Xi'an and Luoyang", the "ancient capital of the 13 dynasties", do not need to be disputed anymore

Over the years, many Shaanxi people have said that Luoyang's "13 ancient capitals of the 13 dynasties" are untrue. In fact, the Jiandu dynasties of Henan and Shaanxi are the most numerous in the country. There were 83 dynasties in China, with a total of 559 emperors, including 397 "emperors" and 162 "kings". Among them, there are 4 provinces or municipalities directly under the central government that have established the most dynasties, Henan is the most, a total of 28, and Shaanxi is the second, with a total of 22. It is followed by Jiangsu Province (8) and Beijing Municipality (4). It can be seen that both Xi'an and Luoyang can be called the "ancient capital of the 13 dynasties", and Luoyang's reasons are more sufficient. It is advisable to make some study of the establishment of the capitals of the two provinces of Henan and Shaanxi (especially Xi'an and Luoyang).

I. Dynasties of The Capitals of Shaanxi and Henan.

(1) Shaanxi has been designated as the capital of 22 times (including the capital of The Companion).

Shaanxi has been designated as the capital 22 times (including the capital). Western Zhou: HoJing (Xi'an, Shaanxi, 363 years in total). Qin: Xianyang (Xianyang, Shaanxi, 15 years after reunification). Western Han Dynasty: Chang'an (Xi'an, Shaanxi, 210 years). New Dynasty: The palace was in Chang'an Weiyang Palace, changing Chang'an to "Chang'an" (a total of 6 years). Eastern Han Dynasty (6th year of Emperor Xian, capital xi'an). Western Jin Dynasty (4th year of Emperor Huan, capital xi'an). Former Zhao (11 years, capital city of Xi'an). Former Qin (33 years later, Gong Hong was called the King of The Three Qins, with the capital chang'an, in present-day Xi'an, Shaanxi). Later Qin (34 years, Yao Cang's regime, Chuan III, a total of three emperors, dubeidi, southeast of present-day Yao County, Shaanxi, and later in Chang'an, present-day Xi'an). Western Wei: Chang'an (Xi'an, Shaanxi, 22 years in total). Northern Zhou: Chang'an (Xi'an, Shaanxi, 25 years in total). Sui: Daxing (Xi'an, Shaanxi, 38 years in total). Tang: Chang'an (Xi'an, Shaanxi, 273 years in total). Great Zhou (Xi'an, Shaanxi, 15 years in total). In addition, the Xuan Han dynasty regime supported by The Green Forest (Xuan Han (劉玄初都萬城, in present-day Nanyang, Henan Province; successively moved to luoyang and Chang'an), the Liu Penzi regime, the Huangchao Daqi regime, and the Li Zicheng Dashun regime supported by The Green Forest also established provisional regimes here, and the Republic of China government made a resolution when it moved the "capital" to Luoyang in 1932, that is, Xi'an was made the capital (but there were no documents). In this way, there are a total of 20 times the process of building a capital of different lengths and lengths.

(2) Henan has built its capital 28 times (or as a companion capital).

From the first hereditary dynasty, Xia Jiandu, in present-day Yuzhou, Henan, the first emperor Shang Tang jiandu in Shangqiu, to the fall of the Qing Dynasty, there were more than 200 emperors in Henan, of which 28 dynasties built capitals in Henan (or as a capital), in order: Xia: Qidu Yuyang Zhai: Henan Yu County (Xia: Yao Jiancheng in Anyi, present-day Xia County, Shanxi). Shang: Shangqiu, South of Bohe. Xi Bo: Yan Shi; Yin: Anyang, Henan. Western Zhou: Eastern Capital Luoyang. (The Third Year of Zuo Chuan Xuangong says: "King Keshang of Wu moved Jiuding to Luoyi.") The "History of Zhou Benji" says: "King Wu camped Zhou Juluoyi and then went. "In history, there were 11 Zhou kings who ruled here for more than 200 years. Eastern Zhou: Luoyi (Luoyang, Henan). Western Han Dynasty: The initial capital Luoyang (Zhang Liang suggested moving the capital to Guanzhong). Xuan Han (the western Han Dynasty emperor Liu Xuan established a political power, the initial capital of Wancheng, present-day Nanyang, Henan Province; successively moved to Luoyang, Chang'an). Eastern Han Dynasty: Luoyang (Luoyang, Henan). Cao Wei regime: (both in Luoyang). Xu Du (許县, in modern Xuchangdong, Henan), the capital of the eastern Han Dynasty, was moved here by Cao Cao to welcome emperor from Luoyang, Kyoto). Wang Mang's "New Deal" dynasty: Xinye (新野; present-day Nanyang, Henan). Western Jin Dynasty: Luoyang (Luoyang, Henan). Three Kingdoms Wei: Luoyang (Luoyang, Henan). Later Zhao (Shi Le regime, succeeded by Later Shi Hong). Ran Wei (冉闵政, both in Anyang, later moved to Handan, Hebei), Former Yan: 邺 (Xianbei chief Murong Hao regime, initially capital Anyang, later moved to Linzhang, Hebei). Northern Wei: Luoyang (Luoyang, Henan). Eastern Wei: Duyi (南郸臨漳 southwest of Hebei, around present-day Anyang; with Luoyang as the capital). Northern Qi: Anyang (瓘瓘), the king of Lanling, was in present-day Anyang, Henan). Sui: Luoyang (The Sui Emperor designated Luoyang as the Eastern Capital and Daxing as the Western Capital.) After the opening of the Grand Canal of the Sui Dynasty, the Sui Emperor built a palace in Jiangdu (later Yangzhou), so he also designated Jiangdu as the capital of Xingdu. Tang Dynasty: Once moved the capital to Luoyang, the Tang Dynasty has 6 emperors moved the capital here, accumulating more than 70 years. Such as: Wu Zhou. Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms: Among them Hou Liang: 汴 (Kaifeng, Henan). Later Tang: Luoyang (Luoyang, Henan; 923–936). Later Jin: After Shi Jingyao destroyed the Later Tang Dynasty, he established himself as emperor, with the title of Gaozu of Jin, first the capital Luoyang, and then moved to Kaifeng (Kaifeng, Henan). Later Liang: In 907, Zhu Wen, the King of Liang, usurped the Tang dynasty as emperor, with the state name of Daliang and jiandu Bian (present-day Kaifeng, Henan); from 909 to 913, the capital Luoyang (present-day Luoyang, Henan) was established. Later Han: 汴 (Kaifeng, Henan). Later Zhou: 汴 (Kaifeng, Henan). Liao: Liao Taizu Yelü Abaoji became the leader of the Khitan tribal alliance, and in 916 AD, it was founded as the year name " Khitan " , and the capital was set at Linhuang Province ( present-day Chifeng City , Inner Mongolia ) . In 947, Emperor Taizong of Liao led an army south to the Central Plains and captured Fenjing (汴京, in modern Kaifeng, Henan), and Yelü Deguang ascended the throne as emperor in Fenjing, changing the name of the country to Liao and the era name to "Datong". In 983, it was renamed the Great Khitan (大 Khitan). In 1007, Emperor Shengzong of Liao moved the capital to Dadingfu (大定府, in present-day Ningcheng County, Chifeng City, Inner Mongolia). Northern Song Dynasty: Kaifeng (Kaifeng, Henan). Jin: (both in Huining, Heilongjiang Acheng), and zhongdu: Beijing (Kaifeng, Henan). Republic of China: Luoyang (once the capital of the accompaniment) and so on.

Second, Xi'an and Luoyang", the "13 ancient capitals", if you want to say that you can have a reason; if you want to say that you can't, the reasons are not sufficient.

(1) All conditions are sufficient.

Objectively speaking, Xi'an and Luoyang are called "the ancient capitals of the 13 dynasties", which is enough conditions. Let's start with Xi'an. From the above, it can be seen that there are 19 capitals (peidu) in Xi'an, namely: Western Zhou, Western Han, New Dynasty, Eastern Han, Western Jin, Former Zhao, Former Qin, Later Qin, Western Wei, Northern Zhou, Sui, Tang, Great Zhou, as well as 5 provisional regimes and the Republic of China. The people of Xi'an believe that the short-lived or temporary regimes mentioned above, namely: Liu Xuan's first regime, Liu Penzi's regime, Huangchao Daqi regime, Li Zicheng's Dashun regime, and the Republic of China's capital, do not fully meet the 5 criteria for measuring dynasties and are not counted, so it is customary to call Xi'an the ancient capital of the 13 dynasties. The "ancient capital of the 13 dynasties" as the Shaanxi people call it: Western Zhou, Western Han, New Dynasty, Eastern Han, Western Jin, Former Zhao, Former Qin, Later Qin, Western Wei, Northern Zhou, Sui, Tang, and Great Zhou. It can be seen that the theory of "the ancient capital of the 13 dynasties" in Xi'an is established.

The situation in Luoyang is like this. There were 16 dynasties in Luoyang, namely: Xia, Shang, Western Zhou, Eastern Zhou, Western Han, Xuan han, Eastern Han, Cao Wei, Western Jin, Northern Wei, Sui, Tang, Later Tang, Later Jin, Later Liang, and Republic of China. In addition to the "Cao Wei", "Hou Liang" and "Republic of China", which are not hardcore, it is also the "ancient capital of the 13 dynasties".

According to the Shaanxi people's algorithm, Luoyang elaborated that there were 20 dynasties. Traditionally, Luoyang is the "ancient capital of the Nine Dynasties"; today it is commonly known as the "Ancient Capital of the Thirteen Dynasties". According to historical records, the capitals established in Luoyang were: Xia Du Shu (夏都斟鄩; Shang Du Xi Qi (西亳), who died in the 16th century BC. Shang Tang attacked the Xia capital and moved here from Nanbo, which was known in history as Xi Bo (Luoyang Yanshi Corpse Township), and the Eastern Capital of Western Zhou Luoyang (Zuo Chuan Xuan Gong Three Years) reads: "King Keshang of Wu moved Jiuding to Luoyi. The "History of Zhou Benji" says: "King Wu camped Zhou Juluoyi and then went. According to history, 11 Zhou kings have ruled here for more than 200 years. For details, see tomorrow's "Thirty-three Discussions on Ancient and Modern Towns in China", "Western Zhou and Tang Dynasties, Some Emperors Have Long Been in Luoyang"; Luoyang, the capital of Eastern Zhou; Luoyang, the capital of the Western Han Dynasty( "History of Gaozu Benji") in: "The world is determined." Gaozu was in Luoyang, and all the princes were subordinates. Ge Jianxiong is the author of The History of Chinese Immigration (Fujian People's Publishing House, July 2017, lth edition, volume II, p. 63): "When Han Gaozu became emperor, he took Luoyang (Luo) as his capital, and moved the capital to Chang'an (northwest of present-day Xi'an, Shaanxi) in the same year. "At the beginning of the Late Han Dynasty, in the year of Pingyuan (190), Dong Zhuo, in order to evade the various Kwantung armies with Yuan Shao as his ally, held Emperor Xian of Han hostage and moved chang'an to the west, and drove "millions of people around Luoyang to Chang'an"); Wang Mang's Xinmang regime; the eastern capital Luoyang (6 years of Emperor Xian of Han); the western Jin capital Luoyang (4 years of Emperor Huan); the former Qin regime of Jian Jian; the Later Qin regime established by the Qiang nobleman Yao Cang during the Sixteen Kingdoms period; the Northern Wei dynasty moved the capital Luoyang; the Sui Dynasty established Tokyo; the Tang Dynasty had successively capital Luoyang (in 618 AD, Li Yuan declared himself emperor in Chang'an). Establish the Tang Dynasty. The following year, Wang Shichong proclaimed himself emperor in Luoyang and changed the name of the country to 'Zheng'. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, Emperor Zhaozong moved the capital to Luoyang. In the Tang Dynasty, 6 emperors moved the capital to Luoyang, accumulating more than 70 years... In particular, Wu Zetian, who was proclaimed emperor in Luoyang for 15 years. And Luoyang as the "Divine Capital"); the Later Liang capital Kaifeng, with Luoyang as the western capital; Zhu Wen moved the capital to Luoyang, with Kaifeng as the eastern capital. The Later Tang Dynasty moved the capital to Luoyang, with Luoyang as Luojing, known in history as "Later Tang"; the Later Jin capital Luoyang; the Republic of China government xingdu (moved to this office in 1932; see the lower part of this section). In this way, Luoyang has experienced a total of 20 times of different lengths and lengths of the process of building the capital. Luoyang's high standards and strict requirements do not include the Eastern Capital built here by the Western Zhou Dynasty for more than 200 years, and the Tang capital that has been built here for more than 70 years, and the capital of the 13 Dynasties is not included in the "13 Ancient Capitals", and the Former Qin Regime of Luoyang Cao WeiDu, Luoyang Gongjian, the Later Qin Regime established by the Qiang nobleman Yao Cang during the Sixteen Kingdoms Period, the late Tang Dynasty Zhaozong moved the capital to Luoyang, the Western Capital of Later Liang, and the Capital of the Republic of China Government. In this way, the reason why Luoyang calls it the "ancient capital of the 13 dynasties" is discounted (conservative).

(2) According to the "ancient capital of the 13 dynasties", Neither Xi'an nor Luoyang is hardcore.

On the surface, the total number of Xi'an is 19, Luoyang is 16, and Xi'an is more than 3, but measured by the 5 criteria of the dynasty, the conditions in Xi'an and Luoyang are somewhat soft. In terms of the hard stick of conditions, Luoyang's reasons seem to be a little stronger than Xi'an's.

Let's start with Xi'an. According to the Xi'an people's view, the "short or temporary regime" mentioned above does not count, we may as well remove those who have been established for less than 25 years, then, the new dynasty 6 years, the Eastern Han Dynasty, 6 years, the Western Jin Dynasty 4 years, the Former Zhao 11 years, the Northern Zhou 25 years, and the Great Zhou 15 years. In this way, the new dynasties, the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Western Jin Dynasty, the Former Zhao, the Northern Zhou, and the Great Zhou of the "13 Ancient Capitals" were brushed down, and only 9 were left.

Also, some people say that the capital of the Qin Dynasty and the Western Han Dynasty was in Xianyang and could not be counted as Xi'an. Here's a little bit of analysis. Xi'an and Xianyang are located in the two cities of Xi'an and Xianyang, which are adjacent to each other, but they are separated by a (Wei) River. In the 1970s and 1980s, the difference was only 50 kilometers. By now, the two cities are basically connected. In fact, during the Qin and Han dynasties, the two cities were also "you have me, I have you". The actual situation is also the same: open the layout map of the capital city of the Qin Dynasty, we can see that the "Wangyi Palace", "Lanchi Palace", "Yongmen Palace" and so on in the Qin Dynasty were in the territory of present-day Xianyang City, while the "Ganquan Palace", "Zhangtai Palace" and "Xingle Palace" were in the northern suburbs of today's Xi'an City; "Zhiyang Palace" was in the eastern suburbs of today's Xi'an City; "Afang Palace" was in the western suburbs of today's Xi'an City; and "Yichun Palace" was in the southern suburbs of today's Xi'an City. Therefore, it is not wrong to say that the Imperial City of the Qin Dynasty is in Xi'an. It should be said that the capital of the Qin Dynasty and the Western Han Dynasty can only be counted in Xianyang, which is only a mechanical fixed thinking.

The contemptible people believe that the capital cities of the Qin Dynasty and the Western Han Dynasty should be counted into the Xi'an sequence. visible. In the end, Xi'an became the "ancient capital of the 9 dynasties".

Let's talk about Luoyang. In Luoyang, the "ancient capital of the 13 dynasties", Xia, Shang, Western Zhou, Eastern Zhou, Eastern Han, Cao Wei, Western Jin, Northern Wei, Sui, Tang, Later Tang, Later Jin, and Later Liang. Similarly, in addition to the capital built less than 25 years ago, the "Western Han", "Xuan Han", "Later Tang" and "Later Liang" have also been removed, and the rest is just the "ancient capital of the 9 dynasties".

At this point, there should be a realistic attitude. Xi'an and Luoyang should not be in contention, either as the "ancient capital of the 13 dynasties", or as the "ancient capital of the 9 dynasties". It is better to think that it is said to be the "ancient capital of the 9 dynasties", and people are more convinced.

Third, Xi'an or Luoyang which has the longest construction time.

Some media said that Luoyang was the earliest capital of China (some people say that it was 400 years earlier than the founding capital of present-day Xi'an, and the history of the founding of the city was 900 years earlier), the capital city with the most dynasties and the longest history. The total number of capitals has been built for more than 1500 years. There are also sources that when introducing Luoyang as the "capital of three generations", it is said that Xia built the capital here for 600 years, Shang built the capital here for 500 years, Zhou built the capital here for 800 years, and the "three generations" alone were built in Luoyang for 2100 years. In this way, Luoyang has been built for more than 3,000 years.

According to the Shaanxi people, Xi'an had 13 dynasties, including Western Zhou, Qin, Western Han, Xin, Western Jin (Emperor Huan), Former Zhao, Former Qin, Later Qin, Western Wei, Northern Zhou, Sui, and Tang, which built their capitals here for more than 1,100 years.

Obviously, the time for Luoyang to build the capital is not only long, but also early. Of course, the dynasty of Xi'an Jiandu had more influence than Luoyang.