Transferred from the WeChat public account of "China Archaeological Network of the Institute of Archaeology of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences".
[Summary] Comprehensively and systematically summarizes the important archaeological discoveries and academic research of tombs in the Liaojin period in the past 20 years since the new century, sorts out and summarizes the important discoveries and scholars' research results, and provides an important literature reference for scholars' future in-depth research. The Liaojin tombs discovered since the 21st century are important materials for studying the history and culture of the Liaojin period, but lack in-depth special studies. It is expected that some scholars can break the bottleneck and make breakthroughs and innovations on the basis of previous archaeological work.
Since the new century, the archaeological discoveries and research of tombs in the Liaojin period have shown a blowout phenomenon compared with the 20th century, and a series of important archaeological discoveries and treatises have brought the tomb archaeology of the Liaojin period into a new era of vigorous development. New China archaeology has been more than 70 years old, and the archaeology of The Chinese historical period has lasted for a hundred years if counted from the excavation of the ruins of the ancient city of Julu in Hebei Province in 1921. Therefore, it is necessary to comprehensively sort out the archaeological excavations and research of tombs in the Liaojin period. In view of the discovery and research of tombs in the Liaojin period in the 20th century, there was a special discussion, so this article focuses on summarizing and discussing the archaeological research work in the past 20 years in the new century, in order to provide convenience for scholars' future re-research work.
One
If the tomb archaeology of the Liaojin period in the 20th century was dominated by passive rescue excavations, and comprehensive research seriously lagged behind, then since the new century, the active archaeological excavations of Liao Dynasty tombs have been increasing day by day, and comprehensive research has been significantly strengthened. Archaeologists are increasingly turning passive rescue clean-ups into active excavations with academic purposes; It will be actively transformed from the cleaning of a single stolen tomb to the excavation of multiple tombs in the cemetery to promote the study of the overall layout of the cemetery, reflecting the new trend of the development of Liaojin archaeology.
In the past 20 years, a series of important burial materials have been published. Among them, the important Khitan tombs include the Turki Mountain Tomb of The Left Front Banner of Inner Mongolia, the Tomb of the Flower Mural of the Zarut Banner Haote (M1), the Tomb of the Noble Concubine of The Holy Emperor of Liao in Duolun Xiaowangligou (M2), the Tomb of the Liao Tomb of the Right Banner bed of Balin (M4), the Burial Tomb of the Ancestral Tomb of the Left Banner of Inner Mongolia No. 1, the Tomb of Xiaohe in Guanshan, Fuxin, Liaoning, and the Tomb of the Princess of fuxin Liao Plain; In addition to the Tomb of the Bali Family in Xuanhua, Hebei Province, which collects previous information, the tombs of the Han Kuangsi family in Inner Mongolia are also important, the tomb of Han Kuangsi in The Left Banner of Bahrain, the tomb of Princess Defei Of Yanggou in Bahrain, the tomb of Geng Chongmei in Chaoyang, Liaoning, the tomb of Liu Liufu in Fengtai, Beijing, and the tomb of Xu Congyun in Datong, Shanxi. The discovery of the family cemetery of Yelü Longyun (Han Derang), the grand chancellor of the Liao Dynasty in Beizhen City, Liaoning Province, in 2015 is undoubtedly one of the important discoveries in the archaeology of Liao tombs.
Dong Xinlin and Peng Shanguo have reviewed the archaeological research of Liao tombs in the 20th century. Since the beginning of the new century, with the publication of a large number of important original materials, the depth and breadth of comprehensive research on tombs in the Liao Dynasty have been significantly strengthened. Doctoral and master's theses played a driving role. The following is a selection of the main research results.
(1) Research on the spatio-temporal framework of Liao tombs
Huo Jenna divided the Liao tombs in Yanyun area into 4 communities, analyzed them according to the district from the tomb shape system, burial products and wall decorations, and on this basis, divided the Liao tombs into three phases, and discussed the source flow of liao tombs. Qin Dashu divided the Liao tombs into two districts and three phases, the southern area, of which the understanding of the southern area was similar to huo Wen. Dong Xinlin divided the Liao tombs into three districts according to their ethnic groups, conducted a typological analysis of the Khitan and Han tomb shape systems, and divided the Liao tombs into four phases through the differences in the combination of tomb shape system and burial products. Liu Wei conducted a dynamic investigation of the changes and characteristics of the three types of Liao tombs in different periods of the Khitan large tombs, small and medium-sized tombs and Han tombs, and proposed that there are incomplete corresponding stagings in the three types of Liao tombs, which is a more important understanding. In addition, a preliminary discussion was also made on the hierarchy of Liao tombs. This is a treatise with considerable depth and characteristics in the study of Liao tombs so far.
When studying Liao tombs, it is basic common sense to distinguish between ethnic groups and conduct research. The sinicization of the Khitans and the Khitanization of the Han chinese have been studied by historians. This should also be the focus of archaeologists. Feng Enxue and others discussed the Sinicization of the Khitans and the Khitanization of the Han people from the tomb data, which is a new advance in the archaeological research of Liao tombs. Proceeding from archaeological data, Wu Jing conducted an archaeological analysis and investigation of the Khitan culture and Han culture of the Liao Dynasty. In addition, some graduate students conduct special studies on Liao tombs in different smaller areas, and there are many highlights.
(2) Research on the burial system and funerary customs
This is one of the most important contents of the study of Liao tombs. Peng Shanguo conducted a comprehensive study of the funeral customs of the Khitan nobles in the Liao Dynasty. Chen Yongzhi revisited metal networks and masks. Shang Xiaobo explores the influence of Buddhism on the burial customs of Chaoyang Liao. Li Weimin combed through the Liao Dynasty cremation tombs in beijing. Du Jingyang conducted a special study on the tomb gate of the Liao Dynasty. Zheng Chengyan conducted a more comprehensive discussion on the tomb system and funeral customs of the Liao Dynasty.
(3) Archaeological research on important relics such as porcelain
Peng Shanguo conducted a comprehensive study of Liao Dynasty ceramics based on the typological study of typical artifacts; In addition, Peng Shanguo and Xu Rongrong also discussed the glazed pottery of the Liao Dynasty. Based on archaeological surveys and excavation data, Lu Jing conducted a comprehensive study of Liao Dynasty ceramics. They were all trying to establish a chronicle of Liao Dynasty ceramics. Tong Zhuchen made a comprehensive review of Liao Dynasty porcelain. As one of the typical utensils unique to the Liao Dynasty, the chicken crown pot has never diminished in research attention, but it is difficult to have new ideas in conventional discussion, and if you change the angle, there may be new ideas. Qiao Liang sorted and chronicled the most characteristic traditional pottery of the Khitan and pointed out its connection to the remains of Xianbei. Lin Hao analyzed and discussed the kiln sites and chronological ceramics of the Liao Dynasty. Some scholars have sorted out and studied the local ceramics of the Liao Dynasty. In addition, Feng Enxue et al. discussed the harness in tombs and other materials.
(4) Research on wall decorations such as tomb murals
Part of it is the study of tomb frescoes by archaeologists and historians; The other part is the interpretation of tomb murals by art historians. Wu Hong and Li Qingquan's research on the murals of the Liao tombs in Baoshan has different perspectives for archaeologists.
(5) Epitaph interpretation and study of Khitan characters
The collection of epitaphs such as Xiang nan and Gai Zhiyong undoubtedly provides important information for the study of history and archaeology. New epitaphs have become a constant source of supplementary historical materials. In addition, Liu Fengyi and others made unremitting efforts to interpret the Khitan script.
(6) Research on ethnography and related scientific and technological archaeology
Xu Yue has done more detailed molecular genetics research on the Khitan population, constantly updating our understanding of the Khitan race.
Two
In the 21st century, although the archaeology of the Golden Tomb is still mainly based on cooperation with capital construction and rescue clean-up, the archaeologists' awareness of scientific research topics has been continuously enhanced, the number of active excavations with academic purposes has gradually increased, the level of excavation has been improved, and the publication of tomb materials has become more detailed and comprehensive. Since 2000, in the northeast region north of Yanshan Mountain, few golden tombs have been found, while tombs in the area south of Yanshan have been found more, and the regional characteristics are more prominent.
In the 21st century, there are not many tombs found in the area north of Yanshan Mountain, mainly the tomb of Zhao Duba in Chaoyang, Liaoning. The Yanyun area south of Yanshan was the original jurisdiction of the Liao Dynasty, and after the King of Hailing moved the capital, the Yanjing area became the center of Gyeonggi. Tomb rituals present different regulations from the Jurchens and the Han Chinese. Represented by the tomb of Lü Yansi in Shijingshan, Beijing and the tomb of Shiqikou in Beijing, it shows the burial system of the Jurchens; Represented by the tomb of Xu Gui in Datong and the tomb of Zhao Li in Shijingshan, Beijing, it is still a burial custom of the Han people in the former dynasty.
In the northern region of the Central Plains under the jurisdiction of the former Northern Song Dynasty, important tombs include the thirteenth year (1135) tomb of Tianhui in Tunliu Song Village, Shanxi, the tomb of Jin Tiande in Changzhi Wei Village in the third year (1151), the tomb of Dading in The fourteenth year (1174) of The eldest son XiaoguanCun, the tomb of the Song and Jin dynasties in Donglongguan Village, Fenyang City, Shanxi, and the tomb of Zhu Junhe in the fourth year (1193) of Mingchang in Ganquan, Shaanxi, which are representative of the regional characteristics of the burial system.
Qin Dashu and Dong Xinlin have reviewed and summarized the archaeological research of the golden tombs in the 20th century, laying a foundation for in-depth research at this stage. Some important archaeological monographs contain various achievements that enrich the research materials of the Golden Tomb. "Zhengzhou Songjin Mural Tomb" collects and publishes a set of important mural tomb materials from the Song and Jin dynasties. "Xushui West Black Mountain - Excavation Report of Cemeteries in the Jinyuan Period" details the shape structure, human bones and burial products of more than 20 Jin Dynasty tombs according to the tomb units, and for the first time clarifies the relics such as civilian tomb mounds and tomb altars, which is an important material for understanding the layout and burial customs of civilian cemeteries in the Jin Dynasty. The "Report on the Excavation of The Liaojin Tombs of Longquan Wu in Beijing" details the shape and burial items of the 22 tombs in the Longquan Wu Civilian Cemetery, which is an important material for studying the burial customs of civilians. The "Lugu JinDai Lü Family Tomb Excavation Report" published 10 Jin Dynasty tombs, all of which were cremated earthen stone tombs, according to the epitaph, it can be known that this is a Jin Dynasty Lü family cemetery. "Fenyang Donglongguan SongJin Mural Tomb" published fenyang donglongguan south district (17) and north district found two families of Song gold brick carved mural tombs, the murals are well preserved, but also found "Mingtang" type of building, is an important discovery of recent Years Song Jin mural tombs.
At this stage, with the increasing abundance of materials in the golden tomb, some scholars, especially some graduate students of colleges and universities, have conducted preliminary summaries and special studies on the golden tomb, which has improved the overall research level. Roughly summarized into the following aspects.
The first is the study of the type of golden tomb shape system and its spatio-temporal framework. The results of this research are the most numerous. Qin Dashu revised the previous understanding and re-divided the Golden Tomb into three phases, that is, the original early period was defined as the early period; The original late period, bounded by MingChang, is divided into middle and late periods. Liu Yaohui divided the Tombs of Song Jin in southern Jin into four categories: brick chamber tombs, earth cave tombs, earthen tombs and sarcophagus tombs, which were divided into early (1127-1149), middle (1149-1189) and late (1190-1219). Focusing on the funeral situation reflected in the tomb and the wall decoration theme of the imitation wood structure brick carved tomb and the social life reflected therein, a more in-depth study was carried out. Zhao Yongjun and Jiang Yuke divided the Heilongjiang Golden Tomb into three categories: earthen pit tombs, coffin tombs, and chamber tombs, and analyzed some important cemetery data and discussed funeral customs. Lu Qingfeng divided the golden tomb into the northeast and eastern Inner Mongolia, the Yanyun region and the central plains; According to the changes in the shape system, burial items and wall decoration content and layout of the tomb, the golden tomb is divided into three phases, and then the communication status and historical origin of the golden tombs in various districts are summarized; The issues related to the social life reflected in the Golden Tomb are discussed. Ding Lina divided the golden tombs in Beijing into four categories: brick and stone mixed tombs, earthen stone tombs, earthen brick chamber tombs and earthen pit tombs; Among them, there are more circular brick chamber tombs and rectangular stone tombs, the former popular in the early Jin Dynasty; The latter was popular in the middle of the Jin Dynasty, and the owners of the tombs were mostly Jurchen nobles. Based on the analysis of the structure of the golden tomb, the burial items and the tomb wall decoration, Zhao Yongjun divided the golden tomb into six districts and three phases (bounded by 1152 and 1189), and also summarized the characteristics and burial customs of different ethnic groups, and then explored the hierarchy and social organization structure, ethnic composition and social class reflected in the tomb. "Research on Tombs in the Jin Dynasty" is a more important treatise on the study of Golden Tombs. Xu Ruoxi divided the Shanxi Golden Tomb into four areas: Northern Jin, Central Jin, Southern Jin and Southeast Jin, and staged the golden tombs in each community according to the type of tomb, wall decoration and burial items, and explored the origin of the tomb. Ren Linping divided the Jinzhong Nanjin Tomb into three communities: Jinzhong, Jinnan and Jindongnan, and then made comparative studies on the tomb shape system, burial chamber decoration, and burial products, and discussed the sources and reasons for the prevalence of imitation wood structure tombs, and also analyzed the images of the three types of tomb owners and the so-called "Ming Hall" in front of the tomb. Dong Xinlin identified the golden tombs north of the Great Wall as three categories: Jurchen tombs, Han tombs and ancestral tombs to be determined, and made a preliminary summary of the characteristics of Jurchen and Han burials, providing a reference clue for understanding the golden tombs of ethnic groups to be determined. Hao Junjun divided the golden tomb into 10 districts, including northeast China, Jinzhongdu region, Datong region, central and southern Hebei region, Shandong region, Henan region, central Shanxi region, Jinnan region, Jinnan region, shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia region, etc., and then refined it into 26 communities; Analysis of tomb types, burial items, and burial chronology within the partition; The cultural interaction between the three regions, the Wuyin Zhaomu burial and the construction of the burial chamber were also explored. The information collection in this article is comprehensive, but some understanding needs to be deepened.
The second is the discussion of the cemetery system and funerary customs. Through the systematic collation of the information of Yan Xiyin's cemetery, Gu Lingbo outlined the tomb shape system and some burial items in the five burial areas; The location of the tomb of Yan Xiyin was discussed, and the various cultural factors of the tomb of Yan Xiyin were also analyzed. Gu Lingbo's research is worthy of recognition. Xu Pingfang has long dated the Yin family cemetery in Jingxing, Hebei province to the Jin Dynasty, which has been recognized by the archaeological community. Cao Lingzi still regarded the main body of the Jingxing Persimmon Zhuang cemetery as a song tomb study, which affected the quality of the paper. Wu Yan discussed the imitation wood architecture of the Duan family tomb in Macun, Jishan, Shanxi from different angles.
In addition, Wu Jing studied the sinicization of the tombs of jurchen nobles. Li Weimin introduced the Jin Dynasty cremation tombs in beijing and discussed the evolution of cremation customs. Shang Tongliu and others introduced the funeral map and the shouling map in the tomb, which is an important material for studying funeral customs. Zhao Yongjun also conducted archaeological research on the hierarchy of Jin Dynasty tombs.
The third is the study of tomb wall decorations. Wang Jinxian conducted a special study on the imitation wooden structure tomb of the Song Jinyuan tomb in Changzhi area, discussed the architectural structure (type and shape) of the tomb and its spatial composition, analyzed the construction practices of pillars and doors and windows, and introduced the decorative arts such as brick carving and murals in the tomb. Archaeologists discussed the production process, production materials and structure of the Liaojin tomb murals found in beijing, as well as the paints, disease mechanisms, protection and restoration processes of the murals.
Ma Jinhua summarized the characteristics of the mural tombs of the Jin Dynasty in Shanxi. Yuan Quan examined the theme of "cat and bird" in the wall decoration of the golden tomb. Dong Xinlin made a special analysis of the content and theme of the tomb wall decoration in Tunliu Song Village, Shanxi, and discussed the story content of the "Twenty-Four Filial Pieties" seen in the golden tomb wall decoration in combination with the literature. Deng Fei explores the reasons and significance of the appearance of filial piety figures in the wall decorations of Song Jin's tombs; Zhang Fan conducted a comparative study of the image of the golden tomb miscellaneous drama in northern Henan and the Southern Jin Dynasty. Both archaeologists and art scholars have paid attention to the wall decorations of Jin Dynasty tombs, but the depth and breadth of research need to be strengthened.
In summary, through a brief review of the archaeological discoveries and research of Liaojin tombs in the past 20 years, we feel that to this day, the archaeological research of tombs in the Liaojin period has become one of the hot spots in the archaeological research of northern China. Since the relevant documents and historical materials are very limited, if we want to further study the history and culture of the Liaojin period and comprehensively outline the three-dimensional picture of the society in the Liaojin period, we must rely to a large extent on the information provided by the physical materials of archaeological excavations. The newly discovered Liaojin period tombs are undoubtedly important materials for the study of the history and culture of the Liaojin period. However, compared with the relatively rich tomb data, high-level archaeological research is still obviously insufficient. It is even more rare to see research papers that can complement and corroborate with literature and solve important historical problems. Therefore, the archaeological research of tombs in the Liaojin period still has potential to be excavated. It is expected that scholars can break through the bottleneck and make breakthroughs and innovations on the basis of previous archaeological work. The study of tomb archaeology in the Liaojin period is still promising, and the future can be expected.
This paper was supported by the National Social Science Foundation of China's major project "Collation and Comprehensive Study of Archaeological Excavation Data at the Imperial City Site of The Imperial City of Liaoning" (Project No. 20 &ZD251).