On the shore of the beautiful West Lake, there is a secluded academy. One day in the spring of 1897, a man hurried out of the tree-shrouded academy, of medium stature and a pair of bright eyes embedded in his thin face. When he walked a few inches away, he suddenly turned around and gazed deeply at this ancient-style academy, staring at the four vigorous and powerful characters on the gate of the academy--"The Essence of the Scriptures."
This person is Zhang Binglin, who bid farewell to this 7-year study of the Scriptures and is about to plunge into the torrent of the times.
<h1 class = "pgc-h-arrow-right" >, from reform to revolution</h1>
Zhang Binglin (1869-1936), also known as Uncle Mei (or Uncle Mei), was known as Taiyan. Born on January 12, 1869 in Yuhang County, Zhejiang Province, in a scholarly mendi. He was studious since childhood, began to read at the age of 6, and after the age of 9, he read the Four Books and Five Classics under the education of his maternal grandfather Zhu Youqian. My grandfather was knowledgeable, strict in teaching, word by word, and must be scrutinized, and in three or four years, he was trained to become a diligent teenager who "knew a little about the scriptures".
In addition to teaching, his grandfather occasionally told him some historical stories of the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, and he was greatly moved by the national heroes of the anti-Qing Dynasty in the stories. He has a very good memory, and he is willing to work hard and chant day and night, so most of the books he has read can be memorized. At this time, he read a lot of historical books in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, and planted the seeds of nationalist ideas in his young heart.
He hated the Eight Strands and despised the Imperial Examination. At the age of 16, under the strict supervision of his father, he went to the county town for the first time to take the imperial examination. Before he could play, he suddenly "dizzy" and there was no exam. Since then, he has never made eight-strand articles again, refused to take the exam, and the father knew that his son was stubborn and stubborn, so he had to resign himself to it.
In 1890, after the death of his father, Zhang Binglin went to Hangzhou to study, and he studied under the master of Pu Xue, Yu Fan, who was in charge of the Jingjing Jingshe at that time, and became a very important high-quality student of Yu Fan. Under the careful guidance of Yu Fan, he realized that he had the problem of being greedy and eager to succeed in reading in the past, and he was determined to establish a study style of seeking truth from facts. So he formulated 6 rules for himself: first, judge the name and truth; second, refute evidence; third, abstain from prevarication; fourth, abide by ordinary rules; fifth, cut off emotions; and sixth, eliminate Hua Ci. This down-to-earth attitude laid a solid foundation for his later academic achievements.
Just as Zhang Binglin was improving his studies, the news came that the Qing government's Beiyang Fleet had collapsed in the Battle of Jiawu. He resolutely walked out of the study hall and participated in the Restoration Movement. In May 1895, Kang Youwei united with all provinces across the country to raise people for the examination and launched the "bus to write a book". In August, Kang Youwei organized the "Strong Society" to advocate the reform of the law. Zhang Binglin believes that the "Strong Society" is aimed at enriching the country and strengthening the army, which is in line with his wishes, that is, from Hangzhou Huiyin 16 yuan to support the Strong Society, and signed up to join the association. In August 1896, Liang Qichao and others founded the "Current Affairs Newspaper" in Shanghai and hired him to write for the newspaper. Zhang Binglin could not hold back any longer, and despite the opposition of his teacher Yu Fan, he resolutely bid farewell to his teacher and friends, bid farewell to his relatives, and left home for Shanghai. Later, he had serious ideological differences with Liang Qichao and other kang Youwei disciples. He opposed the deification of Confucius, opposed their touting Kang Youwei, and looked down on their far-fetched and absurd "scholarship"; he advocated that the change of law should not only stay in words, but should be carried out on its own, even if it is to go to the soup and fire, and risk the white blade. The contradictions between the two sides could not be reconciled, so he left the "Times" and returned to Hangzhou.
Later, Zhang Zhidong, the governor of Huguang, invited Zhang Binglin to Hubei to establish the "Zheng journal". This Western bureaucrat took advantage of the trend of changing the law and pretended to support the restoration. He wrote the book "Persuasion to Study", put forward the slogan of "middle school as the body, Western learning as the use", and opposed the restoration in his bones. He gave the manuscript of the "Persuasion Chapter" to Zhang Binglin for decoration, but Zhang Binglin was just straight, and wrote a 60,000-word "Theory of Pai Manchu" to express his position, which provoked Zhang Zhidong and was expelled as a result.
Soon, the Pentagram failed. The Qing government ordered the arrest of the reformers, and Zhang Binglin was also wanted. He first took refuge in Taiwan and then moved to Japan. The blood of the martyrs of the Penghu Rebellion polished his eyes, and his wandering in Japan also increased his insight, and during this period, his position underwent a fundamental change, and in July 1900, he angrily cut off the long braids that had dragged behind his head, indicating that he was at odds with the Qing government and a complete break with the reformists.
In March 1901, in order to avoid the pursuit of the Qing government, Zhang Binglin was introduced by a friend to the American church school Soochow University as a Chinese teacher. One day, he went to visit his idle teacher Yu Fan, and as soon as they met, they were scolded. Yu Yu accused him of "carrying his parents' mausoleum" and traveling overseas as "unfilial", exposing the Qing Dynasty, "slandering the revolution is disloyal", "filial piety and disloyalty, non-human also." The boy beats the drum to attack can also be". Zhang Binglin respects the teacher, but respects the truth more. He could not accept this unreasonable accusation, and righteously wrote the article "Xie Benshi" and publicly declared his break with the teacher. The text says that sir, who both governs the scriptures and is knowledgeable, is not clear about the heresies of the rulers of the Qing Dynasty, but must be upheld; that is, he has been an official of the Qing Dynasty, and he has eaten their Feng Lu, and he can also specialize in learning like Dai Zhen, so why should he act as a defender of the Qing Dynasty! Zhang Binglin's revolutionary will to oppose the Qing Dynasty was already very firm, and even if his teacher, whom he had great respect for before, came out to stop him, he could not shake it.
Zhang Binglin often talked about national heroes in Chinese history at Soochow University, propagating anti-Qing revolutionary ideas, and became more and more famous. As a result, his whereabouts were discovered by the Qing government, which ordered his arrest. Just after the Spring Festival of 1902, Zhang Binglin had to flee to Japan again. When he came to Japan, Sun Yat-sen was also in Japan. Sun Yat-sen warmly set up a banquet to welcome him, and from then on the two of them were always obedient, often discussing revolutionary issues together, and he received great inspiration and encouragement from Sun Yat-sen.
<h1 class = "pgc-h-arrow-right" > two, to the reformist back to the carbine</h1>
After Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao fled to Japan, they rebuilt their propaganda positions and founded the Qinghui Bao. In 1901, Liang Qichao published a royalist viewpoint in the Qinghui Bao, "The Theory of Tracing the Origins of Weakness", proposing that there could be no revolution in China, and that a constitutional monarchy could only be implemented through peaceful means. He believed that China was "weak", that the people's wisdom was not enlightened, that the Qing government was bad for Cixi, and that the Guangxu Emperor was "shengming", so the anti-Manchu revolution was not welcome. Soon, Zhang Binglin wrote a "Treatise on The True Vengeance of Man", criticizing Liang Qichao by name. To correct the erroneous view that the anti-Qing revolution is regarded as "qiuman." Zhang Binglin pointed out in the article, why revolution? Because the Qing Dynasty was too cruel and corrupt, in today's world, "revolution has to be done." He also exposed the essence of the so-called Guangxu Emperor's "Shengming", pointing out that since 1895, the Guangxu Emperor "only had his heart to protect his position of power." If the "empress dowager dies" and Guangxu holds real power, he will destroy all the New Deals. He firmly believed that Manchuria was not expelled, that what national independence and the country was rich and strong were just empty words.
"The Theory of Righteous Hatred and Manchu" is Zhang Binglin's first paper refuting the political ideas of the reformists, and it is also the first important document in the debate between revolution and reform in modern Chinese history.
In 1902, Zhang Binglin, who had lived in Japan for 3 months, returned to his homeland. He spent several months revising his collection of essays, the Book of Lou. Originally published in 1900, the Book of Lou was revised, and in this revision, he deleted the improved text, adding an anti-Qing revolutionary color and making the book more militant. In the spring of 1903, he was invited by Cai Yuanpei to teach at the Shanghai Patriotic Society. The Patriotic Society is a new type of school full of strong revolutionary overtones, and the society holds a weekly lecture, and Zhang Binglin is a major role in the lecture, fiercely attacking the corruption and traitorism of the Qing government on the podium and shouting for revolution.
Zhang Binglin met Zou Rong, a patriotic young man who was more than ten years younger than him, at the Patriotic Society, and they became friends who took care of each other and had a heart to heart. After Zou Rong's sensational essay "Revolutionary Army" at home and abroad was written, it was sent to Zhang Binglin for viewing. Zhang Binglin was greatly praised, and personally wrote a preface to the text, saying that it was "the sound of thunder that vibrated deafening and deaf" and that it was "the first voice of the righteous master".
In May 1903, in order to criticize Kang Youwei's royalist sayings, Zhang Binglin wrote the famous "Refutation of Kang Youwei's Book on Revolution," a battle article, denouncing all kinds of fallacies of the Constitutionalists and tearing up their deceptive false faces. In June 1903, it was published at the same time as "The Revolutionary Army", and within a month, thousands of copies were sold out, which caused strong repercussions at home and abroad.
On June 1, 1903, after Zhang Shizhao presided over the Su Bao, he successively published Zhang Binglin's "Rebutting Kang Youwei's Book on Revolution" and "Preface to the Revolutionary Army"; and other people wrote such clear-cut articles as "Reading the Revolutionary Army" and "Introducing the Revolutionary Army", which aroused the hatred of the Qing government. Inspector Enshou of Jiangsu ordered Yuan Shuxun of Shanghai To collude with the imperialist concession authority in Shanghai, the Ministry of Works, to arrest Zhang Binglin, Chen Zhongyi, and others, and Zou Rong voluntarily surrendered, and later seized the Su Bao. This was the "Soviet report" that shocked China and foreign countries at that time. According to records, after each trial of Zhang Binglin, they escorted him back to the arrest room with a carriage and a patrol. As they pass through the streets, viewers fill in the alleys. Zhang Binglin humorously recited a poem about this scene: "The wind blows the shackles all over the city, and the street market competes with the foreign lang." Zhang Binglin and Zou Rong were in prison, unyielding, and were repeatedly beaten by prison guards. Zou Rong died in prison on April 3, 1905. When he died, his mouth spewed blood, his eyes were blind, and he was only 20 years old. Zhang Binglin was imprisoned until June 29, 1906, when he was released after completing his sentence.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > third, scolding Yuan Thief</h1>
In 1913, Sun Yat-sen led the "Second Revolution". Due to the internal disunity of Yuan's revolutionary army, the lack of support from the broad masses of the people, and the strength of the reactionary army in the north, it was suppressed by Yuan Shikai in less than two months. Of course, Yuan Shikai would not easily let go of Zhang Binglin, who supported Sun Yat-sen's "second revolution", and through the Republican Party he controlled, he pretended to have party affairs to discuss and urged Zhang Binglin to enter Beijing.
After Zhang Binglin arrived in Beijing, he was placed under house arrest at the Republican headquarters of Fossil Bridge, and Yuan Shikai instructed Lu Jianzhang, deputy director of martial law in Beijing, to send troops to monitor him, and Zhang Binglin began a three-year house arrest. During this period, he often became angry and scolded "Yuan Thief".
On January 7, 1914, Zhang Binglin was disheveled, wearing a blue cloth robe, with torn boots on his feet, holding a goose feather fan, and the handle of the fan was hung with the glittering second-class medal awarded by Yuan Shikai, swaying and swinging, straight to the presidential palace. He sat in the reception room of the Xinhuamen Presidential Palace and vowed to see President Yuan Da. After a while, Yuan's confidant and chief financial officer Liang Shiyi came and greeted Binglin respectfully. Zhang Binglin said contemptuously, "I want to see Yuan Shikai, who wants to see you?" Liang Shiyi walked away with a stutter. Zhang Binglin sat for several hours, impatient, and then used his cane to beat the furnishings in the reception room into a mess, which was the "Zhang Crazy Man who made a big fuss in the presidential palace" in the capital at that time. Lu Xun once made a wonderful description of this: "With the great medal as a fan pendant, near the door of the presidential palace, the person who cursed Yuan Shikai's harboring evil heart, and there was no second person in the world." ”
Finally, Lu Jianzhang came out to "receive" and said that Yuan Shikai wanted to receive him. Zhang Binglin boarded the carriage with the land, but the carriage did not enter the Xinhua Gate, but left the Dongyuan Gate, and dragged him all the way to the military instructor and imprisoned him, and soon moved to Longquan Temple. Zhang Binglin was extremely angry, often accusing Sang huai of scolding Yuan Shikai, and later announced a hunger strike. Yuan Shikai was also afraid that Zhang Binglin had three long and two short, which was not good for him, so he sent a doctor to take care of him. Soon, Zhang Binglin was sent to Qianliang Hutong in Dongcheng to live. At this time, Zhang Binglin was idle, so he revised the "Book of Lou", deleted many revolutionary texts, and renamed it "Examination Theory", which was combined with "Wen Shi" and "On the Balance of The Ancient State" to form the "Zhang Series".
On June 6, 1916, the thief of the country finally died, ending a shameful life. On the 16th, Zhang Binglin was released, ended three years of house arrest, and returned to Shanghai on July 1.
In 1917, China entered another eventful year. First, there was the "dispute between President Li Yuanhong and Prime Minister Duan Qirui" between the government and the court. In the summer, Zhang Xun took advantage of the chaos to support Puyi's short-lived restoration of the title of emperor. Duan Qirui also took the opportunity to drive away Li Yuanhong and trampled on the Provisional Covenant Law. All this provoked Sun Yat-sen to establish a Dharma Protector Government in Guangzhou in the autumn and launched the Protector War. Zhang Binglin once again worked closely with Sun Yat-sen as secretary general of the Protector of the French Military Government. This was Zhang Binglin's final struggle during the old democratic revolution. After the failure of the "Dharma Protection Movement", he returned to Shanghai. He was very sad to see the warlords running rampant in the north and the south; he also saw that his family members who remained in Shanghai were living in a miserable life, and the public-private relations were extremely lamentable. So he angrily declared that Dumen had thanked him. After the May Fourth Movement in 1919, Zhang Binglin fell behind, and he "left the people and gradually entered the Decadence of Tang Dynasty."
In 1931, when Japanese imperialism suddenly attacked Shenyang and attacked the three eastern provinces, Zhang Binglin aroused patriotic enthusiasm again, and on January 13, 1932, he sent a joint telegram with Ma Xiangbo, Zhang Shizhao, Huang Yanpei and dozens of other people, demanding that the Nanjing government recover the lost land. In the same year, Japan launched the "1.28" Incident and sent troops to attack Shanghai. The officers and men of the Kuomintang Nineteenth Route Army, who were guarding Shanghai, rose up in self-defense. Zhang Binglin wrote an article for this purpose, "The Nineteenth Route Army Imperial Japanese Affairs", and his patriotic enthusiasm is still overflowing. In late February, Zhang Binglin dragged his thin body to Beiping to see Zhang Xueliang and asked the Northeast Army to hold the territory and fight against the Japanese. In the spring of 1933, he wrote to Feng Yuxiang twice, asking him to "make meritorious contributions to the country." Zhang Binglin's performances are the afterglow of his later years and are worth mentioning.