In Guanzhong Province, known as "Dongfu" and "Xifu", in people's impressions, "Xifu" roughly refers to today's Baoji area; while "Dongfu" refers to today's Weinan area. In fact, in history, between the "East House" and the "West House", there was also a "Jingzhao House", which gradually evolved into the later "Xi'an Province". The division of the three provinces is not only a geographical concept, but also gradually formed different regional customs and cultures in the long historical development.
As early as the Western Han Dynasty, Guanzhong belonged to the land of Gyeonggi and was governed by three officials, namely Jing Zhaoyin, Zuo Fengyi, and Right Fufeng. The seats of government were in Chang'an at that time. From the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty to the beginning of The Wei Dynasty, Jingzhao was relocated to Jingzhao County, Left Feng Yi was replaced by Feng Yi County, and Right Fufeng was changed to Fufeng County.
In the Tang Dynasty, Jing Zhaoyin had exclusive jurisdiction over Chang'an Counties, the core areas of which were Chang'an, Huxian, Lantian, Xianyang, Liquan, Sanyuan, Jingyang, Liyang, Gaoling, Zhaoying (present-day Lintong), Jincheng (present-day Xingping), Fuping, Wugong, and Yishou (present-day Zhouzhi); Zuo Fengyi was in charge of the eastern counties of Guanzhong; and the right Fufeng jurisdiction was probably north of the Qinling Mountains in present-day Guanzhong, west of Enyi, Xianyang, and Xunyi. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Right Fufeng Administration Was moved from Chang'an to Huaili (southeast of today's Xingping City). Although there have been changes in administrative divisions in later generations, and occasional changes in the jurisdiction area, the general pattern has not changed. In the Tang Dynasty, the three provinces of Jingzhao, Fengxiang and Dexing were also placed. In the Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China period, Guanzhong was still divided into three, Dongfu Tongzhou, Xifu Fengxiang and Xi'anFu. Liu Rong, the governor of Shaanxi during the Reign of the Qing Dynasty, once praised this land and said: "Xi'an Tongzhou Fengxiang Three Provinces, the most fertile land, ancient called land and sea. ”
Today, on the land of Guanzhong, several cities along the Wei River, Baoji in the west, Xi'an in the central and Weinan in the east, constitute the three major centers of Guanzhong. The pattern of the "Three Houses" has not changed.
Historically, the political, economic and cultural center of Xifu was in Fengxiang (present-day Fengxiang District, Baoji City), and during the Republic of China, the railway Longhai Line passed through Baoji, and the administrative center was moved from Fengxiang to today's Baoji.
Xifu is the birthplace of Zhou Qin, leaving a large number of pre-Qin cultural relics, "the land of bronzes". At the end of the Qing Dynasty, the "Three Treasures of the Sea", Da Ke Ding, Da Lu Ding and Mao Gong Ding were all excavated in the Qishan Fufeng area of Xifu. Xifu is also the "hometown of folk arts and crafts", and Baoji Society's fire masks, paper cutting, woodblock new year paintings, clay sculptures, straw weaving, etc. are representatives of the folk crafts of Xifu.
Clay sculptures in Xifu
It is also a paradise for foodies and one of the birthplaces of Chinese snack culture. Qishan Zizi noodles have become famous throughout the country and are also a business card of Shaanxi. Fengxiang's bean blossom steamed buns, Xifu noodles, shaved tendons, Qishan rolling dough skin, dough skin sandwich buns, meat sandwich buns, wonton dumplings and other delicious snacks.
Fengxiang bean blossom steamed bun
Xifu is also the birthplace of the Qin Cavity, which is the spiritual pillar of the Guanzhong people, who will hum a few words from old to young. The Qin cavity originated in the Western Zhou Dynasty, originated from Qishan and Fengxiang, and matured in Qin.
After the founding of the People's Republic of China, because it was popular in the Guanzhong Xifu area, it was named "Xifu Qin Cavity". There are about a thousand copies of the traditional Qin operas in Xifu, but no scripts have survived, and they are only passed down by artists, so many of them have been lost. The development of the West Road Qin Cavity to the eve of liberation, due to the continuous development of the Middle Road Qin Cavity, the West Road Qin Cavity has a great impact, the actors have successively changed to sing the Middle Road Qin Cavity, and the Middle Road Cavity is integrated into it, the famous Qin Cavity actor Ren Zhezhong is to absorb the West Road Qin Cavity singing often, becoming a unique "Renpai" singing voice.
After 1958, there was no official class society in Xifu Qin, and the surviving old artists also returned to their hometowns to change their careers. At this point, the Middle Road Qin Cavity replaced the West Road Qin Cavity and became popular throughout Xifu.
Cross-talk actor Miao Fu said: "Niangniang (niániá), the wind and waves are too big!" "Pushed the Xifu dialect to the whole country." Xifu is the birthplace of Zhou Qin, with a strong cultural heritage, and many ancient languages have been preserved in the language. Today, the local Xifu dialect of Baoji retains an ancient and thick accent. The following (xià, Xifu dialect pronounced hà), za (zuò, Xifu dialect pronounced cuo), bai (bái, Xifu dialect pronounced péi), pig (zhū, Xifu dialect pronounced zhi, tongyan), such as (rú, Xifu dialect pronounced rí), go (qù, Xifu dialect pronounced qi), na (ná Xifu dialect pronounced lá), color (sè, Xifu dialect pronounced sěi), who (shéi, Xifu dialect pronounced séi) Niang (niáng, Xifu dialect pronounced niá). The Xifu dialect is perhaps the closest to Zhou Qin Yayun.
Cross-talk actor Miao Fu Wang Sheng
The three districts and nine counties of Baoji City and the western part of Xianyang City, Pingliang in Gansu Province, except Zhuanglang and Jingning Counties, Qingyang except Ning County and Zhengning County all belong to the Xifu dialect.
The earliest administrative offices of the "Three Auxiliaries" were in Chang'an, and during the Eastern Han Dynasty, the administrative office of the Right Fufeng was moved to Huaili (today's southeast of Xingping), and the historical Right Fufeng had nothing to do with the name of today's Fufeng County. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, Zuo Feng Yi moved to Gaoling, and during the Three Kingdoms period, he moved to Linjin (present-day Dali), and had jurisdiction over eight counties, including Linjin, Heyang, Xiayang (present-day Hancheng), Chongquan (present-day Pucheng), Suyi (present-day Baishui), Xiayi (in present-day Hebei, Linwei District, Weinan City), Lianshuan (present-day northern Linwei District), and Pinyang (present-day Fuping), so that the administrative divisions of Dongfu were basically formed, the Western Wei Dynasty was changed to Tongzhou, Tang Tianbao restored Right Feng Yi in the first year, and after changing it to Tongzhou in the first year of the Qian Dynasty, it remained unchanged in the early years of the Republic of China. Jingzhao Province was later interpreted as Xi'an Province.
Guanzhong Dao circulated a slip of the tongue: "Diao PuCheng, Ye Wei Nan, unreasonable Dali County", this is the three counties of Dongfu, in fact, posterity has misinterpreted this sentence, "Diao Pu Cheng" is not to say that the pucheng people are brutal, but the area of Pucheng is long from north to south, narrow from east to west, and the Shaanxi dialect calls the narrow length "hanging", and it becomes "Diao Pu Cheng"; and "Ye Wei Nan" does not mean that the Weinan people love to spread wilderness, but the Weinan area is vast, standing on the slope to see that it is an endless wilderness. Therefore, it is called "Yewei South"; "Unreasonable Dali County" is because the roads and small roads in Dali County are intertwined, and the difference is too much, so when answering others to ask for directions, they do not say how many roads "Li" is. True allusions should be so. This also shows that the people of Dongfu are open-minded, humorous and straightforward.
Map of Dongfu
Since ancient times, Dongfu has had a strong folk style, and there have been many powerful generals in history, such as Cangjie, who created characters, Sima Qian, who wrote the "History", Du Kang, a generation of famous Xiang Kou Zhun, the Qin general Wang Qi who swept away the Six Kingdoms, Guo Ziyi who recreated the Tang Dynasty, and so on. What is particularly commendable is that most of the prominent figures in Guanzhong in the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China came from Dongfu. For example, during the Xinhai Revolution, the number of members who joined the League was as many as 56 in Pucheng County alone. It accounts for about one-fifth of the total number of members in the province. Pucheng was praised by Sun Yat-sen as the "Giant Pillar of the Northwest Revolution". Later, a new city gate in Xi'an was named after Mr. Jing Beimu. Li Yuanding, Jing Yuexiu, Kou Li, and Li Tianzuo were all well-known figures in Shaanxi at that time, and Li Zhongte, Li Tongxuan, Li Youzhi, and Li Yizhi, who were called by Mr. Yu Youren as "four families in one family and two pairs in the revolutionary party," were all from Pucheng, Dongfu. Among them, Mr. Li Yizhi planned and built the "Eight Huis of Guanzhong". General Yang Hucheng, who launched the "Xi'an Incident", was also a native of Pucheng, Dongfu. They are majestic, open-minded, thick and resolute. The characteristics of this regional culture of Dongfu have created these chivalrous and extremely bloody Qin people.
The Gate of Beimu on the City Wall of Xi'an
One side of the water and soil to raise the other side, Dongfu style snacks, local specialties, is also quite distinctive. Like Pucheng rafters steamed buns, Dali's belt elbows, honey juice reels, Dali watermelon, Weinan's shichen buns, Bupyeong's qiong pot candy, queen cake, Tongguan's pickles and so on are well-known.
Pucheng rafters steamed buns
Dongfu is bordered by the Qinling Mountains in the south and the Yellow River in the east, forming its own unique regional culture in the great integration of nationalities in history. For example, the development of opera is also rich and colorful, Heyang Line Cavity, Fuping Agong, Dali Tongzhou Zizi, Huaxian Bowl Cavity, Huayin Mihu and Lao Lu, etc., the number of dramas is long, and it is also second to none in Guanzhong.
Heyang line cavity puppet show
Huaxian's "Flower Bun", Pucheng's "Earth Flower Cloth", Heyang's "Face Flower", Chengcheng's embroidery, Erhua's shadow puppet production, etc., are well-known at home and abroad.
The drums of Hancheng, the shanggong drums of Heyang, the old drums of Fuping, the su drums of Huayin, the pole fire of Pucheng, the ancient warships of Tongguan, etc., are all strange. Following the popularity of Huayin's old style in Beijing, The Hancheng Drum was successfully unveiled at the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games, attracting attention at home and abroad to the culture of Guandong Province.
Hancheng drums
Someone once said: "Every piece of loess in Guandong Province contains the genes of ancient Chinese civilization and culture", reflecting the thickness of Dongfu's cultural accumulation. I think the East House can afford this praise.
In Guanzhong, people always talk about the distinction between the East And the West, and tend to ignore the most important Xi'an Province among them.
During the Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China, Xi'an Prefecture administered 15 counties, 1 scattered prefecture and 1 scattered hall: Chang'an County, Xianning County (merged into present-day Chang'an District), Lintong County, Gaoling County, Lantian County, Enxian County (present-day Enyi District), Xuanyi County (present-day Zhouzhi County), Xianyang County (present-day Xianyang City), Xingping County (present-day Xingping City), Jingyang County, Sanyuan County, Fuping County, Liquan County, Weinan County (present-day Weinan City), Tongguan County (present-day Yintai District, Tongchuan City), Yaozhou, Xiaoyi Hall (in present-day Zaoshui County), and Ningshan Hall (present-day Ningshan County).
After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the administrative divisions of the three provinces changed, especially those under the jurisdiction of Xi'an Province. Weinan County established Weinan City, and Fuping County was placed under the jurisdiction of Weinan City. Xianyang County was upgraded to prefecture-level city, Liquan County, Sanyuan County, Jingyang County, and Xingping County were placed under the jurisdiction of Xianyang City, Tongguan County was upgraded to Tongchuan City, and Yaozhou Became Yao County was under the jurisdiction of Tongchuan. The Hall of Filial Piety and the Hall of Ningshan were also carved out of Xi'an Province. This is today's three-house pattern. Although Xi'an Province was split, it was never separated in terms of regional culture and customs.
Qianzhou pot helmet
There are also two prefectures on the Guanzhong Province, one is Qianzhou in Xifu and the other is Huazhou in Dongfu. Qianzhou is a prefecture directly under the prefecture, and Huazhou belongs to The Prefecture.
There were two kinds of states in the Ming Dynasty, Zhili Prefecture and Sanzhou. Zhili Prefecture is equivalent to the current provincial municipality, which is at the same level as the prefecture (equivalent to the prefecture-level city); Sanzhou is equivalent to the current county-level city, which is at the same level as the county.
Dry county sour soup noodles
In the Qing Dynasty, the administrative divisions of the prefectures and departments were divided into directly subordinate prefectures and directly subordinate departments. Among them, the directly subordinate states have a large population and a complicated affairs. In terms of establishment, the rank of the prefectures directly under the prefecture is the same, and the officials under the jurisdiction of zhizhou, prefecture, and prefecture judge are all the same as the prefectural products. In the 1910s, after the fall of the Qing Dynasty, the institution was abolished.
Qianzhou is today's Qianxian County, a county under the jurisdiction of Xianyang City. At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, Qianzhou had jurisdiction over three counties, namely Yongshou County, Wugong County, and Liquan County, jiajing 38 years (1559 AD) cut Liquan County to Xi'an Province, Qianzhou jurisdiction over the two counties until the Republic of China period, abolished Qianzhou and changed it to Qian County, under the jurisdiction of Guanzhong Province, no longer under the jurisdiction of Yongshou and Wugong Counties. In addition to the world-famous Qianling tomb of Emperor Gaozong wu Zetian of Tang County, there are also the four treasures of Qianxian County: "pot helmet, noodles, steamed bread, and tofu brain". If you are in Qianxian County, don't forget to taste it.
Qianxian tofu brain
During the Qing Dynasty, before the third year of Yongzheng (1725), Huazhou belonged to Xi'an Prefecture in Shaanxi Province; after three years of Yongzheng, Huazhou was elevated to a prefecture directly under the jurisdiction of Pucheng, Huayin, and Tongguan counties. After the first year of Qianlong (1736), Huazhou no longer led the county, but was demoted to Sanzhou, which came under the jurisdiction of the Tongzhou Capital of Tongshang Province (present-day Dali County) in Tongshang Province, Shaanxi.
Huaxian flower buns
During the Republic of China, in February of the second year of the Republic of China (1913), Hua Prefecture was changed to Hua County, which belonged to Guanzhong Province, Shaanxi Province, and in the sixteenth year of the Republic of China (1927), the whole country was withdrawn and directly under Shaanxi Province. In the 28th year of the Republic of China (1939), it belonged to the Office of the Eighth Administrative Inspector of Shaanxi Province (the seat of administration was in present-day Dali County), and in August of the 37th year of the Republic of China (1948), the Second Administrative Inspectorate of Shaanxi Province was established in Hua County, with jurisdiction over Hua County, Huayin, Tongguan, Weinan, Lintong and Lantian.
After May 1949, it belonged to the Office of the Administrative Inspector of Weinan Subdistrict of the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region Government. In May 1950, it was subordinated to the Weinan Sub-district Commissioner's Office of Shaanxi Province. In October 1956, the Commissioner's Office was abolished, and Huaxian County was directly subordinated to Shaanxi Province. In January 1959, Hua County was merged with Weinan, Huayin and Tongguan to form Weinan County, and the former Hua County was divided into three people's communes: Huazhou, Gaotang and Jindui. In September 1961, the establishment of Hua County was restored, and it belonged to the re-established Weinan Commissioner's Office. In 1968, he was subordinate to the Revolutionary Committee of the Weinan Region. In 1980, it belonged to the Weinan District Administrative Office, and in January 2016, Hua County was set up as a district to become Huazhou District of Weinan City.
Huazhou is also remembered by history as the Guanzhong earthquake that occurred in December of the 34th year of Ming Jiajing (1556 AD), in which 830,000 people lost their lives. History is called "Huazhou Earthquake".
At this point, the past and present lives of the Three Provinces and Two Prefectures on the Guanzhong Province were finished. Whether you live in Xifu or Dongfu, or in the middle of Dongfu Xifu, eventually we all converge into Guanzhong people. A Wei River connects us closely.