in the face of life and death. In order to resolve the conflict between the two, Lu Jiuyuan took the initiative to personally lead his disciples to Visit Zhu Xi in Nankang, which is the famous "Collection of Nankang".
At this time, Zhu Xi knew Nan Kangjun, rebuilt the White Deer Cave Academy, served as the mountain lord, formulated the "White Deer Cave Academy Revealed", and reopened the academy education. Lu Jiuyuan and Zhu Xi had a very pleasant conversation this time, and at the invitation of Zhu Xi, they gave a lecture at the White Deer Cave Academy. Because Lu Jiuyuan had been familiar with the Analects since childhood, he explained the chapter "Gentlemen are righteous, and villains are beneficial". Although Lu Jiuyuan took lecturing as a personnel pleasure in his life, he did not oppose the examination, so he took the examination as the topic and reinterpreted the "discernment of righteousness and profit" from the perspective of psychology.
This time, Lu Jiuyuan actively preached the "distinction between righteousness and profit" that Confucianism attaches great importance to, and advocated the study of Confucian sages with the study of the heart. Zhu Xi was greatly touched by the fact that I was not alone, and lured Lu Jiuyuan to a rare confidant in this life. This "Collection of Nankang" is the spiritual fit between Zhu and Lu, who know each other and know themselves, and shake hands and make peace.
<h1>The same righteousness: the mountains are high and the waters are long</h1>
Zhu Xi and Lu Jiuyuan lived in Fujian and Jiangxi, and usually used letters to convey their voices, although they were far away from the mountains, but the two were not lonely, and they were the same confidants who should help each other.
In the seventh year of Qiandao (1171), Zhu Xi established the "social warehouse" system to help the disaster victims, encouraged the squires to jointly manage, hoarded grain in the year of abundant grain harvest, and lent low-price loans to the people to tide over the difficulties in the year of disaster and famine. This "shecang" method is a good recipe for self-help and is effective, so Zhu Xi wrote to Emperor Xiaozong to promote the social warehouse. Lu Jiuyuan greatly appreciated this recipe, and promoted social warehouses in various disaster-stricken areas, which was warmly supported by the people.
In the eighth year of Chunxi (1181), a major drought occurred in the two Zhejiang regions, and the people were unable to feed themselves and starved. After Zhu Xi took office, he actively provided relief to the victims of the disaster, cracked down on the hoarding of local tycoons and inferior gentry, and the disaster relief measures were extremely effective. However, the officials and gentry who failed to profit from the drought held a grudge and wrote letters attacking Zhu Xi for enriching his own pockets and inviting people's hearts. Although Zhu Xi had great merits and no faults, he was sewage and had to be tortured. At this time, Lu Jiuyuan actively expressed his support for Zhu Xi in the courtroom, and complained about his grievances, so that the loyalists could retain their innocence and justice could be done.
In the seventh year of Chunxi (1180), when his fifth brother Lu Jiuling died, Lu Jiuyuan asked Zhu Xi, who was a good friend, to write an epitaph, and Zhu Xi devoted himself to writing an article to circulate his brother's legendary deeds. In the third year of Shaoxi (1193), Lu Jiuyuan died of a serious illness in the Jingmen Army, serving the country with his own body. Zhu Xi heard the bad news and personally led his disciples to set up a spiritual seat to commemorate the death of his close friend Lu Jiuyuan. At the funeral, Zhu Xi cried so hard that he lost a rare confidant forever.
<h1>Zhu Lu's Changes in His Later Years: A Blind Spot in History</h1>
Zhu Lu and Zhu Lu each advocated sacred learning, and the dispute between the Taoist and Spiritual Schools did not give in to each other, and intensified, almost to the point of breaking down. However, Zhu Lu and Zhu Lu exchanged ideas with each other, talked about learning and the Tao, and in their later years, their learning gradually transitioned from intolerable to a certain degree of commonality, which is also a blind spot that most scholars selectively ignore.
In his later years, Zhu Xi's eye disease was very serious, and he gradually corrected the deficiencies of his own doctrine before his later years. Zhu Xi gradually realized that the science of science placed too much emphasis on knowledge, so that knowledge was used as a substitute for action, even to the point where the four bodies were not diligent and the grain was not divided. Zhu Xi thus began to affirm lu xue's uniqueness and absorb the view of "practicing" on the ground.
Lu Jiuyuan advocated "the Six Classics note me", did not pay attention to the writing of books, did not write books as teaching materials, and often had Zen-like Zen magic words to teach students, resulting in a lot of criticism from the internal school of Confucianism. However, in his later years, Lu Jiuyuan gradually paid attention to the importance of studying the Four Books and Five Classics, and realized that his own learning was too deeply influenced by Zen, which limited the spread of his doctrine, but unfortunately, Lu Jiuyuan's premature death led to his mental achievements failing to go further.
<h1>Zhu Lu was just a reader</h1>
Zhu Xi and Lu Jiuyuan, as the most famous thinkers and educators in the Southern Song Dynasty, were widely respected in the contemporary world, but in later generations, they were distorted as people who could not tolerate water and fire, competed for fame and profit, and were full of benevolence and righteousness.
Zhu Lu and the two were by no means rivals to each other, but readers who were bent on peace. In order to solve the acute social problems of the Southern Song Dynasty, such as the deep external troubles of the Southern Song Dynasty, the theft of peace and security by the monarchs, and the corruption of officials, they proceeded from Taoism and Psychology respectively, and put forward positive methods of salvation in the hope of achieving the Confucian goal of cultivating Qi Zhiping, but all of them ended in failure.
The deeds of the sages are long ago, and zhu Lu's efforts to the country and the nation have only been reduced to a few thin history books. However, as a reader, the knowledge, the mind, and the ambition should not be erased, but should be inherited and carried forward by us in modern times.
Author: Yao Zitian, our special guest author
bibliography:
1. Yuan Detachment "History of song"
2. Qi Runxing, Commentary on Lu Jiuyuan, April 2011
3. Xin Shuxu, Lu Jiuyuan Research, May 2003