1. Zhang Qian's trip to the Great Summer
The Silk Road was the world's historical artery that ran through land traffic between East and West, and Afghanistan is at the hub of this artery. On this road of human civilization exchanges, There are long-standing political, economic and cultural historical exchanges between Afghanistan and China.
The development of the long-standing relations between Afghanistan and China is first of all attributed to the Western Han diplomat, Bowanghou, and Zhang Qian, a native of Chenggu, Shaanxi. More than two thousand years ago, he was sent to the northern part of present-day Afghanistan.
In 139 BC (2nd year of Jianyuan), Emperor Wu of han sent Zhang Qian to the Great Moon Clan to jointly attack the Xiongnu and detain them in Longxi. In 128 BC (Yuan Shuo's year of no year), Zhang Qian cleverly escaped from the Captivity captivity, crossed the Onion Ridge, personally experienced the Dawan, Kangju, and Dayue clans, and reached Bactria, that is, Bactria, the northern region of present-day Afghanistan. He spent more than a year in Bactria and examined in detail the political, economic, historical and geographical lineage, as well as customs and customs. In 119 BC (4th year of the Yuan Dynasty), Zhang Qian was again ordered to send an envoy to the Western Regions, and after arriving in Wusun, he sent deputy envoys to Dawan, Kangju, Bactria and Rest. He went to the Western Regions twice, and the materials obtained from the outside world were passed down through Sima Qian's collection in the "Records of History", and became precious historical materials in Central Asia and Afghanistan, especially the opening work in the records of historical exchanges between Afghanistan and China.
When Zhang Qian arrived in Bactria, it was the period when the Ōtsuki people overthrew the cypriot rule and became the ruler of the region. The Ōtsuki clan lived in Bactria as a vassal. Settled in this fertile land, the Dayue clan broke away from the nomadic migration life, rarely interfered with foreign tribes, enjoyed comfort, and was far away from the Han Dynasty, unwilling to unite with the Han Dynasty to avenge the revenge of the Xiongnu for killing their ancestors. Zhang Qian tracked the Great Moon Clan to Bactria and, although he did not complete the task of uniting with the Great Moon Clan, he opened the Silk Road and created the great cause of civilizational exchanges.
The situation in Bactria in the "Records of History" is recorded as follows: "Dafu is more than 2,000 miles southwest of Dawan and south of The Water. Its customary natives, with city houses, are similar to the common customs of the Great. There is no maharajah, and often the city is small and long. Its soldiers are weak and afraid of war. and the Great Moon Clan migrated west, and attacked and defeated, all of which were subject to the Great Xia. There are many people in Bactria and there are more than one million. Its capital is The City of Rilan, there are city vendors. To its southeast is a poisoned country. In the "Records of History", the so-called "same customs as Dawan", in addition to "there are castles and guo houses", also seen in the "Biography of Dawan", there are also Dawan "its customary natives, ploughing the fields, fields of rice and wheat". After the conquest of Bactria by the Ōtsuki clan, they did not settle south of the Amu Darya River (妫水), but instead set up the "royal court" north of the Amu Darya River. The Great Xia in the south of the river seems to belong only to the Ōtsuki clan. This was Zhang Qian's first insight into that time.
The second thing he saw was that he lived in Lanshi City (Bactra), saw that the trade and trade here were quite developed, and thought of the route from the southwest to India to the Bactria Route. Zhang Qian, in telling Emperor Wu of Han about this idea, said that during the Great Xia, he saw bamboo sticks and cloth from Qiongdu Qiongshan in Sichuan. When I asked the people of Bactria where these things came from, the answer was: "The Wujia people are poisoned in the city." Poison can be thousands of miles southeast of Bactria. Its customary natives, the great and the great summer, and the humid summer hot clouds. Its people multiply the elephant into battle, and its country is on the verge of great water. Zhang Qian estimated that dafu was two thousand miles away from Han and was southwest of Han. And the body poison (India) also lived thousands of miles southeast of Bactria and had goods from Sichuan, so it was not far from Sichuan, so it put forward the idea of "making Bactria now". Although this proposition was not realized, it finally created the result of "asking the Great Xia Dao to begin to pass through the Dian Kingdom" and "Zhang Qianyan can pass through the Great Xia, and restore the Southwest Yi".
Silk Road
Emperor Wu of Han was so interested in Bactria that he remained concerned about it after Zhang Qian's trip from the southwest through India to Bactria failed to make the trip. There is a record in the "Records of History" that "it is the genus of the Later Heavenly Son", so Zhang Qian also had the initiative of Tong Wusun and the trip to the Great Xia of the Xiongnu to break the right arm of the Xiongnu, and Zhang Sai thought, "Even if Wusun is from his genus in Western Bactria, he can recruit foreign ministers." "Zhang Qian was a tenacious diplomat, and although the alliance with Wusun was not successful, he did not give up all possibilities and expand foreign exchanges." Qian Yin dispatched deputy envoys to Dawan, Kangju, Dayueshi, Bactria, Sabbath, Body Poison, Khotan, and other neighboring countries. Wusun sent qian back, and Qian and Wusun sent dozens of envoys and dozens of horses to thank them, because they ordered the spies to know their vastness. These measures not only brought Wusun and Han closer, but also "in the following years, the subordinates sent by Qian to Tong Bactria were quite close to their (guo) people, so the two northern kingdoms began to communicate with Han. ”
In this way, after Zhang Sai opened the Silk Road in the Western Regions, he won the trust of all ethnic groups in the outside world, so that when the Han envoys went, they all used the title of "Bowanghou" as a sign of winning the trust of foreign countries. Zhang Sai's trip to Bactria and related foreign exchanges, the opening of the Han Dynasty to the internal atmosphere, opened people's horizons, expanded the scope of human activities, its far-reaching significance can not be underestimated. The "Records of History" has a record that "since The Marquis of Bowang opened up foreign ways to be honored, and then all the pawns have competed for the strange interests of foreign countries and asked for envoys". In addition, Sima Qian himself further doubted the credibility of the Yu Benji and the Classic of Mountains and Seas from Zhang Qian's trip to Bactria and the origin of the Yellow River. He wrote: "Now since Zhang Qian made Bactria also, poor rivers, evil to see the so-called people of this era? Therefore, the mountains and rivers of Kyushu are close to the book. As for all the monsters in the Yu Benji and the Classic of Mountains and Seas, Yu did not dare to say anything. ”
2. Frequent exchanges during the Southern and Northern Dynasties of the Wei and Jin Dynasties
During the Eastern Han Dynasty, in 90 AD (2nd year of Han Yongyuan), the ruler of Afghanistan, The Guishang King Yan Yaozhen, was rejected for a marriage proposal, angrily attacked the Han army, and was repelled by Ban Chao. It was an exchange in the form of war. After the war, the two countries were as good as ever, paying tribute and giving gifts.
In the third year of the Three Kingdoms Of Wei Ming Emperor Taihe (229 AD), when the Guishang king Bo Tiao (Vasudewa) ruled the Afghan region. Bo Tuo sent an envoy to Luoyang to visit and give Fang Bao, and Emperor Ming of Wei gave Bo Tuo the honorary title of "Pro-Wei Dayue King". In Guishuang numismatics, BoTuo was the last Guishang king to appear, but he revived the political ideas of Yan Jiaozhen and cast a statue of Shiva holding a cow on the coins. The tune has also sent envoys to make peace with China on many occasions.
The contributions of monks in Afghanistan to the gradual development of Buddhist culture are mostly recorded in historical records. According to the Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms and the Chronicle of Wei, in 2 BC (the first year of the first birthday of the Han Dynasty), the Guishuang Dynasty sent emissaries to China to teach the Buddhist scriptures, the Floating Tu Sutra, to Jing Lu, a disciple of Dr. Jing Lu of the Western Han Dynasty. This is the earliest record of Indian Buddhism passing through Afghanistan to China. Zhi lou gyal, zhi yao, zhi qian, Tsang Mo Nan Ti Yun Fa Xi, Hua Yan Shanyou, Buddha Mo, etc., are all famous monks from the Afghan region, and they have made great contributions in translating, commenting on, and transmitting Buddhist scriptures. Some of the Buddhist scriptures come from the Afghan region.
In 399 (the 3rd year of long'an of the Eastern Jin Dynasty), the senior monks Fa Xian, Hui Jing, Dao Zhen, Hui Ying, Hui Wei, etc. in Xiangyuan, Shanxi, set out from Chang'an, west of quicksand, over the onion ridge, to Tianzhu to seek the Dharma. His 13-year-long mission traveled through the Afghan region. In 402 AD, the Dhamma reached the city of Nakhon, the area between Jalalabad and Kabul in present-day Afghanistan. On the way, he crossed a "small snowy mountain", which is the Suleiman Mountain in present-day Afghanistan. Fa Xian's unique contribution is that he wrote the famous "Buddha's Kingdom" on his travels, which provided important materials for the history and transportation history of Afghanistan, West Asia and South Asia.
From 424 to 452 (during the reign of Emperor Taiwu of the Northern Wei Dynasty), merchants from the Afghan region came to the Northern Wei capital of Pingcheng (present-day Datong, Shanxi) and taught Chinese the technique of making fine glass products. The Book of Wei records this as follows: "During the time of the ancestors, his chinese merchant Jingshi, Ziyunneng cast stone into five-colored glass. So in the mining mountains, Yu Jingshi cast it. Established, the luster is beautiful to the Westerners. It is a hall of worship, with more than a hundred people, and the light and color are reflected thoroughly, and the viewer is shocked to see it, thinking that it is done by the gods. Since then, the glass in the country has been degraded, and people have not cherished it. "There are still glass mines in the Kokcha Valley of Afghanistan. Also in the New Book of Tang, vol. 221, there is also the Tocharian state (present-day northern Afghanistan) with the Poli Mountains, and there are contributors to the Kaiyuan Tianbaojian. There are 20 pieces of glass in the underground palace of Fufeng Famen Temple in Shaanxi, most of which belong to the tributes sent by the Tang Dynasty, and some researchers estimate that they are tributes from the great food country, which are from the more recent Afghan Islamic glass products, which is also possible.
During the Southern and Northern Dynasties period, the economic and cultural exchanges between the Tired Khanate and China, which ruled the Afghan region, were characterized by the intermediary area between Iran and China, and their activities with China often had the dual nature of Iran and Afghanistan. In addition, frequency is also a prominent feature. Between northern Wei, Western Wei, and Northern Zhou in the Northern Dynasty, King Tingda sent envoys to Visit Pingcheng, Luoyang, and Chang'an 14 times, and gave gifts. It lasted 132 years from 456 (2 years of Northern Wei Tai'an) and 12 years of the Reign of the Western Dynasty of Zhongjing (546 AD) to the 2nd year of Emperor Ming of Northern Zhou (588). In addition, the Northern Wei Song Yun went from Luoyang to India in 518-522 AD to seek sutras, and also passed through the Afghan region, thanks to the edict of the King of Weida, which allowed him to pass through the country of Mozambique. In 519 AD, he met this "fierce and rude" and "murderous" listening king, probably Maharaja (502-542 AD). Song Yun said that the king's felt tent square 40 steps, the king wore brocade clothes, sat on a golden bed, with 4 golden phoenixes as the foot of the bed, there were more than forty kingdom tributes, among the four Yi, the most powerful. Although Lianda had many contacts with the Northern Dynasty, in 520, 526, and 541, he also sent envoys to Emperor Wu of Liang of the Southern Dynasty to visit Jiankang. Until the Sui Dynasty, Tohuo Luo and Tingda also sent tributes, and the exchange continued.
3. Religious journey of the occult
If Zhang Qian has a trip to Bactria and a political journey in Afghanistan, and Xuan class sacrificed himself to seek the law, through the religious journey of Afghanistan, occupies its unique chapter in the historical exchanges between Afghanistan and China.
Roadmap
In 629 (the 3rd year of Zhenguan), Xuanzhi traveled from Tang Chang'an to India to seek the Dharma, traveling to and from the Dutukang Afghan region. He successively reached the provinces of Badadushan, Kunduz, Balkh, Bamiyan and Kabul in present-day Afghanistan, and traveled through mountains and rivers along the way. After passing through Afghanistan, it entered the countries of Pakistan, India and Bangladesh today. The round trip is 50,000 miles and lasts 17 years.
At that time, the Afghan region was in charge of kangkang. There are Buddhist temples and pagodas in many places, and the architecture and decoration are colorful. The Nagarjuna in the city of Balkh (the small king's house of the kingdom of Jaija) is the most famous of the country's more than one hundred Kang Buddhist temples. It was built by the previous kings, Buddhist affairs have been passed down from generation to generation, the temple is said to be built using precious treasures, and the Kangtang house is decorated with rare treasures. Possessing the three treasures of Buddha's teeth, Buddhist bathing kang and Buddha broom, Kang has diamonds and its jewels, and the pagoda is more than 200 feet high, offering relics.
In the "Records of the Great Construction of the Western Regions and the Kingdom of Brahmana", Xuan class has this vivid depiction of the three large Buddha statues in Bamiyan, the missionary holy land of Afghanistan at that time: "Northeast of the royal city, there is a stone statue of the Standing Buddha, which is 145 feet high. Golden sparkle, treasure ornament Kang rotten. There is Gakon, the building of this previous king. As Lan Dong has a Jianshi Shakya Chuan envoy, gao baishi more than one hundred stones, cast separately, and the total is established. In the twelve-three rigkans in the east of the city, there are Buddhists who make the envoys lie down, thousands of feet long. ”
The Records of the Western Regions of the Great Tang Dynasty is not only a book that records Buddhist affairs. It is also a valuable cultural capital of the history, geography and social life of Central and South Asia. For example, the change of the "old land of Jiangang Kang", from the surrounding boundaries to the severance of the original royal heirs, the chiefs of various tribes and local tyrants are divided into 27 countries; then the 27 countries are described as belonging to Tuyuan, and their local atmosphere is described as Wenhao, late winter and early spring, and the epidemic of plague. In addition to the accounts of the Tocharians and the earth, it is also recorded that "the language goes, slightly different from the nations." The words are 25 words, and they are turned into each other and used to prepare things. The book is read horizontally, from left to right". Most of the inhabitants wore cotton cloth, less linen, and the common currency was gold depiction coins, which were different from those of other national magnates, and it is also recorded. All of these studies, on the civilized area of northeast Afghanistan, are of reference historical value.
The Occult observed the Afghan region in great detail. For example, the ancient city of Baldu (Baktra), he recorded that it should be "more than twenty miles on Tuesday, everyone is called the little king Shecheng also." Although the city is solid, there are very few people living there. The land is produced, and there are many kinds of things. Water and land flowers, it is difficult to prepare. In his account of the city of Kunduz, he noted that it was "no other ruler, but a Turkic one." The land is flat, the grain is depicted, the grass and trees are lush, the flowers and fruits are multiplied, and the qi order is prepared. The customs are pure and the number of people is fierce. ”
In the Records of the Western Regions of the Tang Dynasty, it is often possible to find the author's inquisitiveness and reading of sexual thoughts. For example, in the description of the Kingdom of Brahmana, in addition to the land and property, it is also mentioned that the currency used in writing, wind, indoctrination, and depiction is the same as that of the various countries, but the language is slightly different, while the inhabitants are very similar. This provides a testimony to the ethnic prowess and derivation of the Tocharian nation. Related to this, according to Xuan's Ma Zai, the writing of the Kabi Trial Kingdom is the same as that of the various goods and the cities of the Luo Kingdom, but there are many compilations, languages, and urbanizations, and the shape of the gold and copper coins used in the crops is the same, and it is also different from the countries. This is also a complement to the digitalization of the Tocharians in Afghanistan.
It is depicted that the secretary of the value told the story of the "proton Garan" in the east of the city of Gabi. It is said that the frost king Kasai (the end of the 1st century of the 1st century, or the first half of the 2nd century) expanded his territory to the east of the Onion Ridge and raised the soil with China. Hexi Fandu was worthy of his power and sent his son to Guinan as a hostage. Shugya gave protons a good gift, so that protons lived in India in winter, sex in the spring in Dugura, and summer returned to Gabi, and in these three places - a Buddhist temple called "Proton Garan". Xuanzang visited the Buddhist temple "Proton Garan" in Kabi test, and he saw that on the walls of each house, there was a portrait of this Hexi Fanwei "proton", whose appearance and clothing were very consistent with China. Later, Proton was given the opportunity to return to his home country, but he still did not forget this former residence, and despite the barriers of the mountains and rivers, he continued to send items of contribution to the Buddha. Therefore, until Xuanzang visited, more than 300 monks in the temple were still on the day of settlement and settlement, and the festival was celebrated, praying for the proton and doing good deeds. At the right foot of the proton's meditation grotto and the statue of the east gate of the Buddhist temple, there are said to be a large number of treasures hidden by protons, as well as inscriptions, because of their magic, treasure thieves can not succeed.
This is a legendary story of the Afghan region's historical interaction with China. It is consistent with the historical record of The City of Gabi as the xia capital of the Kushan Dynasty. This historic city, known as the "Ruins of the Ancient Capital" (Bergram), was excavated by French archaeologists in 1927 and found a large number of currency and handicrafts from the 1st to 5th centuries AD, which also proved the Xuan class's record of "exotic goods, many gatherings in this country". At the same time, it also confirms that Xuan class's "proton" whose appearance and clothing are very consistent with China does have his own person, thus increasing the historical authenticity of this legendary exchange story.
In addition to the Xuan class, other senior monks also have many records about the land of Afghanistan, which can be included in the history of exchanges, especially the records of Hui Chao, which provide valuable information for the study of social conditions. He said in the "Biography of the Five Heavenly Kingdoms" that Brahmana "on. As for the king, the lower and the lisqueurs, all wore fur coats as the upper clothes. Land foot, camel, mule, sheep, horse... rose apple. Eat only love cakes. There is also the literary scholar Duan Chengshi, who said of the Huoyuan Temple in the Wuhu River when he recorded the Jushi Jianguo in the "Xiyang Miscellaneous Tricks", "According to legend, the god Yuan came here by divine power from the Persian kingdom, and it is common to have spiritual anomalies... Recently, there was a great eating king who did not believe it, and when he entered the Yuanjiao Temple, he would be destroyed, and suddenly there was a fire to burn his soldiers, and he did not dare to destroy it. "This is a miraculous record of islam's struggle against the cult, and it has its reference value for the religious situation during the period of Arab rule in Afghanistan."
4. The exchanges between the Kingdom of Hale and the Ming Dynasty
After the Anshi Rebellion and the Arab invasion of Afghanistan, Zhengshi recorded fewer and fewer exchanges between The Afghan region and China. However, people-to-people exchanges will not be suspended.
Later, it was seen in the written records, when Li Zhichang's "Changchun Zhenren Journey to the West" book was pushed. Li Zhichang (1193-1256), on the Yuan Dynasty. In 1220, he traveled west with his division to the western region to visit Genghis Khan, passing through the afghan cities of Gantarese (Murgab Valley), Yeli (present-day Herat), Badakhshan, Balkh, Roujining (Ghazni), and Balu Bay (Parwan, north of Kabul). The plundering and revenge actions of the Mongol army were naturally recorded in Li Zhichang's pen. However, in the first volume of the book, Li Zhichang also recorded the geography of Afghanistan and what he saw along the way about the Hindu Kush Mountain (The Great Snow Mountain). He also recorded the scene of Qiu Zhiji accompanying Genghis Khan through Balkh. Chahan in the city of Balkh served in the Yuan Dynasty, and the official Zhi Zhongshu was the governor of The Governor of Zhongshu, the Governor of Ronglu and the Governor of Pingzhang.
Marco Polo, a Traveler of East and West exchanges and a Venetian merchant, served as an official in the Yuan Dynasty. In His Travels of Marco Polo, he also details how he passed through the Wakhan Corridor in Afghanistan and the climate, landforms, and customs along the way.
In particular, during the Yongle and Xuande periods of the Ming Dynasty, China sent envoys to the Kingdom of Khali (present-day western Afghanistan, where the country was Herat), and King Khali also attached great importance to exchanges with China.
The Kingdom of Hale was part of the Timurid Empire, and Shahharu, the son of Timur the Great, was King Khali. Tamerlane the Great had intended to attack China shortly before his death, but fell ill and died on 8 February 1405, a war was avoided between the two countries. After The Death of Timur the Great, his two successors, Harry and Shaharu, fought for the throne. At Harry in Samarkand, he sent the envoy Hu Gangda to return the detained Chinese envoy Fu An and pay tribute. Emperor Mingcheng sent bai'er xintai and others to pay tribute to Timur the Great, gave the new king Harry and his tribe silver coins, and tried to mediate the conflict between Harry and Shaharu.
In 1408 (6th year of Yongle), Fu An, who was once an envoy to the Timurid Empire, was again sent to the west. When he arrived in Herat from Samarkand in 1409, Shahru, the king of Hare here, had agreed to Harry's submission and thus became the sole king of the Timurid Empire. Accompanied by envoys from Herat and Samarkand, the Chinese envoys returned to China in the same year. In 1410 (Yongle 8), a second Chinese mission arrived in Samarkand, and emissaries from Herat also arrived in China. In 1412 (the 10th year of Yongle), Chinese envoys arrived in Herat and were warmly received. The two countries exchange envoys.
The surrender of the Kingdom of Hare's contacts with the Ming Dynasty was a large-scale exchange of visits by two missions in 1413 (Yongle 11) and 1419 (Yongle 17), both of which left a record of the activity.
In 1413, Ming Chengzu sent a huge mission of 300 people to visit the kingdom of Hale. Chen Cheng, the secretary of the mission, together with Li Xian, who assisted him in his work, wrote the "Itinerary of the Western Regions" and the "Chronicle of the Fanguo of the Western Regions", which recorded the social customs, products, trade, culture and religious conditions of this "Great Country in the Western Regions" ("Ming Shi Xi xi xi four hale"). In "Lion Endowment", Chen Cheng discussed the traditions of foreign exchanges of "harmony and harmony between the two qi and the heart of the group, and the near one is happy and the far one comes". Chen Cheng also expressed the open-minded idea of "the universe on earth" and the peaceful diplomacy of "Anbian Ning's tongue and tongue, winning the victory over The Ge" with Zhang Qian, the pioneer of the Silk Road, expressing the open-mindedness of "the universe on earth is wide" in a series of westbound poems.
In 1419, King Hare's son Urug Berg led a delegation to Visit China. This one
The delegation consisted of 510 envoys, attachés and businessmen, larger than Chen Cheng's delegation. At that time, Haji Gaiyesoddin, one of the country's envoys, wrote a book entitled "The Record of the Envoys sent by Shaharu to China", which described the warm and friendly treatment of the regiment through various parts of China, and praised the prosperity of Zhang sheng and Dahua and technological prosperity in Ming Dynasty China.
It is noteworthy that Chen Cheng, Li Kuo, Urug Berg, and Haji Gairsodin exchanged visits between China and the Kingdom of Ha lie, which coincided with zheng he's seven voyages to the West during the reign of Ming Chengzu Yongle. One was by land and the other by sea, reflecting the prosperity of external exchanges at that time. In 1420, two years after the delegation of the Khaliks visited China, Prince Urug Bemed came to Beijing with an envoy from Badakh Shang and specially gave the Chinese emperor a black-bodied and white-legged horse, which made Ming Chengzu greatly aware.
Economic exchanges between the Khalikhs and China also developed during this period. In 1432
(Xuande 7), Ming Xuanzong asked Shaharu to facilitate and protect Chinese merchants traveling through the country of Hale. In 1445 (the 10th year of orthodoxy), Myeongeijong sent a letter to Urug Berg, quoting the same content of the above letter. In 1463 (Tianshun 7), Du commanded Hai Rong and Ma Quan, who was sent to Hale by the Ming Dynasty. This is the record of the last envoy of the Ming Dynasty to Ha lie. The main commodity exported from China to The Kingdom of Harri was porcelain. As we all know, in the 15th century, Chinese porcelain has developed to the highest level. Urug Berg himself also purchased porcelain blocks from China to decorate the walls of the villa.