The relationship between Zhangwu Jieshi and the activities of the ancestors in Bohai County was examined
Liu Yuwen
【ZhaoMingju Stone(碣石)】(Network photo)
There are two ancient place names in the north of Guwudiyi: Zhangwu and Jieshi. In the fifth year of Han Gaozu (202 BC), Zhangwu County was established, and the seat of government was in the village of Guxian County, Changguo Town, Huanghua City, and there were jieshi in the southeast coast of Zhangwu, in gaocheng county (now part of Wudi County), and zhangwu belonged to bohai county (Cangzhou). In the seventh year of Northern Qi Tianbao (556), Zhang Wu was incorporated into Gaocheng County.
The reason why "Zhang Wu" got its name is generally interpreted by modern people as: Xu Shen of the Eastern Han Dynasty," "Commentaries on the Interpretation of Texts": "Chapter: Le is a chapter", "Wu: Zhi Ge is a martial artist". Han Gaozu's intention in taking the name of Zhangwu County was: "End the war and open peace."
Yu thought that this explanation seemed to be a suspicion of literary righteousness, because the name "Zhang Wu" already existed in the era of the Classic of Mountains and Seas, and did not begin in the Han Dynasty. The Classic of Mountains and Seas and the East Classic of Hai Nei records that "the Water of Tuotuo flows out of the south of Jinyang City, while the west reaches the north of Yangqu, and the east flows into the Bohai Sea, entering the north of Yuezhangwu." Zhangshui flows out of shanyang in the east, into the Bohai Sea in the east, and into Zhangwunan. From this, it can be seen that Han Zhangwu County follows the name of Zhangwu in the Classic of Mountains and Seas. The name of The Zhang Wu contained in the Classic of Mountains and Seas has not yet been determined. Mr. Wang Xiantang (1896-1960), a famous archaeological historian, said: "The names of places everywhere are difficult to understand, and the names of five or six ethnic groups in ten are also." ("Yanhuang Clan Culture Examination") Therefore, we should explore the origin of the name "Zhang Wu" from the perspective of ancient clan activities.
Zhang Tongzhang. "Shang Shu Yu Gong": "As for Heng Zhang", the Book of Han and Geography is written as "As for Heng Zhang" Yan Shi's ancient note: "Zhang is Zhangshui." The interpretation of the Yugong Cone Finger is also known as "Zhang is Zhang". Because Zhang Tongzhang, the name of Zhang Wu may be related to Zhangshui.
Chapter and trade. "Shuowen Jiezi • Volume III" Yun: "Shang: From 㕯, Zhang Province. In the Qing Dynasty, Wang Yun 's "Reading of The Interpretation of Words and Sentences in The Sayings of The Text": "Zhang Province:It is said that the upper part of the small seal merchant is the omission of the small seal chapter." That is, the upper part of the seal book shang character is the omission of the chapter character and is the sound side of the shang. The Book of Han and the Chronicle of the Laws of Han says, "Shang zhi is a chapter of speech." Han Yingshao's "Customs and Sounds": "Merchants, Zhang Ye." "Zhou Yi Dui Gua" "Shang Dui Fengning", Ma Wangdui Shu "Shang" as "Chapter" "Xunzi Wang System": "Judge poetry merchants, forbidden to be obscene." Wang Niansun's "Reading Magazine • Xunzi III" said: "Shang reading is a chapter, and the chapter is connected with the shang ancient characters."
Shang and Zhangtong. Book V of the Notes on the Water Classics: "Northeast again, east of Yangxu County, the Shang River comes out." Note: "(Shanghe) is also known as Xiaozhanghe, Shang and Zhang's voice are similar, so the word and reading shift the ear." Mr. Ding Shan said: "Shangzhi is a businessman, and it is named after Shuishui." Mr. Ge Yiqing's "Talking about 滳" says that '滳 is pronounced as zhang'. Mr. Yang Shuda's "Shi Yan" also believes that "滳" is Zhangshui, and Zha Jin [Baidu Chinese] Yun: "滳: Water name." One says today's water. Mr. Wang Yuzhe believes that "downstream of Qingzhang, a Shang river corresponds to the name of the water that Bu Ci saw." ("The Temptation of the Origin of the Shang Clan")
It can be seen from this that the three characters of shang, zhang and zhang are connected. The Shang people are called Shang because their ancestors originated in the Zhang(滳) River Valley. The famous historian Bai Shouyi believes that the Shang people originated in the Zhanghe River Valley, "that is, from the name of Zhangshui (ancient or called 滳水)." Mr. Zou Heng, a modern archaeologist, believes: "Before chengtang, the central location of the merchant activity area was between the Tuotuo River and the Zhanghe River. "Zhangshui was originally or was called 滳水" "Archaeological research has proved that the area of this famous merchant is the area of present-day Zhanghe. (Zou Heng: "Xia Shang Zhou Archaeological Papers", Cultural Relics Publishing House, 1980 edition) The Zhanghe and Tuotuo rivers, in the historical period, because the Yellow River was cut off and "flowed into the river" became a tributary of the Yellow River, when in the same area as the "Nine Rivers", from near the Wudi Jieshi into the Bohai.
Combined with the archaeological evidence of the excavated documents, Zhai Bozan believes that the Shang developed along the coast of the Bohai Sea, one coast to the north, all the way to the south. Mr. Xu Zhongshu believes that the Shang people originated in the Bohai Rim region. Modern scholars have started from the perspectives of the totem worship of Yin people and birds and the distribution of archaeology and shang culture, and have also demonstrated that merchants originated in the Bohai Bay area. "Poetry Classic, Shang Song, Xuan Bird": "The Heavenly Destiny Xuan Bird, descending to give birth to the Shang." "Merchants worship the Xuan bird, which should belong to a branch of the Shaohao bird totem group.
It can be inferred from above that the "chapter" of "Zhang Wu" on the shore of the Bohai Sea should be the "Shang" of the Shang clan.
The "wu" of "Zhang Wu" is not only "stopping the war for the sake of wu", but also "footprints" and "traces"
righteousness. Qing Duan Yujie's Commentary on the Interpretation of Words and Characters: "Wu and Jiye." This martial difference is also righteous. "Wu, variant character 䟼, Boya 跡也." Kangxi Dictionary: "Wu, and traces." "Li Ji • Qu Li Shang": "The hall receives the martial arts, and the halls are clothed." Zheng Xuan's note: "Wu, Traces." "Shijing Xiawu": "Rope Qizu Wu" "Mao Shi Zhengyi": "Wu, Traces." Ji Yun: 'Be careful of the deeds of his ancestors, and beautify them in the end.' "Collected Biography": "Wu, Traces." "Rope: Continue; Wu: Footprint." Rope its ancestors" is to continue to move forward in the footsteps of their ancestors. The parable inherits ancestral inheritance.
From the above analysis, it can be seen that the "zhang" of Zhang Wu is the "Shang" of the Shang clan; the "Wu" of Zhang Wu is the footprint and trace. Then the basic meaning of the word "Zhangwu" should be "Traces of the Shang Clan" or "Relics of the Shang Clan".
Historia. Yin Benji (殷本紀) reads: "From the contract to the eight miles of the soup." "Qi is the ancestor of the Shang clan, and Yu is a contemporary, once assisted Dayu to control the water, the merchant's capital city had migrated eight times before the establishment of the Shang Dynasty, "Zhang Wu" should be one of them, consult the information of the shang, Zhang Wu may be the second generation of the Shang clan, the former Gong Zhaoming once led the clan to stop at "Zhang Wu".
"Poetry Classic, Shang Ode": "The land is fierce, and there are interceptions overseas." Professor Wang Hongjun believes: "The 'interception' of 'overseas interception' is the 'jie' of 'jieshi', that is to say, 'stone' and 'interception' are the 'jieshi' mentioned in the "Book of Shang", when sought in the Bohai Bay area, that is, within the scope of activities of xiangtu. Professor Wang quoted Mr. Yang Xizhang's argument as saying: "Yang Xizhang put forward a view that is closer to historical reality on the basis of archaeological materials: 'During the pre-Shang culture, the Shandong region was the Yueshi culture, the north of the Daqing River was the xiajiadian lower culture, and the area where the xiangtu activities were only in the Bohai Bay area south of Tianjin, which was between the above two cultures. 'The Bohai Bay area is also the place where the ancient Yellow River enters the sea, that is, the lower reaches of the ancient Yellow River. (Wang Hongjun: "Examination of the Relationship between Guchenguo and Shaohao", Journal of Erbin University of Technology, Social Science Edition, No. 3, 2013)
Mr. Luo Siguang, a famous philosopher in Hong Kong and Taiwan, said: "The Yin people originally lived in the stone (that is, the stone)... The "Shiben" Yun Zhaoming lived in the stone, according to the 'stone' that is, the 'stone'. Gaigu tongue upper tone and tongue tip sound, tongue leaf sound, etc. are not distinguished, so the '碣' and '砥' sound are close... The 'overseas interception' of gaixiang soil can also refer to the coastal area of Shandong. (Lao Siguang: "New History of Chinese Philosophy", vol. 1 • Guangxi Fan University Press, 2005-10) Historian He Xin,"Ya and Song • New Examination of Ancient Chinese Epics" (China Democracy and Legal System Publishing House• 2008-08) records "Zhaoming Ju Stone" as "Zhaoming Ju Stone (砥石), houdu Shang. "Special brackets, the same as the stone, the stone, etc.
Mr. Ding Shan believes that in the pre-Shang era, "they completely migrated in the delta where the Yellow River entered the Bohai Sea." Chengtang Juju seems to be the beginning of the Yin Shang National City Residence. ”
If "in the delta where the Yellow River enters the Bohai Sea" and in the "Bohai Bay area south of Tianjin", there is no doubt that the stone (碣石) where the first merchant lived, it must be known as the Jieshi Mountain in the territory of the first mountain in Jinnan.
[Image/From the web.] Red Note/Author of this article]
In ancient times, there were voices and then there were words, and the names of place names passed down by mouth before the population were recorded in writing, most of them were phonetic records, and the pronunciation of the past generations was different with different accents, fast reading and slow reading listeners were difficult to distinguish, coupled with the limited number of words, it would cause the phenomenon of the same name and different books, just as the transliteration of foreign names by today's people (such as "Trump" is also "Trump", "Jack Sun" is translated as "Jie Fusheng"), so the Qing Dynasty scholars Wang Niansun and Wang Yinzhi's father and son in the "Jingyi Shuwen Volume VII" Yun: "The key to exegesis is not in the text. Therefore, "overseas there is a 'cut'", can also be recorded as "overseas there is a 'jie'", and the stone is also recorded as "stone", because the ancient sound of the interception, the stone, and the stone are similar.
Xunzi Chengxiang Yun: "King Qixuan, born Zhaoming, lived in the stone and moved to Shang. "Qi is the ancestor of merchants, Zhaoming is the second generation of ancestors, from Jieshi to Shang, may be related to the Yellow River diversion, flooding. Qi and Dayu's contemporaries, Zeng QiZuoYu zhishui, at the time of "TangTang flood square cut, swinging Huaishan Xiangling, haohao heaven" ("Shangshu Yaodian"), the plain lowlands are not suitable for survival, the Shang people in order to avoid the flood, they choose high-pitched hills, Beiling stacked around the stone mountain to live. The "History of Yin Benji" records: "Qizuo Yu ruled the water successfully, sealed in the Shang", and there was doubt about whether there was a sub-sealing system in the Yao Shun era, because it was related to the "Shijing Shang Song Xuan Bird" "Heavenly Destiny Xuan Bird, descended to give birth to shang." "The Book of Poetry, Long Hair", "there are generals, and emperors are born of business" do not match. Regardless of whether it is a "sealed merchant" or a "sheng shang", it means that the ancestral source of the first merchant is in the shang. Zhaoming moved to Jieshi to avoid floods, which lasted thirteen years to successfully control the water, and the yanzhou domain has "descended the hills and houses... The ancestors who lived in the Jieshi Highlands moved to the grassy plains to fish, hunt and nomad, and at this time, the first merchants who were already able to "serve cattle" and "ride horses" also migrated from Jieshi to the nearby plains for fishing, hunting and nomadism. "Shan Hai Jing: The Great Wilderness East Classic": "Wang Hai entrusted himself with the servant cattle of Yi He, and there was yi to kill Wang Hai and take the servant cattle." Guo JinDai Pu quoted the "Bamboo Book Chronicle" note: "Prince Haibin of Yin was obscene in you, and there was Yi's Junmianchen who killed and let it go, it was the late Yin Lord Jia Wei false master Yu Hebo who cut down Youyi, destroyed it, and killed his Junmianchen also." This story is about Xiang Tu's great-grandson Wang Hai driving his tamed cattle to Hebo and youyi to do business, and Yi killed Wang Hai and took away the cattle. Wang Hai's son Shangjia Wei borrowed troops from Hebo, killed Mianchen, the leader of the Yi clan, and recaptured the cattle. Qu Yuan's "Chu Ci Jiu Ge Hebo" "Swims in the Nine Rivers with the female (Tong "Ru"), and the wind stirs up the water and waves. "The Ming Dynasty Wang Fuzhi Zhiyun: "Nine rivers, flowing under the river, into the sea, Yu chiseled." Chen Yujie said: "The Nine Songs and The River Bo are called 'Nine Rivers with Female Swims', and this 'Nine Rivers' refers to the water system in the lower reaches of the Yellow River. "Shang Shu Yu Gong" Yun: '(The river) is sown north as the Nine Rivers'... The 'Nine Rivers' here are by no means mythical water systems, but real rivers, and although some of the names no longer exist, "TuJiao" and "Horse Cheek" are still giant rivers in Hebei and Shandong. (Chen Yujie, "Is the God of the Yellow River Worshiped by the Nine Songs and Hebo", Journal of Continuing Education of Shaanxi Normal University, No. 2, 2002) Shows that Hebo is a powerful clan in the Lower Reaches of the Yellow River in the Nine Rivers Basin, and Wang Hai rushed the slow-moving cattle to the Yishui area to do business, indicating that the merchant's residence at this time was not far from Yishui, and it was close to the domain of the Nine Rivers. Therefore, this "quotient" should be near the stone. Mr. Wang Xiantang said: "All ancient peoples who moved to other places, such as the original place name, the class from the original place name, such as the original place name, such as the original place without a name, began to be named by the name brought by the tribe. Whoever has no name in the same place and is named after a certain clan will be the first to possess a certain place that has been opened up by a certain clan. Because this place left traces of the activities of the ancestors of the Shang people, it was called "Shang Jiao" - "Zhang Wu".
Archaeological findings have proved that the Ruins of the Shang Dynasty around Han bohai County and the Shang Dynasty ruins around Zhangwu have intensively unearthed a considerable number of Shang Dynasty ruins and cultural relics. Neolithic grinding stone axes were excavated from the Neolithic grinding stone axe near The Qinhuangtai Tomb near the southeast of Wudi Jieshi Mountain; the ruins of Chengtuotai (Weighing Platform) on the northeast side of Jieshi Mountain, which were excavated in 1998, were excavated with ground stone axes and pottery pieces with oracle bone glyphs; the Longshan Cultural Site of Wudi Hanjiayao In Shandong Province, which belongs to the site of the First Shang Dynasty; the Yangxin Liwu Site, designated as the Shang Dynasty Cultural Site; the Great Shang Ruins of Huimin County, which belong to the human settlement sites of the late Shang Dynasty of the Longshan Culture, and are provincial key cultural relics protection units. Hanzhangwu County is close to: Renqiu City, Cangzhou "Dumb Village Longshan Cultural Site" is characterized as the Pre-Shang Culture, Renqiu Sangezhuang Ruins also belong to the Pre-Shang Site; 15 kilometers away from Cangzhou City, the NiYangtun Site Shang Dynasty Ruins are the middle Neolithic Yangshao Era (about 6000 years) sites; 60 km east of Bohai Bay Mengcun Hui Autonomous County Wang Zhuangzi and Gaoyao Zhuang two Shang Dynasty sites. These are all traces left by the activities of the ancestors of the Shang Dynasty. The first merchants were in the era of collecting fishing, hunting and nomadic herding, but fishing and hunting by water and grass, rivers, so they would not be limited to a fixed location for a long time, and the place names in Yin Xu Bu ci were Shang, Zhongshang, Dayi Shang, Tianyi Shang, Qiu Shang and so on. In the Shang Shu Pan Geng, there is "The first king has obedience, scrupulously respects the Mandate of Heaven, is not always peaceful, is not often in the five kingdoms." Zhang Heng's "Xijing Fu" says that "the Yin people have repeatedly moved, the first eight and the last five", and the Yin people are a "non-frequent" migration nation, which is a major feature in the history of Yin merchants. Zhangwu in the "Classic of Mountains and Seas" era Of Zhanghe, Tuotuo River from Zhangwu north into Bohai, Zhangwu obviously belongs to the Zhanghe, Hutuo River Basin, modern scholars believe that the first Shang originated from the Zhangtuo River Zhanghe River Basin, so Zhangwu is also the birthplace of the Shang people. Scholars believe that the first merchant "stone" is "stone", the second generation of merchants "Zhaoming according to the stone (stone) moved to the shang", the migration distance will not be too far, the migration of ancient nomadic fishing and hunting clan depends on the living environment of water and grass, rivers and other living environments to meet the requirements, the distance between stone and Zhangwu is less than 100 miles, the living environment meets the requirements, or its descendants Wang Hai will not entrust the cattle to Hebo, back and forth to do business. After a cursory examination, a preliminary conclusion can be drawn: Zhang Wu, because of the traces of the first merchant activities, is named, meaning "shang people's relics", wudi jieshi was also one of the birthplaces of the first merchants.