The mountain is not high, and the immortal is named. There is an observatory on Qingdao GuanxiangShan, which is less than 80 meters above sea level, and is now called the Qingdao Observatory of the Purple Mountain Observatory of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. The Permanent Standard Basis Point in China here is known as the "Greenwich" of Chinese elevation measurement. Among the three experts who took over the Qingdao Observatory on behalf of the Chinese government 97 years ago, Jiang Bingran and Gao Pingzi went to Taiwan to work until they died and were buried there, and only Song Guomo spent his life on the mainland. The first two are world-renowned astronomers, whose deeds are common in the media, while Song Guomo has long been obscured, and even his birth and death years are unknown to the world.
When Mr. Song Guomo was in Qingdao, he was a person who had to look up at the stars every day. His contributions to the cause of Chinese astronomy are already impressively displayed on Guanxiang Mountain. In addition, nearly 100 years ago, he personally established qingdao's first football team and achieved excellent results, and his position as a pioneer of Qingdao football is irreplaceable. Astronomy and football seem to be a wind and cattle, but the two have been organically integrated in Mr. Song Guomo.
Sit on the ground and travel eighty thousand miles a day, survey the sky and look at a thousand rivers
Yujiang County, Jiangxi Province, Han Yuzhang Old County, Tang Gui Hongdu Xinfu, is now Yujiang District, Yingtan City, Jiangxi Province.
Around 1919, a student from Yujiang County, a poor place with many disasters and diseases, was actually admitted to the famous Beijing Normal University and went to Beijing to study. He is Song Guomo. The May Fourth Movement, which broke out due to the ownership of sovereignty in Shandong and Qingdao, profoundly affected the patriotic feelings of this young student. He was in the maths department and was smart, hardworking, and full of energy. In his spare time, he can often be seen running on the playground. Probably under the influence of the physical education teacher, this tiger-headed young man especially loves to play football. In that year and month, shortly after the Manchu Qing surrendered its authority, the Republic of China was still poor and weak, and the countrymen who were insulted as the "sick man of East Asia" walked with low eyebrows and smooth eyes, shrinking their hands and bending their arms, as if there was an invisible rope binding them. Song Guomo and his golfers and classmates have trained their bodies to be awesome. At that time, the graduates of famous universities were almost equivalent to the jinshi of the imperial examination era. The blue sky of the future is beckoning to this young man.
In the era when the Song Dynasty model went to society, the resolution of the Washington Conference in 1922 began to play a role, and on December 10 of the same year, the Republic of China, in accordance with this resolution, reclaimed the Jiao'ao commercial port from the Japanese occupation forces, ending the 25-year colonial history of Qingdao. A few days earlier, the Beijing government (Beiyang government) appointed Xiong Bingqi, governor of Shandong Province, as the superintendent of Jiao'ao Commercial Port, making the politician with a direct warlord background the first chief executive of Qingdao. However, the Japanese deliberately distorted the "Shandong Outstanding Case Detail Agreement", believing that China lacked meteorological experts and was likely to be unable to issue accurate astronomical and meteorological forecasts, which would cause harm to ships from various countries entering and leaving Qingdao Port, so they occupied the Qingdao Observatory. To this end, the Chinese government urgently recruited relevant talents, and Song Guomo, who was proficient in mathematics, entered the authorities' field of vision. More than a year later, the professionals were finally equipped, and the Japanese had no reason to stay any longer, and reluctantly handed over the observatory. Of course, the Japanese, in accordance with their world ambitions to compete with Europe and the United States for hegemony, will never give up the opportunity to obtain first-class astronomical and meteorological data for military purposes. Sure enough, the Japanese side insisted that its own personnel remain in Taiwan to perform Taiwan affairs, resulting in the reality that observers from Both Sides observed and recorded meteorological data separately. This also laid the groundwork for their second occupation of Qingdao 14 years later.
In January 1924, Jiang Bingran, Gao Pingzi, Song Guomo and others took over the Qingdao Observatory from the Japanese on behalf of the Chinese government. At that time, there were three major observatories in the Far East: the Xujiahui Observatory in Shanghai, which was managed by the French, the Hong Kong Observatory controlled by the British, and the Qingdao Observatory. Jiang Bingran became the head of the observatory under state sovereignty, which was appointed by Chinese. Since then, this expert who has received a doctorate in meteorology from Belgium, can speak fluent French and English, and even the Japanese respect him for three points, has led the Qingdao Observatory to make world-class achievements.
Astronomy is a discipline that mainly observes and interprets the material conditions and events of celestial bodies, and collects various information about celestial bodies through observation. However, because a large amount of data cannot be measured directly, it is often obtained indirectly through mathematical calculus, such as to obtain the distance between the sun and the earth, in addition to observation through astronomical telescopes, advanced mathematical knowledge is required to accurately calculate the length of this distance. Therefore, astronomy and mathematics form a complementary relationship. As a person from a mathematics class, Song Guomo is handy in this regard and has become an indispensable professional talent for the Qingdao Observatory.
In the north of the dome astronomical observation room of Qingdao Observatory, there stands a "Monument to the Measurement of longitude of all nations" inlaid with the earth, which records:
In 1925, at the invitation of the Universal Longitude Surveying Committee, Qingdao Observatory decided to participate in the first Session of the Universal Longitude Survey. From October 2 to December 30, 1926, longitude measurements were made. Mr. Frieer, chairman of the Universal Longitude SurveyIng Commission, wrote to the Chinese government: "The measured results are excellent and admired by all countries. ”
The middle of the stele is engraved:
The First Session of The Longitude Measurement of All Nations Surveying Director: Gao Pingzi Main Surveyor: Song Guomo Assistant Surveyor: Xu Huiping
In this world-renowned measurement, Qingdao Observatory is the only representative of China, and the overall work is presided over by Director Jiang Bingran, Gao Pingzi was then the chief of the Astronomical Magnetic Section, and Song Guomo and Xu Huiping formed a survey group. This is the first international scientific research cooperation project participated in by China's astronomical community in modern times, and has become a pioneering move for the Chinese astronomical community to enter into international cooperation. Since then, China has occupied a place in the world astronomical community. This stone stele was jointly established by the Qingdao Municipal People's Government and the Chinese Astronomical Society in 1987, and the names of the nine Chinese characters were inscribed by Mr. Zhang Yuzhe, an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and former director of the Purple Mountain Observatory. Born in 1902, Zhang Yuzhe studied at beijing normal university high school and was an alumnus of Song Guomo, who discovered asteroid 1125 in 1928 and named it "Zhonghua". It has the same name as the football team established by Song Guomo four years ago. Coincidence yeah? Heart-to-heart?
From October 1 to November 30, 1932, the Qingdao Observatory was again invited to participate in the Second World Longitude Survey. Song Guomo and his colleagues made observations in the bungalow a few dozen meters south of the monument and achieved good results again. According to records, Qingdao Observatory is one of the birthplaces of modern Chinese astronomy, geomagnetism, earthquakes and oceanography. At that time, Qingdao's Coastal Biology Research Institute and Asia's no.1 Qingdao Aquarium were all under the jurisdiction of Qingdao Observatory.
From left: Xu Huiping, Gao Pingzi, Jiang Bingran, Song Guomo
Island city football began here
According to the Qingdao Sports Chronicle, in the early 1920s, football began to spread to Qingdao. The new city, which has fewer than 300,000 people, has erected consulates from 13 countries, and white people with blue eyes and high noses can be seen everywhere. Expatriates from Europe, the United States, Japan and other countries, brought the international football rules here, often get together to play football, some Chinese youth look interesting, but also timidly follow the field to kick two feet, and soon by this round leather fan stopped. Don't think that patriotism faded after the May Fourth Movement, the time turned to the 1920s, as the first city in China's modern history to be taken back, qingdao on the shore of the Yellow Sea has not weakened this enthusiasm. According to the official Qingdao Municipal Intelligence Network's "Chapter 2 Ball Games Section 1 Football Sports", "In January 1924, Song Guomo, a staff member (astronomical observer) of the Qingdao Observatory, invited a group of sports people to establish the first football team in Qingdao, the Chinese Football Team. ”
At this time, the Government of Beijing (Beiyang Government) of the Republic of China was recognized by all countries in the world. The national flag was approved by Sun Yat-sen as a red, yellow, blue, white and black flag, not the later Nanjing government's blue sky and white sun flag, the political situation is not stable, the president, the state premier is like a marquee, which also determines that their rule is not like the iron barrel, the iron lion hutong you up and down the Beiyang warlord GunGun Gong, the development of the national economy mainly relies on the law of value adjustment, not much interference, the establishment and dissolution of social groups are also rarely nuisance.
Mr. Song is a member of the high-level intellectuals, competent and happy in his own business, but not a weak scholar as people imagine, he was born with a square face, big eyes, attractive facial features, and a strong physique, usually wearing a robe and a horse coat, and often wears a suit and leather shoes. Before coming to Qingqing, he had mastered a considerable level of football skills, changed into sportswear and rushed to the field with a pass to stop shooting, which was completely a vivid fighter look. Playing football is considered a rough sport by some people, but most of the first people in China to play football are literati intellectuals who have read foreign schools.
In addition to Song Guomo, the first batch of members of the Chinese team also included Wu Yanzhang, who was recently selected for the Chinese team to participate in the Asian Far East Games and won the championship, and his footwork was even more successful, and there were also Cui Shaobai, Mao Gongying, Bao Songsheng, Wang Yuanliang, Lao Qitao, Wang Zhensheng, Han Bingcheng, Huang Zichang and other well-known football players. Two months later, led by Blov, a Russian who had fled to China after the October Revolution, a group of foreign expatriates stationed in Qingdao formed the "Western Union" football league (referred to as the Western United). This strong team from the West, with its physical advantage and the style of punching and punching, made the relatively short Chinese players less adaptable. Soon, football teams such as the Friendship Association, the Jiaoji Railway Bureau, the Customs, the YMCA, and the Olympic Group appeared. The following year, the private Qingdao University team (located in the current Yushan Road Campus of Ocean University of China) and the Japanese Business School Football Team (located in the current Qingdao No. 1 Middle School) appeared. For a time, the island city gathered strong players from all walks of life, the elites of various countries gathered, and the football sport began to take shape.
In 1924, the Jewish-American businessman Zi Mei man chartered the land around today's Huiquan Square for horse racing, but because this was a gambling activity, the municipal authorities were not too enthusiastic, and he set up a "Universal Sports Federation" with football clubs, tennis clubs, golf clubs and other sports associations, saying that he hoped to use this place to develop sports activities in Qingdao. In fact, the main profit point of the Sports Federation in the future is the betting horse racing industry, but Zi Mei man has his own workaround: to create an oval open space in the middle of the racecourse into two football fields. The players don't want to gamble, they care about the joy of breaking the goal. Raise the recruitment flag, and there will be a source of soldiers. When the Chinese and foreign boys saw the renovated standard course, they liked it in their hearts, so they came together to play football, bringing valuable popularity to Huiquan. Therefore, since 1925, the International Sports Association has organized the annual "Qingdao International Football Championship", which is mainly funded by the sports association, and invites foreign expatriate teams and local teams in Qingdao to participate. The business flourished, and the Jews once again showed their unusual business acumen. At this time, Qingdao Racecourse, together with Shanghai Racecourse and Hong Kong Happy Valley, is called the three major racecourses in the Far East.
The observatory is not far from Huiquan's football stadium. As early as 1925, the Chinese football team defeated the "Western United Team" with high self-esteem in the international football tournament held from time to time and won the championship, which inspired the patriotic spirit of the people and made them full of hope for the Chinese team. Qingdao as a world-class port, almost every week there are foreign merchant ships to anchor here unloading, loading ships, these long years at sea, often for several months can not see the shadow of the crew ashore, often team and Qingdao team to play football friendly matches, in this way to move the bones, enjoy life. In 1926, the Qingdao Sports Federation also held civil servant football tournaments and spring and winter football competitions.
In Qingdao, although the armed Japanese troops returned to China by boat, their commercial scale and social groups were still strong in Qingdao, and the habit of the Hezu people thinking that they were superior to the Chinese was difficult to change. On April 3, 1927, Tsingtao United, with the Chinese team as the main team, had a confrontation with the Japanese Naval Paralympic football team. Onlookers of Chinese spectators eagerly awaited the victory in the Sino-Japanese war. The Qingdao United team's technology was obviously superior, and it painfully made the Mutsu team concede defeat 4:0, and the citizens were really excited. This joint football team should be the earliest Recorded Qingdao football team.
In the winter of 1928, Zhang Xueliang, the leader of the Fengzhi warlords, announced that the northeast would change its banner, obey the leadership of Chiang Kai-shek's Nanjing government, and replace the five-color flag with a red flag in the blue sky and white sun. At this time, Qingdao was still under the control of the Feng clan forces. In 1929, physical education teacher Gu Yuanrong (who was selected to join the national football team) established the Lixian Middle School Football Team, which gave birth to the first middle school football team in Qingdao. In the same year, the Chinese football team added ji Rumao, Liang Kangnian, Cai Ming, Liang Jingyuan, Gu Yuanrong, Chen Anxing and other new players, and the strength was further enhanced.
In 1929, the Asian champion Li Huitang (Nan Li) led the East China team from Shanghai to Beijing to compete with Li Fenglou's (North Li) North China team, and after winning, he came to Qingdao to play against the Chinese team. The name of the East China team is not as loud as the Chinese team, but the ball skills are first-class in China, and the away team won 1:0 against Qingdao. Dare to play against the top domestic teams, and can play a not-so-ugly score, although the defeat is still glorious. The Qingdao audience understood this and gave them warm applause. In this eye-catching confrontation, in addition to Li Huitang, the wonderful performances of Zhou Xianhe, the "iron gate" of the East China team, and Chen Jiaqiu, the "forward general", gave Qingdao's footballers a long insight. The highlight of the Chinese team was the day it won the Qingdao International Football Championship from 1929 to 1930. After the game, 13 members of the whole team took a group photo.
From 1929 to 1930, the Qingdao International Football Championship Team took photographs of the Chinese team, and the right side of the central row was Song Guomo
As early as before the German occupation of Qingdao, Li xihofen concluded after many investigations that the physique of the residents in the Jiao'ao area was first-class in China, especially suitable for sports and military sports. Mr. Song Junfu, the only one in old China to attend three Olympic Games and the chairman of the Qingdao Sports Association in 1933, concluded: "Qingdao is the land of Dongyi Houtu, Xi Liuyi, Shang Hun Yong, and the target of modern sports" (the beginning and forerunner of things). The above insights became a powerful footnote to Qingdao's reputation as a football city and a hometown of athletics. It is worth noting that Qingdao has been ruled by the Fengzhi forces for many years, and Shandong is the hometown of many northeasterners, and the figures of the athletes on both sides are considered tall among the Chinese, so the "northeast wind" of the bold axe and long pass has profoundly affected the team in Qingdao, and the foot kung fu is obviously not as delicate and changeable as the southern team. This can still be found today.
For the activities of the Chinese football team, Jiang Bingran, who is 17 years older than Song Guomo, and Gao Pingzi, who is 12 years older, have fully supported them, providing Many conveniences for Song Guomo in the domination of practice and game time. However, due to various reasons, from 1930 onwards, the situation of the Chinese team gradually entered a downward channel.
In the early 1930s, Shen Honglie, acting commander-in-chief of the Northeast Navy, was appointed mayor of Qingdao. As a municipality directly under the central government of the National Government, the municipal government in the three eastern provinces has fallen into japan, advocating the national fitness, in schools at all levels to vigorously carry out national arts (martial arts) activities, martial arts team is very strong; at the same time, the city's football sports have also been further developed in schools, each primary and secondary school has its own team, enterprises, institutions football activities are also quite active. According to statistics, Qingdao had more than 100 amateur football teams of all sizes at that time, and often played various football leagues. At that time, there were three main venues for football matches: one was the Qingdao Municipal Stadium (today's Tai Stadium), the second was the Football Club Stadium (now Huiquan Square), and the other was the Third Park Stadium (now the Workers' Cultural Palace). The "Western Union" team, a team alliance composed of foreign nationals, and the "Youth League" team, a local team alliance, will organize a "New Year's Eve competition" on the second day of the first lunar month every year according to the custom. However, the superficial vigor could not hide the weakness of the generally low technical level of the local teams, so that when the Fourth (1933) and Fifth (1935) National Sports Games were held, the Qingdao authorities simply did not form a team to participate in the football competitions.
From 1933 onwards, Qingdao Was renamed by the Sports Association to host the Qingdao International Football Tournament (officially run), in this year, although the Chinese team won 9:1 against the Japanese team, but lost to the Western United team 1:3, as a result, the first championship was taken away by the Western United team, so that the audience who came to the excitement was defeated. Many fans even think that the physique of a Westerner is more suitable for playing football. Qingdao's football level did not go up, which attracted the attention of people in the sports circles, so 30 local famous football players were selected to concentrate, regularly and strictly trained, and prepared to fight with a new look. In the same year, Qingdao began to hold children's football matches, the game boldly used the no. 5 small football, this kind of leather ball is more suitable for the physical condition of teenagers, so that young athletes play more smoothly, widely welcomed by sports experts and children. This was a national initiative at the time. In 1934 and 1935, due to the large number of participants, the city's Winter Games football tournament was divided into four levels: senior, high school, junior high school and junior high school.
It is worth mentioning that in addition to participating in football activities, Song Guomo, who has a special love for Chinese sports, uses his spare time and actively participates in the work of the Qingdao Sports Association. According to the official Qingdao Municipal Intelligence Network, in 1934, Qingdao's volleyball arena became increasingly active, and all middle schools held inter-class competitions. Song Guomo of the Sports Association organized outstanding players and established the Chinese volleyball team. The new word "Zhonghua" coined by Mr. Liang Qichao was once again used by Song Guomo. When the spring ball competition was held that year, there were already 14 teams in volleyball for men and women in the 3rd division. In July of the same year, the Fudan University volleyball team came to visit and played against the Zhonghua team, and the home team only lost to a strong opponent by a small score. In 1935, the Chinese volleyball team was renamed the United Friends Team. Due to the outstanding achievements of Qingdao's economic development, municipal construction, and cultural and sports education, the National Government awarded Qingdao the honor of "Model City".
The football team of Lixian Middle School was commemorated by photography after winning the high school championship of qingdao winter sports competition
The picture above shows that in December 1935, the football team of Lixian Middle School took a photograph to commemorate the victory of the high school of Qingdao Winter Sports Competition. The first row above is Li Hongwen on the left and Gu Yuanrong on the right.
The soul of the Chinese liver and gallbladder is worthy of the divine journey in the heavens and the earth
The "July 7 Incident" ignited the flames of war. At the end of 1937, the Japanese again stole the Qingdao Observatory.
"Time is always passing, and the market is still too peaceful." In the face of the invaders, the Chinese army did not abandon the city and retreated without firing a single shot, the Japanese army prospered on the surface under the obscenity, and the "unscrupulous idlers" who did not know the hatred of the country were rushing on the court, but Song Guomo made a resistance within the reach of a scholar - leaving the observatory controlled by the Japanese and temporarily returning to his hometown in Jiangxi to hide. Although I didn't think about what to do when I went back, this place could not stay any longer. "Accustomed to a long night in the spring, the woman will have silky sideburns", the 40-year-old Song Guomo's livelihood years are difficult, but he has no regrets. In order to find a job, he successively went to Taihu Lake and Nanchang to wander and displace. Four or nine years later, Song Guomo came to Wuhan and joined the Yangtze River Water Conservancy Commission, which was established in February 1950. This is a department that exercises water resources management, protection, soil and water conservation, etc., and belongs to the Ministry of Water Resources. This period of time is more smooth, the daughter who is excellent in her studies is in middle school and clamors to join the army, when her father does not stop her. The competitive daughter, she was trained as one of the few female tank pilots in China. His son Song Xuan was admitted to the Zhongnan Institute of Mining and Metallurgy in the early 1950s. Wuhan is a famous stove, and in the middle of summer, children complain that it is very hot. Song Guomo often said quietly to them: "The summer in Qingdao is not like this." "That small coastal city still hides feelings that he can't."
Life often has waves, and life is unpredictable. In 1958, Song Guomo suffered from political implications and pressures, and with a worried and sad face, he left the unit early and moved back to Hankou to idle when he was two years away from retirement age. The children are not around, and the old couple depends on the pension for their lives. At this time, the partial disease struck, he felt that the trachea was not very good after repeated colds, the panting was not smooth, the phlegm was more, and it slowly turned into emphysema, and the original good physique weakened a little bit. It is gratifying that the work and study of children have not been greatly affected.
Song Guomo has a happy family. While working in Qingdao, the daughter was born in 1933, and shan chuan's son was born in 1934. The middle-aged Song Guomo named his son Song Xuan, which refers to Meiyu, and "璆" and "ball" are homophonous, relatives and friends will understand, this is when the father's hope is on his son, when he grows up, he is both virtuous and likes to play football. Influenced by his father, the son began to play football when he was in elementary school. No matter where you move, there's always a soccer ball lying in the corner of the house. Although the son's playing skills are not as good as his father's, what is important is that his body is stronger, and his courage and perseverance in school are no less than those of his father. Song Xuan and Li Manheng are college classmates, and the two are free to fall in love and form a lifelong partnership. After graduating from university, Song Xuan was assigned to work in Shenyang and transferred to Shanghai in 1963. In 1964, Song Xuan sorted out the house and took his parents from Hankou to Shanghai to live together. The daughter-in-law washes and cooks after work, and is diligent and thrifty. Song Guomo, who has suffered from illness for many years, is fortunate to be able to spend the last days of his life in a warm family harbor. In 1965, Mr. Song Guomo died of illness at the age of 65. Song Xuan later entered the university to teach and was rated as a professor. Li Manheng is a senior engineer who has been working in a shanghai company for many years and still lives in Shanghai. The Qingdao Observatory has contacted Song Xuan and his wife several times, hoping that they will come to Qingdao as descendants of Song Guomo to see and walk around Guanxiang Mountain. To this end, both sides have added the WeChat public account "Nebula" of the observatory to facilitate communication at any time. Who knows that the new crown epidemic has dragged on for a long time, and the old two have not been able to succeed in the end. Unfortunately, in June 2020, the 86-year-old Mr. Song Xuan passed away due to illness.
After the death of her husband, Ms. Li Manheng, who is old and infirm, has many inconveniences in long-distance travel, and her wish to come to Qingdao has not been realized. Recently, however, she happily mentioned to me on the phone that her three children were planning to go to Qingdao in the near future. The WeChat she sent said: "The children think that their parents did not come, but they came to their parents' wishes, feel the glory of grandpa in the past, and thank the people of Qingdao for their love." The red tiles and green trees in the island city have not forgotten Song Guomo. ”
Song Guomo's 88-year-old daughter is still alive and well in Dalian.
May the soul of Mr. Heaven rest in peace.
This article is co-authored by Wu Shengtai, Wang Zhenwen and Liu Kaiming, and written by Liu Kaiming