The Evenk (formerly known as Tunguska or Soren): A people of Northeast Asia, inhabited mainly in Siberia, Russia, and the provinces of Inner Mongolia and Heilongjiang in China, with a small distribution in Mongolia. In Russia they are known as the Evankie. The Evenk are the ethnic self-designations of the Evenk people, which means "the people who live in the mountains and forests". The language and culture of the Evenk people is unique, belonging to the Northern Branch of the Tunguska language family of the Altaic language family, and in daily life, most of the Evenk people use their own language, and there is no script of their own ethnic group. Most of the Evenk herders speak Mongolian, while farmers widely use Chinese.
Hala: Evenk, meaning surname. The Evenk have many halas (clans), each with a fixed name. It is generally named after the place of residence, the name of the river, the name of the mountain, the name of the village, the name of the tribe or tribal chieftain. There are dozens of major Halas of the Evenk ethnic group in China. For example, Tu Gedong (Tu), Durar (Du), Nahata (Na), Samakir (Sa), Bayi Zhiri (Ba) and so on. Each hala has its own ancestral shrine or Ao Jiao Day. Extra-clan marriage is introduced. All have their own shamans. The form of hala can be traced back to the era of Evenk clan society, when hala played the role of a grass-roots administrative unit, and in social life, each hala retained a clan democracy. Now this system has basically disappeared.
To Bu: Evenk, meaning genealogy. The Evenk have clan (hala) families. In the past, a clan congress was usually convened every twenty years to discuss the continuation of the family tree. The patriarch continues to write a list of male teenagers of the clan, and after the conference, they have a meal to celebrate. The evenk family tree is generally kept by the head of the family (Mao Daoda) and cannot be opened at will. Every Spring Festival, we bow to the family tree to show respect and remembrance for our ancestors.
New Mamarang: Evenk, meaning righteous and right. That is, the head of the family who hunted the Evenk people. It is generally held by elderly people with rich hunting experience, fairness and prestige. Democratically elected by the members of the Commune. The term of office is three years. He is in charge of various affairs such as production and life within the family commune. Participate in hunting activities without privileges. If there is an error, it can be criticized through a family meeting, or even replaced. Before liberation, with the emergence and development of private property, the social functions and status of family heads changed.
Wenger Day: Evenk, meaning yogurt. Fresh milk is put into a wooden barrel, covered with tomarus, maintained a slightly higher temperature, and after five or six days of fermentation, it becomes yogurt. It is an excellent drink for thirst quenching and fitness. It is also the raw material for making dried milk (Ariqi).
Sai: Evenk, i.e. tea. Wu hong xi, that is, milk tea. It is one of the important diets of the Evenk people.
Sarin Arihei: Evenk language, meaning milk wine, the Evenk people in the pastoral area to autumn to make more milk wine, milk wine brewing method is to pour fermented yogurt into a large pot and boil, put a cylinder made of wood or birch bark on the pot (Bumukler), the barrel hangs from the wine altar, the top of the jar sits a small pot, the small pot holds cold water, the milk pot is boiled after the heat rises, when it is flushed to the cold water pot, it returns to the water droplets, drips into the hanging jar, and becomes milk wine.
Ariqi: Evenk, meaning dried milk, pour the fermented yogurt into the pot and boil, as the temperature rises, the yogurt is decomposed into liquids and coagulants, the liquid is poured out, the coagulants are taken out and put into the prepared bag, squeezed out of the water, made into strips on the curtain, and dried to become Arichi.
Erged: Evenk, meaning dried milk, a kind of dried milk, pour the slightly sour milk into the pot and heat it, so that it becomes a sticky piece, and after drying, it becomes milk residue. This dried milk is fragrant and is a delicious dairy product for guests and can be stored until winter or longer.
Amusong: Evenk, meaning thick porridge, after the rice (niki) is cooked, pressed with a spoon to form a sticky paste, dipped in cream and milk skin. Whenever it is the eighth day of the first lunar month, every household eats this kind of amus pine, so it can be called Lapa Porridge.
Nimisit: Evenk, meaning smoke, smoke unique to the Evenk people of Aoluguya. The production method is to crush the tobacco leaves into a broken surface, mix in one-third of the wood ash, and then pour in a little wine or sugar water, put it in a birch skin cigarette box, keep it moist, apply it to the front teeth, close the mouth to relieve fatigue, and hunt to make people sober.
Detic: Birch skin chest used by the Evenks. Most of them are used to hold fabrics and textiles. Not afraid of moisture, rainproof. When girls get married, they often use birch-skin boxes as dowries.
Maurugari Te'egen: Kucha, also known as Sihu and Evenk, have long been used as warehouses, storing clothes, jerky, dairy products, rice noodles and valuable things. In general, there are about 4 warehouse cars in the family, and about 10 warehouse cars in the rich households.
Relying on Laubao: A unique warehouse built by the Evenk people in the hunting area, the method is to choose four tall trees, about 1 zhang 4 or 5 feet high, and it is advisable to the height of the beast that cannot go up. Cut off the branches of the tree, leaving the trunk as four pillars, on the pillar, with a thinner purlin, built into a small wooden house. The four frames and the bottom of the library are all logs, with a plate on the top, an opening at the bottom, a pillar erected from the ground, an opening inserted at the upper end, and the column is cut into a ladder pedal that can be climbed, called Tuketai Muken.
Tarajabi: Birch bark boat. Unique water transport for evenks. It can take 5-6 people and carry 1 big fox. The hull frame is made of tree strips, wrapped in birch bark, stitched with red pine roots, and applied to the needle holes and joints with pine oil infiltration of birch bark oil into a black mixture of oil. The captain is about 1 foot and 8 feet tall, about 2 feet 5 inches high, and the belly is about 2 feet wide, with thin points at both ends and slightly curved upwards. The speed of the water can reach 40 miles per hour. Used for water crossing, fishing and hunting.
Stick: Evenk, a collective term for bottles and cans. It's actually a cigarette case made of birch bark. Small and exquisite, it can be carried around and easy to use. It is also a fine handicraft.
Mata: A general term for the various small birch skin utensils used by the Evenk people, there are many shapes such as round, square, rectangular, oval and pig loin, with various colors or embossed patterns. Before liberation, hunters used it to hold sporadic items. It is also a delicate handicraft.
Ikevia: The leather pocket of the Evenk hunters for grain. The cooked animal skins are sewn with bone needles and tendons, nailed with two straps and a carrying belt respectively, and after filling the things, they are neatly placed on a shelf made of wooden poles next to the pickles. When moving, give the reindeer a burden, so that you can avoid the labor of turning over boxes and cabinets.
Immortal Pillar: Also known as the Pillar of Oblique Ren, Resting People's Residence, etc. In Chinese, it is called Bao Luozi. The tepee where the safari Evenk used to live. A number of birch or willow poles are used to form a wooden frame, and the outside is covered with reeds, hay, birch bark, etc. in summer and autumn, and animal skins are covered in winter and spring. The size varies according to population and season, with large summers and small winters. The large one is about 7 meters high and the bottom diameter is 8 meters; the small one is about 4 meters high and the bottom diameter is about 6 meters. In the center of the column is a campfire for cooking and heating. On three sides, reeds, animal skins, etc. are used as beds, and the front of the entrance is called the road (also known as Maro), which is used for unmarried men, children and male guests in the family, and women are not allowed to sit. The left and right sides are called Olu, the right is the elderly, and the left is the young couple's seat. Mendo is east or south. Each family commune, Wuliren, consists of several immortal pillars, which can generally only be arranged in a zigzag or arc, and cannot be arranged back and forth. Settlement was achieved after liberation and was replaced by new houses of brick or civil structure.
Uru Lattice: Evenk, meaning yurt. The Evenk Uzumaki are unique. It is wrapped in reeds as the top cover of the bag and around wicker or reeds. The equipment inside and outside the bag has a special name, which can be covered and dismantled at any time, and it is easy to relocate. The wooden frame of the package is composed of three sections: upper, middle and lower, generally with a diameter of 1.5 inches of willow wood, connected by rope to form a tensionable and closed wooden frame, and when erected, it forms a network of many squares. The general package is composed of 4-6 pieces of hana. The largest package has about 50 wooden poles and 6 hana; the smallest package has about 42 wooden poles and 4 hana. The door is about 1 meter high and about 3 feet wide, and the height of the whole package is about 2 meters and the diameter is about 4 meters. Wrap it in felt in winter.
Ermohe: Evenk, meaning cradle. The cradle of the Evenk people is made of birch
Bark sewing. The outer ring is sewn with two long strips of birch bark, and the bottom is sewn with the other piece. It is oblong in shape and is suspended and shaken with a leather rope. The cradle is strung with pheasant leg bones, fish waist bones, etc., and when shaken, the bone strings rub against each other to encourage the baby to sleep. The cradle is more than 3 feet long and about 1 foot 6 inches wide.
Thousand: Evenk, most people or people who live somewhere. Each of the Evenk communes has its own name, such as Yaruqian, Huiqian, Arongqian, etc., which means people who live on the banks of the Yaru or Huihe Rivers.
Zandalarga: Evenk folk song. Zanda means singing. Laga is a suffix of a noun. Zandalarga is a general term for the Evenk folk minor tunes and mountain songs. Evenk folk songs are both songs and poems, both expressed through singing. There are long and short, there are a few lines, and there are dozens of lines. There are generations of people who have been handed down, and there are also improvisations. The melody is simple and simple, and generally does not need to be accompanied by an instrument. The tune varies regionally. Some words are short and long, the rhythm is stretched, the range is long, the rhythm is slow, and it is rich in grassland and forest atmosphere.
Kinle: Evenk, meaning ski. The evenks made of skis are made of pine wood, with an upturned front end and a sloped rear end. There is a strap in the middle that binds the feet, called the mother humming mother music. Chasing wild beasts with skis and gliding like a fly is an indispensable means of transportation and hunting for the Evenks.
