【Abstract】 In the development process of Chinese culture, crickets are often given a certain artistic conception in late autumn, pinning on the poet's frustrated sorrow, lovesickness, nostalgia and other emotions, which have distinct cultural symbolic significance. With the in-depth development of science and technology, the mystery of crickets has also been gradually unveiled.
【Keywords】Crickets, culture
<h1>Crickets in Chinese poetry</h1>
In Lu You's "Autumn Xing", "Crickets know that autumn is early, and the plantains are getting a lot of rain." In Eisenfer's "Crickets", "the sound of insects is early in the year, and the shadow of the moon in the half-tree plane is cool." "Countless literati and inkers have appeared cricket figures. Crickets, in which they play a medium that carries the poet's thoughts and feelings, sublimates the poet's feelings.
Imagery is formed by combining abstract "meaning" with concrete "image", and the poet's "intention" is placed in the concrete "image", so that the emotions he wants to express can be pinned on, making it more vivid and easy to understand, and making the poetry more meaningful. Chinese seems to have a special affection for crickets, and for thousands of years, crickets have always been inextricably linked to our lives, as if they have infiltrated the souls of countless literati and inkers. Crickets first appear in the Book of Poetry. "Wind and July" mentions: "May Sphinx moving stocks, June ShaJi Zhenyu." July is in the wild, August is in The Universe, September is in the house, and in October the crickets come under my bed. It can be seen that the ancients already had a certain understanding of crickets.
In the Tang Dynasty, "Every autumn, the concubines and concubines in the palace used small gold cages to store crickets, closed them in cages, placed them on the side of pillows, and listened to their voices at night, and the common people's homes did the same." Gu Wenxian of the Song Dynasty said in his "Miscellaneous Records of Negative Noise": "Fighting clams also began in the Tianbao period, and the rich people in Chang'an opened ivory as a cage and paid them with tens of thousands of gold." It can be seen that during the Tang and Song dynasties, crickets have entered the daily life of the people in the city, and Du Fu, Su Dongpo, Bai Juyi and others have also sung about crickets.
In the era of agriculture, the ancestors were very concerned about the changes in seasonal solar terms, and the crickets that arrived with autumn were naturally noticed and familiar to the ancestors. With the development of culture, poetry culture gradually rises, crickets are often given the charm of autumn by poets because they arrive with autumn, and under the blowing of the autumn wind, they jump into people's hearts and jump into people's emotional world, and gradually become far-reaching cultural images
The traditional literati cultivated in roughly the same cultural background, influenced by the subtle influence of history and culture, have more or less inherited some feelings for crickets, and Chinese literati seem to prefer the sentiment of sad autumn.
The sorrow of life's frustration
Autumn is the season when everything matures and celebrates the harvest, as well as the season when the autumn wind is cold and the trees are withering. Since ancient times, the poet Moke has portrayed autumn as desolate, desolate and tragic, so the ancient Chinese literati have a tradition of "rejoicing in spring and sad in autumn". According to the ancients' idea of the unity of heaven and man, crickets, as part of "heaven", were approached by the ancients and used in their poems. Crickets are also active in autumn and are often given autumn charm. In many poems, crickets have the characteristics of sad and miserable imagery. For example, Bai Juyi's "Smell the grunts and chirp at night, and the situation is a rainy day in autumn." Fearing that the sorrowful will have to sleep temporarily, the sound will move closer to the bed" ("Promoting Weaving"); Yang Wanli's "One sound can send one person to worry, and the sound of weaving is endless", "How life is without bitterness, generally crickets are two kinds of sorrow" ("Three Songs of Crickets")," Song Renhe Zhu's "Candle Curtain, Clam Urges Machine, And Bitter Autumn Wind Dew" ("Tianxiang"), showing the autumn dusk, accompanied by crickets, and pinning the sorrows of wandering foreign countries.
Zhang Wei's "Man Ting Fang , Promoting Weaving" "The moon washes the tall Wu, the dew is dark, and the autumn outside the Baochao Building is deep." Earth flowers along the green, fireworks fall on the wall yin. Listen to the cold sound intermittently, slightly rhyme, miserable and sad. Strive for a partner, diligently persuade weaving, and promote the breakthrough of the dawn machine. When I was a child, I remembered that the lamp was filled with holes, and the steps followed the sound. Ren is full of flowers and shadows, and pursues alone. Carry xiang huatang drama fight, small pavilion, cage smart makeup gold. This hugh said, asked under the canal bed, cool night with lonely groaning. The first film writes the feeling of hearing the sound of crickets, and the next film recalls the fun of catching crickets and fighting crickets in childhood, reflecting today's lonely and sad feelings, and the ending sentence "Cool Night with Lonely Groaning" is full of feelings that are invincible to the past.
Detachment and lovesickness
Using autumn as a medium to trigger the poet's thoughts, and autumn often brings people sad thoughts, so poets often use crickets, which are animals that arrive with autumn, as images to express their sorrows. For example, Jia Dao's "Sending Zheng Chang to Lingnan" wrote: "Cangwu has many crickets, and white dew wet river leeches." With crickets and other imagery, rendering parting colors, vividly and vividly expressing the poet's reluctance to Zheng Changling, Dunhuang song lyrics "Bodhisattva Man": "Xiang Pin Luo Bao can be broken, only to hear crickets accompanied by groans." Send winter clothes every year, and don't return at the end?" The pain of thinking of women and women is sighing. Jiang Fu "Qi Tianle": "Thinking of the woman sleepless, looking for the opportunity", lyrical thoughts of the woman who misses her husband after hearing the sound of crickets, and writes about the pain of the woman.
Homesickness
Children who grow up in the countryside have an inseparable complex with crickets. The childhood of catching crickets and playing in the countryside is always unforgettable, and when they grow up, many literati and inkers drift away from home, and even have no hope of returning home, so they use crickets as companions to recall their childhood and hometown. Du Fu of the Tang Dynasty's "Promoting Weaving is Very Subtle, And The Lamentations Are Moving" ("Promoting Weaving") is to borrow the lamentations of crickets to express the sorrows of long-time guests.
The cricket is the embodiment of nostalgia, singing in front of the window and under the bed of every wanderer, singing every full moon night, singing to tears. The oratorio under the silver moonlight is always haunting. To this day, the nostalgia caused by the sound of crickets still lingers in the poet's work. The modern Taiwanese poet Love once wrote "The Song of Crickets", in the cricket's chirping, the poet sleepwalked through the thousands of mountains and rivers in his hometown, revealing a sense of homesickness, which made people tremble. Liushahe's "That Cricket" sang the voice of Chinese.
Quicksand River
Different times, different social backgrounds, different environments, trigger different emotions of poets, or loneliness, or frustration, or homesickness, or nostalgia. Different scenes of different crickets chirping, different mentalities of different characters, all create a lonely and sad emotional atmosphere, showing the unique artistic realm of Chinese culture.
<h1>Crickets in traditional customs</h1>
China's cricket culture, mainly originating in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River Basin and the Yellow River Basin, has a long history, a long history, and a strong oriental color. Fighting crickets is even more prosperous. Crickets fight each other, to pick the weight and size of the same, with steamed special japanese calamus or horsetail mane to lead the bucket, let them blow each other, after several confrontations, defeated retreat, victorious wings long song. In the old days, towns, markets, and casinos with cricket fighting have been abolished, but Chinese folk still retain this entertainment. Since its rise, this activity has experienced four dynasties of Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing, and from the Republic of China to the present, before and after the long years of 800 or 900 years. This activity has always been widely loved by people, and has been rising for a long time, showing a trend of year after year.
Fighting crickets began in the Tang Dynasty and flourished in the Song Dynasty. In the Qing Dynasty, the activities became more and more exquisite, and the crickets required no "four diseases" (head-up, tendrils, teeth training, and kicking legs) And the appearance color was also distinguished, "white is not as good as black, black is not as good as red, red is not as good as yellow". The Southern Song Dynasty is a famous era in the history of fighting crickets. At this time, the fighting crickets were no longer limited to the Kyoshi or the nobles. The citizens, even the monks and nuns, are also good at this play. The princes and nobles of the Qing Dynasty only began to love the cricket drama after entering the customs. Every autumn, Kyoshi sets up a wide shed and starts gambling. During the Japanese occupation of Beijing, there were markets selling crickets at the Beiping temple fairs, ranging from dozens to hundreds of vendors.
In the 1950s and 1960s, fighting crickets were labeled "old culture" and declared illegal along with entertainment such as mahjong. But today, Chinese have more adequate economic security, more relaxed government regulations, and are gradually returning to tradition in terms of leisure and entertainment. It's "a Chinese culture, like tea culture," said Li Shijun, a 70-year-old Shanghai expert.
In the East, male crickets are caged to listen to their songs; crickets have been practiced in China for hundreds of years. Crickets play an important role in mythology and superstition. The presence of crickets is thought to be equal to good luck and wisdom, and harm to crickets brings misfortune. A large brown fried cricket is sold in the market in Mandalay, Myanmar, often for wandering monks.
At the same time, due to the prevalence of fighting crickets, the cricket spectrum also came into being. Cricket spectrum is mostly written by connoisseurs of fighting crickets similar to modern animal breeding manuals, operable and practical, and there is obvious accumulation and inheritance in content, forming a certain system and characteristics. International research on crickets often draws on the experience of such books, and according to the records in the books, studies the fighting behavior of crickets. For example, Suga of the University of Tokyo has investigated the activities of contemporary Chinese cricket fighting, which is related to the ancient Chinese fighting cricket culture.
<h1>Crickets in the social sciences</h1>
According to research, crickets are an ancient insect that has been around for at least 140 million years and is an object of fighting between ancient and modern times. Crickets, also known as weaving, commonly known as crickets, general worms, cockfighters, autumn worms, ground trumpets, "monk" is the name of crickets before they give birth to wings.
Crickets are found and named around the world and were later included in the animal kingdom of the order Orthoptera cricketidae. Crickets are mostly small and medium-sized, and a few are large. Yellowish brown to dark brown. The head is round, the thorax is somewhat broad, and the filamentous antennae are slender and easy to break. Chewable mouthpiece. Some of the jaws are well developed and stronger than the bite bucket. The forefoot and the middle foot are similar and the same length; the hind feet are well developed and jumpy; and the tail whiskers are longer. Auditors on the tibia segment of the forefoot, the outer side is larger than the medial side. Males are cheerful and aggressive, and have the phenomenon of killing each other. The male has a voice-talking apparatus on its forewings, which consist of scrapers, friction veins, and pronunciation mirrors on the wing veins. The forewings are lifted and rubbed from side to side, thus vibrating the phonological mirror and emitting a tone. Females are larger, with pinhole or spear-shaped laying tubes exposed and small wings. Male crickets fight each other for food, consolidate their territory and possess the female.
Crickets burrow, often inhabiting the surface, under masonry, soil burrows, and grass. Night out activities. Omnivorous, eating a variety of crops, saplings, vegetables and fruits. Certain behaviors of crickets can be induced by specific external stimuli. At that time, if the male cricket's whiskers are stimulated by fine soft hairs, it will encourage it to rush to the opponent and fight hard; if it touches its tail hair, it will cause it to resent, and kick back with the shin joint of the hind foot to show resistance. It is crickets that have also become a tool for some people to win or lose in battle (in "Zai Jing Tang Collection: Jiangnan Jingshi Poetry Manuscript"). Crickets are reclusive by nature, generally living independently, and are never allowed to live with other crickets (males also live with another female during mating), so they cannot tolerate each other, and once they touch each other, they will bite and fight. Crickets are known for their belligerence. In the cricket family, male and female crickets are not married through "free love". Which male cricket is brave and good at fighting and defeats others of the same sex, then it gains possession of the female cricket, so the phenomenon of "" is very common in the cricket family. Of course, from the perspective of biological evolution, this is also a natural selection, survival of the fittest, which is conducive to the sustainable development of the cricket race.
With the development of medical science, the medical community has found that crickets also have high medicinal value. In ancient medical books, there are also references to the similar medicinal functions of crickets. For example, books such as "Medical Formula Collection", "YangsuYuan Transmission Party", "Modern Practical Chinese Medicine", "Cihang Living Book", "Sichuan Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine" and other books have mentioned in detail the use of crickets into medicine.
Chinese in the countless years with crickets, there have been many stories, the most famous of which is the "cricket emperor" Ming Xuanzong Zhu Zhanji (1398 or February 9, 1399 - January 31, 1435), that is, the fifth emperor. Ming Xuanzong was both a Ming Emperor and a master of cricket fighting in history.
Crickets have always had an inseparable complex with Chinese, closely related to Chinese culture and the Chinese nation, and are considered to be one of the emotional sustenance of the Chinese nation, and have always accompanied us through countless ups and downs with us for countless years, witnessing the rise and fall of the Chinese nation.
Wen 丨 Ji Qiu Kai