Following our "Explanation of Characters in Speaking Texts" course, this lesson talks about the four Chinese characters of the "Yan" department: "䛄, 詗, 讂, 詆". Among these four characters, "䛄,讂" is basically not used in modern Chinese, and it is a strange character, and the two words "詗、詆" are simplified in modern Chinese to "诇,Slander". The word "denigation" is more commonly used, so the focus of this lesson is "denigrated". The details of the four words are as follows:
1. Bicker. Read yuǎn. The explanation given in the Shuowen Jiezi is: "䛄, Wei Ye." From words, from words. "Shape sound word. The original meaning is comfort. "Guang Yun Ruan Yun": "Oh, comfort." Duan Yujie's "Notes on the Interpretation of The Text": "Wei, each book is a consolation." ...... Fire Ministry, lieutenant from the upper case (press) down also. ...... The one who speaks well of his heart is like a fire. "Shen refers to straight, straight, refers to silk fabrics. Fire refers to ironing flat clothing. Ironing flatens clothes, and comfort makes people feel calm and have commonalities.
(Consolation)
In addition to the original meaning, there are two other uses of the word 䛄: (1) from. "Jade Chapters and SpeechEs": "䛄, from also." (2) Resentment. "Ji Yun Wish Rhyme": "Oh, Shu Ye." "There are no examples of applications in both usages.
The small seal of "䛄" is written as shown in the following figure:
(The small seal of the 䛄 is written)
2. 詗 (诇). Read xiòng. The explanation given in the Shuowen Jiezi is: "Curse, know what to tell." From the word, the sound of jiōng. "Shape sound word. The original meaning is secret information; reconnaissance, eavesdropping. That is, to inform the relevant parties of the place and situation of the probe.
"History of Huainan Hengshan Column Biography": "Wang Ailing, often give more money, for the middle of Chang'an, about the end of the knot." Pei Xiao's "Commentary on the Collection of Historical Records" quoted Xu Guangyue: "Curse, the name of the service is also." Sima Zhen's "History of Suoyin" quotes Meng Kangyue: "The sound of the curse, the Westerners take the anti-interval as a detective." "The detective here is the spy of the West. The King of Huainan loved Liu Ling and often gave her more money, allowing her to spy on the affairs of the court in Chang'an and make friends with people close to the emperor.
(Spy)
The New Book of Tang and the First Biography of Pei Ling: "The affairs of the Imperial Court of the Marquis of Tang, I heard about the Ten Constants and Seven Eights." "It is also the original meaning of the curse.
In addition to this meaning, there are two uses:
(1) Ask. Guangya Shiyi III: "Curse, ask for it." Tang Xianzu's "Peony Pavilion" is famous for its thirty-fourth name of "Yao Yao", which is actually seeking medicine.
(2) Enlightenment. "Guangyun Yun Yun": "Curse, enlightened Zhiye." "Han Feizi Zhongxiao": "Now the people are scheming and wisdom, wanting to use themselves, not listening, and will be persuaded by the superior to reward and then can enter, and fear to punish and then dare not retreat." "The people of today are treacherous and enlightened, always wanting to make a difference and refusing to obey the monarch's orders. The monarch must exhort them by means of rewards before they can make progress; at the same time, he must intimidate them by means of punishment, and then he will not dare to retreat.
The small seal of the curse is written as shown in the following figure:
(The small seal of the curse is written)
3. Praise. There are two pronunciations:
(i) juàn. This is the pronunciation of the Zhonghua Book Company's Zhuyin edition of the Shuowen Jiezi, and the explanation given is: "讂, rumor also." From the word, 夐 (xuàn or xiòng) sound. "Shape sound word. The original meaning is a rumor. Zhu Junsheng's "Speaking of The Sayings of The Passage of The Sayings of the Texts": "Doubts are the same as those who are confused. ”
(Rumors)
In addition to the original meaning, it also refers to the pursuit of camp; pursuit. "Guangya ShiYi III": "Praise, ask for it." "Guangyun Jingyun": "Praise, there is something to ask for." Book IV of the Rush: "Lack of pleasure and obscenity." "Lack of prosperity" is a crime of violating military discipline in ancient times, that is, the crime of delaying military operations or the collection and allocation of military materials. "Indecent arrest" refers to the arrest of a party for the correction of illegal acts, "slander", as mentioned above, is "whistleblowing". This sentence refers to the fact that [judicial officials] themselves have committed the crimes of "lack of military popularity", "indecency", and non-disclosure of the camp.
(Camp Request)
(ii) xuān. This pronunciation comes from "Collection rhymes". Same as "zhen", more words. "Collection Rhymes, First Rhymes": "Praise, more words also." Or as a mantra. "There are no examples of application in the texts.
The small seal of the mantra is written as shown in the following figure:
(The small seal of the curse is written)
4. Slander (slander). Read dǐ. The explanation given in the "Explanation of Words" is: "Slander, harshness." A kokya. From the words, from the voice. "Shape sound word. Xu Shen believes that there are two original meanings of slander: First, trivial and meticulous rebuke. Second, shout out loud and scold. This is actually the meaning of the words "harsh" and "ha". In fact, we can simplify the original meaning of denigration as condemnation; scolding.
Wen Tianxiang's "Guide To follow-up": "Woohoo! Give it to the deceased, I don't know how many! Slander the chieftain should die, and scold the thief to die. It means: Alas! I don't know how many times I've reached the state of death! Scolding the commander of the Yuan Army deserves to die; insulting the traitor should be damned.
(Statue of Wen Tianxiang)
In addition to the original meaning, there are other uses of denigration:
(1) Slander; slander. Guangya Shiyi II: "Slander, slander." "Jade Chapters and Sayings": "Slander, Yaya." "Orthographic Tong, Yanbu": "Slander, Slander." "Mozi Self-Cultivation": "Although there are people who slander, there is nothing to rely on." "The Book of Han and the Biography of Zhang Tang": "What is ruled is hao, and it must be danced and skillfully denigrated." This means that if the person being judged is strong and powerful, (Zhang Tang) must play with the provisions of the law and slander and frame it. The "dancing text" here later developed into an idiom, meaning to play with words and slander and frame.
(2) Deception. "Cangjie Chapter" volume: "Slander, deception also." "The Book of Han and the Biography of Dongfang Shuo": "Shuo is good at slandering and deceiving the Son of Heaven and obeying the officials, and abandoning the city. Guo Sheren said angrily: "Dongfang Shuo dared to casually slander and insult the attendant officials who bullied and insulted Tianzi, and should be sentenced to death for abandoning the city."
(Oriental Shuo Statue)
(3) Law. "Jade Chapters and Sayings": "Slander, Dharma." "There are no examples of application in the texts.
In addition, slander also refers to "denial", which refers to denial and denial. It is also common to "柢", which refers to the fundamental; important things.
The small seal of "denigration" is written as shown in the following figure:
(Small seal writing)
([Explanation of the text] no. 469, some of the pictures originate from the Internet, the copyright belongs to the original copyright owner)