Since last month, china's home outbreak has resumed, starting mainly at Nanjing Airport and then spreading to Yangzhou for further outbreaks. By this month, the epidemic situation in the two places has gradually subsided, and the reported cases of new crown pneumonia infection in Nanjing have been "zero new" for the fifth consecutive day, and the new additions in Yangzhou have begun to decrease.
Nanjing Lukou Airport suddenly outbreak of the epidemic
Here, I wish the two cities an early and complete victory over the epidemic, and I wish that the infected people will recover and be discharged from the hospital as soon as possible.
Today, we will talk about the development history of dialect phonetics in these two cities through Nanjing and Yangzhou, which have produced the epidemic.
First of all, today's Nanjing dialect and Yangzhou dialect belong to the Jianghuai dialect. Jianghuai dialect, also known as Xiajiang dialect in the past, belongs to one of the branches of official dialect, and usually uses Nanjing dialect and Yangzhou dialect as representatives of Jianghuai dialect. It is used in most areas north of the Yangtze River in Jiangsu Province, above the Zhenjiang River and below Nanjing on the south bank of the Yangtze River, in the south of the Huai River in Anhui Province, on both sides of the Yangtze River, and along the river in Jiangxi Province.
Jianghuai official dialect radiation area
Then, some friends will definitely ask, Nanjing Yangzhou was also a bustling Jiangnan metropolis in ancient times, why not speak Wu Nong soft language like Suzhou?
Let's start with Nanjing.
Nanjing has undergone many changes since king Wu built the city in 495 BC. Since the Xingdu of Eastern Wu, it became the capital of Jiangnan, and after the Five Hu Chaohua of the Jin Dynasty, the Beijing Division moved south, the Zhongyuan Shi clan crossed south, Nanjing gradually became the center of Chinese culture, and the Nanjing dialect also evolved in the changes of the dynasties.
Snow map of Nanjing
In the early days of Nanjing, it belonged to Wudi, and the native pronunciation was originally the Middle Ancient Wu language that had been initially Sinicized, and it was an authentic Wu language area before the Jin Dynasty. Wu language is the language spoken by the nobles of the State of Wu when Tai Bo, the king of Wu of the Zhou Dynasty, moved to Wu, and gradually merged with the language of the local native Yue residents. In the more than 1,000 years since Taibo Ben Wu, there have been few changes in Nanjing dialect.
Five nonsense
However, after the Jin Dynasty's Wuhu Chaohua, the Jin Dynasty's Jingshi moved south, and the Zhongyuan Shi clan crossed south, bringing with it the Luoyang Ya dialect, and the local Wu language rapidly declined, and the Ya dialect and gradually merged some of the ancient Wu language to form a new Ya dialect - Jinling Yayin formation. Nanjing became the center of Chinese culture, and the Nanjing dialect began to develop on a large scale, which was inherited by the four generations of the Southern Dynasty Song, Qi, Liang and Chen.
China's Chinese Zhengyin was divided into two branches, the North and the South during the Southern and Northern Dynasties, and the mainstream was the Jinling Shiyin in the south. Since the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Nanjing yin has been politically and culturally revered as the orthodox lineage of the ancient Zhongyuan Yayin, and while exerting great influence in China, it has also spread to neighboring countries, such as the Nanjing dialect that was introduced to Japan at that time.
After the Sui Dynasty unified China, Emperor Wen of Sui was bent on restoring orthodox Chinese culture. So start with the language, Lu Fayan's compilation of "Qie Yun" is the official rhyme book of the Sui Dynasty, which was written by integrating the pronunciation of Luoyang and Jiankang (Nanjing) at that time. The phonology is a comprehensive system of Jiangdong Jinling Yayin and Central Plains Luoyang Yayin, with jinling Shiyin as the emphasis on the Southern Dynasty as the orthodox regime. Some people think that even, the proportion of Jiankang dialect references is even greater. Because Luoyang in the north has long been under the rule of the northern nomads, the phonetics have lost their orthodox status.
The Six Dynasties are golden, and the most memorable is Jinling
Tang wrote "Tang Yun", following the Sui "Cut Rhyme", still focusing on Jinling Shiyin; Song compiled "GuangYun", which copied Sui Tang Qieyun and Tang Rhyme. 700 years after the establishment of the Tang Dynasty, although Nanjing's influence was not as great as before due to the decline in the status of the city, Jinling Shiyin was still the official language of China. At the same time, Nanjing dialect has been slowly developing and changing in the past 700 years.
The Ming Dynasty established the capital Nanjing, bringing a large number of people from the Jianghuai region, Zhu Yuanzhang brought 200,000 Huai people to settle in Nanjing, and during the Ming Yongle period, almost half of the more than 400,000 residents living in Nanjing at that time were requisitioned or forcibly relocated from other places. This undoubtedly had a great impact on the Nanjing dialect. The Nanjing dialect evolved from the Jinling Yayin of the Six Dynasties fused part of the Jianghuai dialect and established it as the basic phonology of the national standard dialect, which is the Nanjing dialect that prevailed in China until modern times.
The Ming Dynasty Hongwu built the capital Nanjing
In 1728, after the Yongzheng Emperor ordered the change of the official dialect to the Beijing dialect, the Beijing dialect was established as the Chinese dialect, and the Nanjing dialect ended its mission as the official language of the central government. Even at the end of the Qing Dynasty, Nanjing dialect still enjoyed a very high status, when it had the reputation of "Shen dialect is not as good as Beijing dialect, Nanjing vernacular is more commendable", and it was not until the end of the Qing Dynasty and the early years of the Republic of China that the influence of Beijing dialect gradually surpassed that of Nanjing dialect.
During the Years of the Republic of China, although many scholars repeatedly proposed the use of Nanjing dialect as an official dialect, or the Chinese of Nanjing dialect and Beijing dialect as an official dialect, in the end, the northern dialect, which was mainly Beijing dialect, became the official dialect, and the Nanjing dialect, as the official standard language of Chinese, gradually withdrew from the historical stage during the Republic of China period.
Let's talk about Yangzhou.
During the Spring and Autumn Period, Wu Wang Fuchai built the city of Han in Yangzhou, which belonged to the Wu-speaking area. Wu language, also known as Jiangdong dialect, Jiangnan dialect, Wuyue language. From Taibo ben wu, the barbarian state has been influenced by the deep and broad Central Plains civilization, and has a history of more than 3,000 years. Therefore, whether it is history and style, or language, Wu language inherits the shang zhou ancient Chinese, and to the eastern Jin Dynasty, Wu language has approached Yayan.
Fireworks descend on Yangzhou in March
Wu language and Wu Yue culture blood thicker than water. Wu is the mother tongue of the Yangzhou people, and the Lü's Spring and Autumn period first referred to ancient Yangzhou as "Yue". When the Sui Dynasty Emperor Yang Guang was young, he worked as a Taishou in Yangzhou for 10 years, frantically learning Wu language, saying that the empress dowager went to Yangzhou three times and was still "good for Wu". The Wu language has formed the way of thinking, living mood and cultural connotation of yangzhou, making Yangzhou more jiangnan than Jiangnan. Su Shi once described in "Linjiang Immortal Night to Yangzhou Seat", "the voice is like Wu Nong".
The Sui Emperor went down to Yangzhou
So, why did the profound Yangzhou dialect change from Wu to a representative of Jianghuai guan dialect?
Yangzhou is an important location on the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal
By the establishment of the Ming Dynasty, Jianghuai official dialect had become the authoritative official dialect of the imperial court, and the people in its localities were proud to be able to speak Jianghuai official dialect. Yangzhou is located at the confluence of the Yangtze River and the Grand Canal, and belongs to the junction area of the northern and southern dialects of China. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, Yangzhou was economically developed because of the salt merchant salt industry, and a large number of people migrated from the north and south of the great river. The early Ming Dynasty's "Hongwu Dispersion" (the author's ancestors also moved from Suzhou Zhangmen to Northern Jiangsu 600 years ago, next time I write a story about the family in Hongwu Dispersion) and the Manchu Qing "Yangzhou Ten Days", and hundreds of thousands of immigrants from Suzhou, so Yangzhou dialect gradually became colorful. Coupled with the fact that Nanjing lost its status as the capital of the country and its influence declined, Yangzhou dialect gradually replaced Nanjing dialect as a representative of Jianghuai dialect.
Hongwu dispersed
The Qing army entered Yangzhou and killed the so-called "Yangzhou Ten Days" for ten days.
Due to the prevalence of Jianghuai official dialect, The Ming and Qing novels developed to the peak, and a large number of classic masterpieces featuring Jianghuai official dialect were born, such as "Dream of the Red Chamber", "Golden Bottle Plum", "Journey to the West", "Water Margin", "Guangling Chao", "Rulin Outer History", "The Wizard of Oz", "The Chronicle of the Officialdom", "The Biography of The Children's Heroes", "The Strange Situation Witnessed in Twenty Years" and so on.
Ming and Qing novels
During the Republic of China period, Jianghuai mandarin was still used as the standard national tone. Until after the reform and opening up, with the rapid development of the city and the frequent flow of population, Yangzhou dialect has become more and more complex, and has changed from elegant to vulgar to southern and northern. Traditional operas such as Yang opera, Yangzhou folk songs, Yangzhou Qingqu, and Yangzhou commentaries, which use Jianghuai guan dialect as the language carrier, have become the first batch of intangible cultural heritage at the national level.
As the ancient capital of the Six Dynasties, the establishment and demise of the regime brought a large number of people to flow and the voice was also affected; while Yangzhou was north and south, as an ancient economically developed city, the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal passed through it. When the Manchu Qing entered the Guantu City, the voice was also affected. Both cities were originally Wu dialects, and later became the Jianghuai dialect. However, during the Ming Dynasty, the Nanjing dialect was a representative of the Jianghuai official dialect, and now the Yangzhou Yancheng dialect is generally used as the representative of the Jianghuai official dialect.
History of the development of Jianghuai dialect
Nanjing and Yangzhou, one called Jinling and the other called Guangling in ancient times, are geographically close, so the convergence and development of languages is also normal. Today's history of their speech is here. I hope that the epidemic will end as soon as possible and make these two historical and cultural cities healthy again.
Today's Nanjing Yangzhou voice development history is here, like the like to pay attention to me! The next issue is more exciting!