"Inside" and "outside" are a set of relative concepts, and when this set of concepts becomes more and more closely related to Ancient Chinese Texts and Ancient Philology, the history of Chinese ancient philology will enter a new era. At the same time, it will also become another concrete embodiment of the internationalization of Chinese academia and the revival of Traditional Chinese culture in the world. From the perspective of Chinese ancient philology, it clearly puts forward its foreign-related issues, aiming to re-examine the study of ancient Chinese books and ancient Chinese philology from an international perspective. This paper attempts to start from the many ancient books with foreign-related characteristics that are prominent today, and explore the new problems that have emerged under the influence of paleography research. This is an important starting point for the internationalization of Chinese ancient philology, and it is a conscious way to expand the research dimension of Ancient Chinese Books and Ancient Chinese Philology.
I. The "China" Problem of Ancient Chinese Books
"Ancient Books" is "the abbreviation of ancient Chinese books, mainly referring to books written or printed before 1912 with classical Chinese binding forms"[1]1. The ancient books here are actually "ancient Chinese books", but this connotation definition focuses more on the specific elaboration of the word "ancient books", and the meaning of "China" in the concept is vague. In the past, the connotation of the word "China" in "China" ancient books has not been clearly defined and discussed in depth, and Chinese scholars generally and conventionally believe that ancient books published and collected in China, written by Chinese authors, and compiled in Chinese or other ethnic languages in China are "Chinese" ancient books. However, in recent years, with the prosperity and development of ancient philology, international cultural exchanges have become more and more frequent, and the academic community's understanding of the connotation and extension of ancient Chinese books has undergone tremendous changes, and the boundaries of "inside" and "outside" have been broken through and integrated. In the practice of sorting out specific ancient books, the relevant specific problems encountered are also numerous, and many times it is necessary to suspend work and think about and define the concept of ancient Chinese books. Therefore, it is necessary and important to summarize the relevant situation of ancient book collation on the basis of existing understanding and supplement the connotation and extension of "China" of ancient Chinese books on the basis of existing understanding. This issue mainly involves three aspects: region, author and language.
The so-called regional problem refers to the difference between China's domestic and foreign countries, and in fact, it refers to the problem of ancient Chinese books outside the region. To define "China" from this perspective, it is necessary to combine the knowledge of ancient Chinese history and geography, pay attention to the changes in the boundaries of different periods in ancient China and the differences between the inside and outside of the boundaries. In modern times, the areas under the sovereignty of the People's Republic of China are collectively referred to as "domestic". In this sense, ancient Chinese books should, in principle, refer to ancient books that are produced, circulated and collected in China. However, stimulated by the "foreign Chinese fever", how to view the extraterritorial Chinese books that are circulating and collected abroad has become a question worth thinking about. In fact, there has been an exchange of Chinese and foreign literature in ancient China, and the situation of ancient Chinese books circulating overseas has long existed. For example, in 1651, when the Italian Jesuit Wei Kuangguo returned to Europe, he brought back to Europe the Chinese books he had collected in China; When Bai Yingli arrived in Rome in 1682, he carried more than 400 Chinese books at a time; In 1694, when Bai Jin returned to France, he gave more than 300 volumes of Chinese books to the King of France, etc. [2]41-42. After ancient Chinese books have been circulated overseas, there are also many cases of them being engraved by foreign scholars and institutions. The most typical example is the "Washi Script", that is, the ancient Chinese books engraved in Japan, mainly referring to the large number of Chinese books engraved in Japan between 1603 and 1866 before the Meiji Restoration. The "Four Series" compiled by Zhang Yuanji includes a number of important classics that can be supplemented by Chinese classics, such as the Japanese Zhengping Edition of the Analects and the Tianming Edition of the Qunshu Zhijiao. Although there was a problem of extraterritorial Chinese ancient books in ancient Chinese history, it was not until the rise of "extraterritorial Chinese books" at the end of the 20th century that it was not concerned by Chinese academic circles. At present, Chinese scholars have reached a consensus on the view that "foreign Chinese books are an organic part of ancient Chinese books". The bibliography of Chinese books compiled by foreign libraries has entered the vision of Chinese scholars[3], and the ancient Chinese books circulated and collected overseas (abroad) have also been examined, sorted, selected, photocopied and returned to China by Chinese scholars, and published and circulated in China for the benefit of the academic community. These works are still in the ascendant, such as the "Ohio State University Library Chinese Ancient Books", "the Library of Congress collection of Chinese good books", "Spanish Collection of Chinese Ancient Books" and other bibliographies, are the results of the compilation and cataloguing of ancient Chinese books in overseas collections. The "Vatican Library Collection of Documents on the History of Sino-Western Cultural Exchanges between the Ming and Qing Dynasties" is a representative work of foreign Chinese books. Therefore, in the issue of "Chinese" ancient books related to China's territory and beyond, there is no doubt that the ancient Chinese books outside China are Chinese ancient books.
The so-called question of the author, that is, whether the nationality of the author of the ancient Chinese books is Chinese, is actually a question of the ancient Chinese books written or sorted out by foreigners. That is to say, if ancient Chinese books are produced, circulated and collected in China, but the author is a foreigner, are such ancient books counted as ancient Chinese books? The answer should also be yes. One group of ancient books where this situation is more concentrated is the books compiled in Chinese in Chinese by European Jesuits who came to China in the late Ming Dynasty. Among these ancient books, some were written independently by foreign missionaries, such as Matto Ricci's "The Truth of God", "The Same Text", "Seven Grams" by Didace de Pantoja, Jules Aleni's "Commentary on Sexology", "Treatise on the Three Mountains", etc.; Some were done in collaboration with Chinese scholars, such as Matteo Ricci and Xu Guangqi's Principles of Geometry, and Jean Terrenz and Wang Zheng's Illustrated Catalogue of The Strange Instruments of the Far West. According to relevant research statistics, there are no less than 50 kinds of ancient books bibliographies that record Catholic literature[4]; "There are about a thousand Catholic Chinese books from the late Ming dynasty to the Jiaqing period of the Qing Dynasty, and at least thousands of other types of documents such as poems, letters, and archives".[5]87 Since the late Ming Dynasty, these documents have been included in the catalogues of ancient Chinese books such as the Bibliography of Zhao Dingyu, the Bibliography of the Maiwangguan, and even the General Bibliography of the Four Libraries[4]; The catholic literature series photocopied and published, in addition to the above-mentioned "Vatican Library Collection of Documents on the History of Cultural Exchanges between China and the West in the Ming and Qing Dynasties", there are also "The First Letter of Tianxue", "Catholic Documents transmitted to the East", "Ming and Qing Catholic Documents in Xujiahui Library", etc.; The annotated editions include "Compilation of Jesuit Thought Literature in the Late Ming and Early Qing Dynasties", "Western Texts on the Ming and Qing Dynasties", and "Series of Chinese Books for Western Missionaries in the Ming and Qing Dynasties".
The so-called language difference refers to the difference between Chinese language and foreign Chinese, which is actually a language problem of ancient book texts. China is a multi-ethnic, multi-lingual, multi-ethnic country, but mainly Han, Chinese and Han culture, the Chinese language here is represented by Chinese, including other ethnic languages in China. Foreign languages are other languages such as Japanese, Korean, English, French, German, Italian and other languages. One concept closely related to this issue is "Han Nationality". Although "Han" once referred to Han Dynasty classics, modern China often adopted the meaning of its Chinese classics compared with foreign countries. The "Han book" in "foreign Chinese books" mainly refers to ancient books compiled in Chinese. That is to say, whether the ancient book is compiled in Chinese is regarded as the most important indicator of whether it is a "Chinese" ancient book. In addition to a large number of ancient Chinese books produced in China, the problems of the Confucian Chinese language and cultural circle also need to be paid attention to. Chinese characters were historically common in East or Southeast Asia. The Joseon dynasty envoy Lee Chu kwang's Collected Works of Mr. ZhiFeng has repeatedly recorded in Chinese his poetic exchanges with Vietnamese and Ryukyu envoys in Beijing. We should broaden our horizons to the Chinese writing tradition throughout East Asian history, and include ancient books written in Chinese by Korean, Japanese, and Vietnamese scholars in the category of ancient Chinese books. Or, at least in some of the collation of ancient books, they are included for academic and cultural reasons. One of the main contents of the national "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" major cultural project "Rare Texts of Foreign Chinese Nationalities" is to include works related to Han culture written in Chinese by national and regional scholars who originally used Chinese characters. So, are the Chinese translations of the results of collation and research on ancient Chinese books made by these East Asian or Southeast Asian scholars in foreign languages counted as ancient Chinese books? For example, "Takashima Easy To Break: 800 Cases of I Ching Live Interpretation" by Takashima Tunxiang in Japan, translated by Wang Zhiben in the Qing Dynasty, and edited by Sun Zhengzhi [6]. For another example, the "Solution of Chinese Edition Bibliographic Books" compiled by the Japanese calligraphy scholar Makoto Zeze is a bibliography of Japanese compilations compiled by the author, mainly from the Shizukado Bunko Library, which is the richest collection of books in the Japanese collection of editions, with the author's shelf collection, and supplemented by the books collected by Tokyo Imperial University and the books collected by his friend Lu Baoxiao, and also includes Chinese works compiled by Japanese people, such as "Visiting the Ancient Records of the Scriptures" and "Examination of Ancient Texts and Old Books". The answer is that these achievements, compiled or translated into Chinese and closely related to ancient Chinese books, should also be included in the category of collation and research of ancient Chinese books.
So, are ancient books written in a foreign language but circulated and collected in China considered ancient Chinese books? For example, chinese libraries have foreign language books. The Catalogue of the P'ei-Tang Library of China contains 4,101 rare books in Western languages. As a group of Spanish-language literature in China that has successively entered China since the late Ming Dynasty, circulated in China for hundreds of years, and is now preserved in the National Library of China or in the private collections of the Chinese people, these ancient books were once the carriers and "witnesses" of western learning and eastern learning in the Ming and Qing dynasties, and have been regarded by some scholars as an organic part of China's ancient history and culture. Another example is the 41,766 articles of old Japanese literature collected by Shanghai Library, including books, periodicals, anthologies, pamphlets, handwritten books, informal publications, etc., which are included in the "General Catalogue of Old Japanese Literature Collected by Shanghai Library", covering more than 80,000 volumes. It was published in Japanese from the fourth year of The Reign of Japan (1792) to the 24th year of showa (1949), most of which were published in the first half of the 20th century. They exist in the land of China, and have a more or less cultural and documentary connection with Chinese history and culture, and should be counted as "Chinese" ancient books in the extended sense and noticed by Chinese ancient literature scholars.
Although the above analysis is to clearly divide the related problems into three types, the actual situation is much more complex than theoretical analysis. For each ancient book, they are the basic information of the book, but in the actual collation work, scholars need to consider these criteria comprehensively. This is the reason why the criteria for sorting out important foreign-related Chinese books in contemporary times are much broader. For example, when Hao Runhua and Hou Fufang compiled the Compendium of The Catalogue of Ancient Chinese Books since the Twentieth Century, they included some foreign Chinese books as appropriate, such as the "Comprehensive Catalogue of Extraterritorial Chinese Books", "Rare Books of Extraterritorial Chinese", "Catalogue of Extraterritorial Chinese Literature", "Bibliography of Extraterritorial Chinese Literature", "Catalogue of Extraterritorial Editions", and "Catalogue of Extraterritorial Catalogues"[8]. The Vatican Library, the Confucius Institute of the Wisdom University of Rome, the National Committee for the Compilation of Qing History, the former Beijing Foreign Chinese University's China Overseas Sinology Research Center, and the Elephant Publishing House have joined forces to carefully select, copy, sort out and compile the "Vatican Library Collection of Documents on the History of Cultural Exchanges between China, the Ming and Qing Dynasties", which is not only a photocopy of foreign Chinese books, but also the authors of the Chinese books included in it are both Chinese and foreign. For example, co-chaired by the Institute of History of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and the College of State Affairs of Chinese Min University, and with a number of well-known scholars at home and abroad serving as advisors or editorial board members, the aim is to completely and systematically sort out foreign Chinese books, select orphan books and rare books, so as to accurately grasp the basic situation of the circulation, dispersion, collection, and preservation of ancient Chinese books outside the region, provide a research foundation for the academic community, and rescue the "Library of Rare Texts of Chinese Books outside the Region" for the world's cultural heritage of Chinese characters. The books collected are all photocopied from foreign libraries, research institutions and personal collections of rare or rare Chinese literature in China, and the main content is three parts: First, the Chinese works that have been dispersed overseas in Chinese history, which breaks the traditional regional boundaries; The second is the Chinese works recorded, reproduced, sorted out, and annotated by foreign banknotes; The third is the writings related to Han culture written in Chinese by scholars from countries and regions that originally used Chinese characters, and these two articles simultaneously break the nationality boundary of collation and research. Its appendix, on the other hand, contains some important works related to Chinese culture written in Chinese characters or bilinguals by European and American missionaries over the past few hundred years, which further breaks through the boundaries of languages.
Second, a new field of Chinese ancient philology research
Chinese ancient philology is the study of Chinese ancient books as the main research object, since the foreign-related parts of Chinese ancient books and related collation work are difficult to be ignored, then the study of Chinese ancient philology will inevitably appear under its influence of new research hotspots.
First, the basic concepts of paleography are updated and the basic theories are newly constructed. In today's surging wave of internationalization, the connotation and extension of the concept of "Chinese" ancient books are re-examined and summarized. It has become an important work in the renewal of the basic concepts of Chinese ancient philology. Since the "China" of ancient Chinese books involves three main issues: region, author and language, the so-called ancient Chinese books actually include 12 situations, namely "produced in China and Chinese author"; "Produced in China and written by a foreigner"; "Foreignly produced, authored Chinese"; "Foreign-born, authored by a foreigner"; "Produced in China, spoken in Chinese or other ethnic languages of China"; "Produced in China, the language is a foreign language"; "Foreign origin, language is Chinese or other ethnic languages in China"; "Foreign-born, foreign-language"; "The author is Chinese, the language is Chinese or other ethnic chinese languages"; "The author is Chinese and the language is a foreign language"; "The author is a foreigner, the language is Chinese or other ethnic Chinese languages"; "The author is a foreigner, the language is a foreign language", etc. Therefore, there are actually three levels of ancient Chinese books: the most core part of which refers to the ancient books produced in China, with the author as Chinese, and the language as Chinese or other ethnic languages in China, which includes both ancient Chinese books in China and ancient Chinese books that circulate and are collected abroad; Derivatives based on the core Chinese ancient books, as well as the relevant results of the re-collation of the core Chinese ancient books and their derivative works, can also be included in the category of Chinese ancient books, and are regarded as the second level of the connotation of ancient Chinese books; It is neither produced in China, nor is the author nor a Chinese scholar, nor is the language Chinese or other ethnic languages in China, but the foreign language ancient books that are inseparable from Chinese history and culture and collected in China can be regarded as the outermost Chinese ancient books, which are the extension of ancient Chinese books. Of course, this is an entirely new problem that requires a process of gradual development and maturity. However, the new definition of the connotation and extension of the concept of Chinese ancient books is a basic issue in contemporary Chinese ancient philology, and it is also the starting point for the internationalization of Chinese ancient philology.
Once the horizon is opened, the basic theory of ancient Chinese philology will be subject to new impacts. In recent years, some young researchers of ancient literature have tried to investigate the origin of the word "philology", and comb through the situation of "philology" in Japan and Germany, and put forward their own views on their relationship with Chinese philology. Another typical example is the change brought about by the study of "new book history" in the field of European and American philology to Chinese historical philology. In recent years, Zhang Sheng has devoted a lot of effort to the study of western "new book history", not only combing through the monographs, scholars and viewpoints of Western book history research, but also paying attention to Western research on Chinese book history. On this basis, he summarized the enlightenment of the new book history to the study of Chinese philology, and believed that the new book history brought the research methods of social history into the field of philology, providing a new perspective for the study of ancient documents. Zhang Sheng re-examined ancient philology from the perspective of the study of the history of new books in the West, believing that "philology is the study of the generation, circulation, collection and collation of documents" and "literature". In his new work "Historical Philology", he broke through the tradition and interpreted the concept of overall philology according to the ideas of "theory and research materials of philology", "the production of documents", "circulation of documents", "collection of documents", and "collation of documents". In addition, the reference and utilization of international related research results have also greatly supplemented or even rewritten the content of some chinese ancient philology history and related topics.
Second, the in-depth development of the collation and research of foreign Chinese nationalities. On the one hand, the collation of foreign Chinese books and related literature is more diversified. In addition to continuing to photocopy rare books of foreign Chinese books in batches and returning to China for publication, in order to protect ancient Chinese books and provide more valuable texts for the academic community, many series of achievements in the collation of foreign documents have emerged. The Institute of Literature and History of Fudan University published a series of envoy literature reflecting the exchanges between China, Japan, South Korea and Vietnam in East Asia. They advocate "seeing the world from the periphery", adhering to the concept of looking at themselves with the help of foreign eyes, and the concept that extraterritorial literature is also an important source treasure house for the study of Chinese history and the history of Sino-foreign exchanges, following the "Literature Integration of Vietnamese HanWen Yanxing" and "Selected Literature of Korean Hanwen Yanxing", they have also compiled and published the "Selected Documents of Korean Communication History", which makes up for the gap in the collation of documents in communication in Chinese academia. Another example is the "Preliminary Compilation of Rong Hong Documents Collected in the United States", which includes 13 letters from Rong Hong to friends from Yale University, 8 letters from Rong Hong to Wei Sanwei, a selection of messages between Rong Hong and Yale University students in 1854, a diary from January 1, 1902 to November 29, 1902, and 37 pages of Rong Hong's handwriting. There is also the result of collation and annotation of extraterritorial literature. For example, Hao Chunwen et al.'s "Commentary on the Social History of Dunhuang in Britain, Tibet" in thirty volumes, takes all the Non-Buddhist documents in Chinese collected by the British National Library as a source of information, interprets all ancient manuscripts from hundreds of years ago or more than a thousand years ago into common traditional characters, and corrects the errors of the originals, so as to solve the problems of the characterization, naming, and dating of the documents involved as much as possible. The interpretation of each document is accompanied by a collation note and an index of academic research literature on the instrument over the past hundred years. On the other hand, the study of the circulation and influence of ancient Chinese books overseas is also in full swing. In 2007, Professor Zhang Xiping of the "China Overseas Sinology Research Center" of Beijing University of Foreign Chinese led his team to apply for a major research project of the Ministry of Education entitled "Dissemination and Influence of Ancient Chinese Cultural Classics in the 20th Century". In 2015, the "China Overseas Sinology Research Center" chaired by him was renamed the "International Institute of Chinese Culture", marking the in-depth study of foreign Chinese and overseas Sinology, and focusing on the dissemination and development of Chinese culture overseas. In 2015, his major project of the Ministry of Education's major project manuscript "Research on the Dissemination and Influence of Ancient Chinese Cultural Classics in the 20th Century" was published, becoming the first pioneer in the systematic investigation and research of the dissemination of ancient Chinese cultural classics in 25 countries at home and even internationally, and a pioneer in the research related to Chinese culture going out. Of course, in this academic trend, there are many relevant academic achievements that continue to emerge, such as "From Banknotes to Engravings: A Study of the Chinese and Japanese Analects"[10], "Discussion on Vietnamese Chinese Literature"[11], etc. are representatives of the works; For example, the article "From the Excavation of the Northwest Han Dynasty and the Korean Peninsula (Analects) jane to see the circulation of Confucian culture in the Han Dynasty" uses Chinese and foreign excavated documents to investigate the ancient Chinese book "Analects" and its influence on surrounding cultures[12]; The Reception and Spread of Tao Yuanming in Korea: Centered on the "Harmony of Returns" is a literature-centered study that examines the influence of the Chinese Jin Dynasty writer Tao Yuanming and his ideas on the Joseon Dynasty.[13]
In fact, in addition to the Chinese academic circles in the circulation of Chinese ancient books outside the territory, the collection of combing and sorting, and the impact of Chinese ancient books abroad to study, international scholars have also done a lot of such work. This situation is a part of the past that has not been paid much attention and exchanged by the academic community. Major foreign libraries or museums have a tradition of attaching importance to the collection of ancient Chinese books, and have carried out more than one collation and cataloguing work since the 16th century. In addition to the several books mentioned above, there are a few more examples, such as the Catalogue of Chinese Printed Books, Manuscripts and Drawings in the Library of the British Chinese Museum, edited by Robert K. Douglas, the head of the British Museum, in 1877.[14] and the Catalogue of Chinese Books in the Vatican Library, edited by Bo Xihe of France,[15] and so on. In addition, due to the needs of sinology research, foreign scholars have also made many achievements in cataloguing relevant ancient Chinese books. For example, the Handbook of Christianity in China,[16] edited by Nicolas Standaert, a sinologist at the University of Leuven in Belgium,[16] is an indispensable reference book for scholars studying the history of Christianity in China, which contains many relevant ancient Chinese documents. In addition, the achievements of Western scholars in studying ancient Chinese books should also be paid attention to. Duddink's Five Studies of Christianity in Late Ming China is a good example of this.[17] The research objects in this research treatise include the ancient Chinese books of the late Ming Dynasty, "Nangong Shumu", "Collection of Breaking Evil Spirits", "Holy Pilgrimage", and "Main System Group Signs", which have become a typical case of foreign scholars studying Chinese culture from the perspective of literature.
Third, carry out comparative research on Chinese and Western philology for reference. As far as the discipline of ancient literature is concerned, China has its own ancient philology, and other countries also have their own philology inheritance and ancient philology. Whether it is the content, history and uniqueness of ancient documents, or the theories and methods of sub-disciplines such as catalogs related to ancient philology, version proofreading, and annotations, they can be sorted out and presented in Xuelin. As Bai Shouyi said, "Culture is better understood by comparison." ”[18]434
The first person to study the comparative study of Surveying in Chinese and Western Schools should be Hu Shi. In 1933, he wrote a preface to Chen Yuan's "Supplementary Interpretation of the Yuandian Zhang School", arguing that Chinese collation and surveying was inferior to that of the West. He said: "Western printing began in the fifteenth century, six or seven hundred years later than China, so the ancient writings of Western books are preserved a lot, and there are ancient books for proofreading, which is a long one." European masterpieces are often translated into national languages, and ancient translations can also be proofread, which is two long. There have been universities and libraries in Europe very early, the preservation of ancient books is relatively easy, and it is easier for people to borrow ancient books, so the study of collation is more popular, which is only an indispensable tool for people who govern learning, and does not become the special cause of one or two outstanding people, which is three long. After the popularity of engraved books in China, most of the writing books were abandoned; Occasionally, ancient texts circulate in the neighboring countries of the four sides, but there are no ancient translations of ancient books; Universities and public collections are not developed, and private scholars have limited collections, so there are not enough tools, so for a thousand years, enough scientific collation scholars, but only three or two. [19]122 Later, Hu Shi further pointed out: "I was quite surprised by the research method of the chinese and Western collation surveys. However, I must also admit that the methods used in Western collation and surveying are far more thorough and scientific than similar methods in China. [20] 135 Although this is only a reference, it is not really a comparative study, but it opens up a direction for the study of philology. By the end of the 1980s, the introduction of Western bibliographic theories and methods had become a hot topic. In 2006, Yu Yingshi wrote a preface to Liu Xiaodang's Lao Tzu Ancient and Modern, arguing that western "textual exegesis" has a long history and advocating comparative research. He said: "The West has accumulated a lot of rich experience in all aspects of proofreading and research, and the technology of text processing is changing with each passing day. Since the twentieth century, Chinese academic circles have been very enthusiastic about the comparison of Chinese and Western philosophy, literature and even historiography, but in contrast, the comparison between China and the West in 'textual exegesis' is rarely asked. In fact, due to the objective stability and concreteness of the object of study, the text, the comparison in this aspect seems to highlight the main similarities and differences between Chinese and Western cultures. In recent years, Su Jie has translated the relevant theories and treatises of Western collation and surveying to China, compiled and published the Selected Works of Western Collation and Surveying in 2009[21], and in 2015 translated and published the classics of Western classics and collation and surveying, "Scribes and Scholars: History of the Dissemination of Greek and Latin Documents",[22] and did some basic work. In addition, the establishment of related research topics and the publication of papers such as "Analysis of the Development Process of Western Philology in the 20th Century" and "Review of Basic Theoretical Research on Western Philology in the 20th Century" also show that Western philology research is receiving more and more attention.
Fourth, ancient Chinese books are an important medium for cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries, and the study of the history of Chinese and foreign literature exchanges is an organic content of Ancient Chinese Philology and a unique existence in the history of Cultural Exchanges between China and foreign countries. Liu Binjie, former director of the General Administration of Press and Publication, proposed the "Road of Chinese Nationality" in order to emphasize the important role played by classics in the history of cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries. In the history of Cultural Exchanges between China and foreign countries, in addition to silk, tea leaves, and strange utensils, there is also a very precious thing - classics, and the exchange of classics in the cultural exchanges between the East and the West has been highly valued by the state. In the past, Chinese and foreign scholars' research on cultural exchanges mostly focused on historical events, historical figures, etc., and classic documents were often considered to be the historical basis of historical research. In fact, literature exchange is the main content of cultural exchange, especially in some historical periods, and is one of the important research objects in the history of cultural exchange. Literature is not only an important way to record and preserve culture, but also plays a huge role in the dissemination of culture. Moreover, the history of the circulation of these ancient Chinese books between different countries and cultures is itself the main content of the history of document circulation. At the end of the Ming Dynasty and the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, European missionaries entered China, and Western books were an important tool for them to gain the favor of Chinese, not only collecting a large number of Western books from Europe and carrying them to China, but also carrying and translating ancient Chinese books to Europe, becoming a page in the history of Sino-Western literature exchanges. In February 1877, the British Hafford Steve Austin Fathers & Sons Publishing House published the "Catalogue of Ancient Chinese Books and Printed Materials in the Collection of the British Museum" with the following preface: "The Chinese books included in this catalogue were gradually collected at different times and under different conditions. A small portion of the library's collection comes from the heritage of Sloane, Harry, the Old Royals and Reims, with the main collection coming from a gift from Mr. Fowler Hull in 1825. In 1843, the British Royal Family donated Chinese books received during the Opium War to the library. "There are about 20,000 volumes of ancient Chinese books that recorded the British army plundering from China during the Opium War. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, Lu Xinyuan collected books in the Song Lou, and his son Lu Shupan sold it to the Iwasaki family of the Mitsubishi Foundation in Japan, and was insulted as a "national culture sinner". The more than 40,000 ancient Chinese books have been well preserved over the past century, which has to be attributed to the cultural and public welfare business strategy of the Japanese Iwasaki family. The "Okura Bunko" classic purchased by Peking University Library in 2013 is an important ancient book of the Okura Bunko, the founder of the Okura Cultural Foundation, which was preserved for a century in the "name of the Okura Collection" at the Okura Cultural Foundation's Oku-jikokan when Dong Kang went to Japan in 1912. These 931 and 28,143 classics were returned to the library of Peking University and were permanently preserved in the form of a special collection of "Okura Bunko". The story of the exchange of Chinese and foreign documents one after another tells people that ancient books are not only the carriers of recording culture, but also the heroes of preserving culture and the medium of disseminating culture.
III. The Significance of Foreign-Related Issues in Ancient Chinese Philology
In 2016, the "General Catalogue of Ancient Books of Overseas Chinese" hosted by zhonghua bookstore and jointly participated by a number of foreign bibliophiles has been launched, and has been listed as one of the five major focuses of the collation and publication of ancient books in the "13th Five-Year Plan", which is a major project of zhonghua bookstores that has long been concerned about the collation and cataloguing and publishing of overseas Chinese ancient books, aiming to find out the family background of overseas libraries storing ancient Chinese books. In this way, with the help of the digitization technology of ancient books, the compilation of the Global Joint Catalogue of Ancient Chinese Books is just around the corner. The digitization of ancient books will perfectly combine traditional ancient books with the advanced information technology of the contemporary world, and the construction of a "global digital library of ancient Chinese books" will also be realized, and the problem of domestic and foreign regional differences in ancient Chinese books will one day disappear. In fact, the digitization of Chinese ancient books has not been a topic at the technical level, but a revolutionary topic that has a huge impact on many aspects of Chinese ancient books in the era of information technology, the inheritance and dissemination of Traditional Chinese culture, and the academic research of Chinese traditions. These are bound to have an immeasurable impact on the continued global expansion of "Chinese cultural fever" and "Chinese fever". At present, the number of people learning Chinese in the world and the number of countries and regions that offer Chinese courses have surged, and Chinese teaching materials have entered the classrooms of universities, primary and secondary schools in the United States, Britain, Japan, South Korea and other countries. Many European and American sinologists spontaneously studied ancient Chinese books and became increasingly proficient. It is conceivable that the number of Chinese or foreign language achievements produced at home and abroad, and the collation and research of ancient Chinese literature by foreign sinologists will also increase, and the Number of Chinese translations of these foreign language related achievements will also increase. Therefore, the collation of relevant ancient Chinese books will continue to be put on the agenda, and a clear understanding of the connotation and extension of ancient Chinese books will inevitably promote the smooth development of the collation of contemporary Chinese ancient books.
Corresponding to this is the gradual development of the internationalization of Ancient Chinese Philology. So far, the internationalization of paleography has probably done the following work. From the perspective of the work carried out by domestic scholars, the most important and prominent achievement is the collation and research of foreign Chinese nationalities. It is represented by a number of research results such as the "Library of Rare Texts of Chinese Books Outside the Region", "The Series of Documents on the History of Sino-Western Cultural Exchanges between the Ming and Qing Dynasties in the Vatican Library", "The General Catalogue of Ancient Books of Overseas Chinese Chinese Literature", and "Research on the Dissemination and Influence of Ancient Chinese Cultural Classics in the 20th Century" and a number of other foreign Chinese books. In addition, the comparative research of Chinese and Western philology has emerged, such as the introduction of Western bibliographic theories and methods in the late 1980s, to the current publication of various topics and related achievements, the awareness of this aspect has gradually increased, and related research has started. There are also the emergence of Chinese translations of foreign book history and other monographs related to philology, such as Su Jie's compilation of "History of Books", "Book Social History", "The Birth of Printed Books" and so on. These are all valuable achievements initially produced by researchers of ancient Chinese philology under the wave of internationalization. However, from a comprehensive point of view, the conscious awareness of the internationalization of domestic paleography researchers still needs to be strengthened, and the study of the overall world image and contribution of Chinese ancient books and ancient philology in a conscious, comprehensive and in-depth manner is still weak. The work done by foreign scholars in the collation and research of ancient Chinese books and their understanding and reference to ancient Chinese philology has not been systematically sorted out and summarized. To start the research in this field from the perspective of Chinese ancient philology, we must clearly put forward the foreign-related issues of Chinese ancient books and ancient philology, consciously sort out and summarize them comprehensively, and clearly understand and grasp its contribution to Chinese ancient philology and its interaction with overseas sinology, Chinese and foreign cultural exchange history and other disciplines. Without a comprehensive sorting out and summary of the foreign-related issues of ancient Chinese books and ancient philology, it is difficult to accurately grasp its position and significance on the international stage, let alone the comparison between the collation and research of Chinese and Western scholars.
To raise the foreign-related issues of ancient Chinese books and ancient philology is to expand the self-consciousness of the research dimension of ancient Chinese philology. In the early 20th century, the discipline of ancient Chinese philology was proposed and gradually established. Today, the history of Chinese ancient philology will enter a new era. From burying oneself in combing and summarizing the tradition of Chinese ancient philology to consciously putting Chinese ancient philology in a global perspective and re-examining it, this is an increase in the research dimension of Chinese ancient philology. The increase in dimension will bring about a huge change in the study of ancient Chinese philology. Because in this way, the reference to the problem under study will be completely different, and its connotation and extension will inevitably need to be redefined. In this sense, ancient Chinese philology will likely be reconstructed. Of course, in the process of this reconstruction, computer information technology and the Internet are its technological revolution. With such technical support, contemporary literature carriers, the generation and circulation of documents, the collection and utilization of documents, and even the collation and research of documents have produced subversive changes, and the international image construction of Ancient Chinese Philology has also been greatly promoted.
In addition, the foreign-related problems of ancient Chinese literature are also of great value to the national strategy of Chinese culture going out and the revival of China's excellent traditional documents and cultures in the world. Ancient Chinese books and ancient philology are important carriers of traditional Chinese culture and have played an important role in the process of cross-cultural dissemination. To study the foreign-related issues of ancient Chinese books and ancient texts, it is necessary to explore the dissemination and influence of Ancient Chinese Books and Traditional Culture in various countries in various countries from a global perspective from the perspective of the relationship, role and value of Ancient Chinese Books and Ancient Literature and other countries or cultures. Only by paying attention to and observing the research on ancient Chinese books and traditional culture carried out around the world can we more accurately understand the world significance of Chinese ancient books and traditional culture, so as to provide support for the national cultural strategy of Chinese culture going out and the revival of China's excellent traditional literature and culture in the world. (Mao Ruifang)
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Source: Journal of Henan Normal University