Martyr Wang Hebo
The area where the Dongdan Vegetable Market is located is the place where the eighteen martyrs were sacrificed
Near the fifth district of Hepingli, the burial place of the eighteen martyrs
Part of the "Suburban Map of Beiping Special City in 1930"
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Group photo of the Third National Congress of the Communist Party of China in 1923, the fifth from the left in the second row is Wang Hebo
The first issue of the series of reports on the centenary of the founding of the Party
The second issue of the series of reports on the centenary of the founding of the Party
The third issue of the series of reports on the centenary of the founding of the Party
The fourth issue of the series of reports on the centenary of the founding of the Party
The fifth issue of the series of reports on the centenary of the founding of the Party
The sixth issue of the series of reports on the centenary of the founding of the Party
The seventh issue of the series of reports on the centenary of the founding of the Party
Celebrating the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Communist Party of China, visit the red geography of Beijing
No. 8 Eighteen Martyrs' Sacrifice Site on the East Side of Ditan Park
In July 100 years ago, the Communist Party of China was founded. In order to celebrate this year of great significance, remember the revolutionary history, and carry forward the red feelings, Beijing Youth Daily and the Beijing Municipal Archives jointly launched a series of reports, based on the archives' collections, to explore the red geography of Beijing, relive the revolutionary sages to explore the truth of saving the country, and pursue the great road of national awakening and progress.
landmark
At 9:00 a.m. on June 26, the weather was slightly cloudy, and the members of the "Favor" and Wang Lanshun, an expert at the Beijing Municipal Archives, gathered on time at the east gate of Ditan Park. The destination of the search was not in ditan park, but in two places not far from each other outside the ditan park, that is, the place where Wang Hebo and 18 other communists died heroically and were buried.
On the night of November 18, 1927, important cadres of the Beijing Municipal Committee of the Communist Party of China and leaders of the early workers' movement led by the Party, including Wang Hebo, Wang Jingchen, Liu Tizhuang, Yang Heyun, etc., were shot dead by warlord reactionaries on the west side of the arrow block in the northeast of Ditan Park, and then was hastily buried in the area of the East Barracks on the east side of Ditan Park.
At the beginning of the event, Wang Lanshun explained the special features of this visit: because the historical form has undergone tremendous changes, the place where the 18 martyrs were sacrificed and buried can be said to have left no trace, but on the occasion of celebrating the centenary of the founding of the party, re-walking the revolutionary road taken by the martyrs will make people truly feel that today's happy life is the result of countless revolutionary martyrs throwing their heads and spilling their blood, which is not easy to come by.
The north arrow block outside the temple of earth
Wang Hebo and 18 other early party leaders were killed here
Wang Lanshun took out an enlarged old map photo at the scene, showing a part of the "1930 Beiping Special City Suburb Map", which is now the area around Ditan Park, but the Ditan Park at that time was marked as a citizen park. Wang Lanshun pointed to a bulge in the northeast corner of the Temple of Earth Park on the map and said, "This is the North Arrow Block, where 18 Communists were killed." ”
How has this place changed today? The crowd followed Wang Lanshun's footsteps and began to walk north from the east gate of ditan Park.
It was a weekend, and there were many citizens outside Ditan Park who came to exercise and relax, some were walking, some were playing ball, some were singing, which was very lively. "After a hundred years, the historical form here has undergone fundamental changes, in the past it was wasteland, field, and martyrdom, and now it is full of traffic." Wang Lanshun looked at the crowd with some emotion.
Wang Lanshun introduced that the retaining wall of the arrow block was a building used in ancient times to block the flow of arrows, and the west side of the north altar wall connected to the military facility outside the temple of earth was the ancient military teaching ground.
Starting from the east gate of ditan park, everyone walked for about three minutes to the intersection in the northeast corner of ditan park. Wang Lanshun pointed to the north and said: "The original north altar wall has been demolished, and the middle has been opened into an east-west road, that is, the South Street of Hepingli that we see now, and the north side of the road has become the Dongdan Vegetable Market." The location of the North Arrow Block is actually from where we stand to the Area of Dongdan Vegetable Market. ”
It was here that late in the night of 1927 that 18 martyrs were shot and killed by reactionaries. Those who died with Wang Hebo that night were: Duan Bochuan, Wang Jingchen, Wang Guanzhong, Wang Delin, Wang Guanglin, Sheng Zhiquan, Liu Tizhuang, Yang Heyun, An Xinsheng, Yan Weipu, Dong Zhigao, Wang Duan, Chen Shunchen, Luo Caiwu, Wang Yunzhong, Yu Yongzao, and Wu Ke.
The "East Barracks" that disappeared on the east side of Ditan Park
The burial site of the remains of the eighteen martyrs is only 300 meters from the place of murder
After Wang Hebo and 18 other Communists were shot and killed in the northeast corner of the temple, they were immediately moved by the reactionaries and buried hastily. Wang Lanshun told everyone that the burial place was only about 300 meters away from the arrow block, which was also the second place that "favored" the search.
The crowd followed Wang Lanshun on foot to the east gate of Ditan Park, then walked about 100 meters east from the east gate, stopping in front of a residential building marked "Hepingli District 5". "At that time, the area was still arable farmland, and until the 1950s it was called 'East Barracks', and the archives record that 18 martyrs were buried nearby." Wang Lanshun said.
In the early 1950s, Andingmen was included in one of the first areas for development and construction in Beijing, and a number of central organs and central and municipal enterprises and institutions successively built office buildings and dormitory areas, and a number of cultural, educational, health, sports facilities and commercial facilities were also built, and the name "East Barracks" gradually disappeared into history and was renamed "Hepingli Five Districts". On the map in Wang Lanshun's hand, the "East Barracks" marked on the east side of the Civic Park became evidence that the place name once existed.
Wang Hebo was one of the leaders of the workers' movement
He went to Moscow to attend the Fifth Congress of the Communist International
Wang Lanshun introduced Wang Heboqi to the "favored" members as he walked. Born in 1882, he was born in 1882, and was born in Minhou, Fujian, which is today's Fuzhou City.
In 1916, Wang Zhuohua changed his name to Wang Hebo, worked as a fitter in the Pukou Locomotive Factory, and organized the Jinpu Railway Workers' Club in Pukou in 1921.
At the end of January 1923, Wang Hebo, on behalf of the preparatory group of the Jinpu Railway Federation of Trade Unions, went to Zhengzhou to attend the inaugural meeting of the Beijing-Hankou Railway Federation of Trade Unions, and then organized a strike of workers along the Jinpu line, which effectively supported the February 7th Strike of the Beijing-Hankou Railway Workers. At the second and fourth national congresses of the Communist Party of China, Wang Hebo was elected as a member of the Central Committee.
Wang Lanshun particularly mentioned that in May 1924, a CPC delegation composed of Li Dazhao, Luo Zhanglong, Liu Qingyang, and Wang Hebo went to Moscow to attend the Fifth Congress of the Communist International. During his stay in Moscow, Wang Hebo was greatly encouraged and said with confidence: "We will fight for the victory of socialism all our lives." ”
In February 1925, Wang Hebo was entrusted by the Party Central Committee to preside over the second congress of the All-China Railway Federation of Trade Unions in Zhengzhou, and was elected chairman of the China Railway Federation of Trade Unions. In the May Thirtieth Movement, which shocked China and foreign countries, Wang Hebo participated in the organization and leadership work. Wang Lanshun said, "It can be said that Wang Hebo was one of the leaders of the early workers' movement of the Communist Party of China, he joined the Communist Party of China very early, became a party member in 1922, and has been committed to the workers' movement for many years to fight for the rights and interests of laborers." ”
"The comrades in the party are holding their breath and want to do a big job."
Along the way, Wang Lanshun told the crowd about the beginning and end of the serious destruction of the CCP's underground party organization in Beijing. In 1926, the reactionary warlords committed the March 18 Massacre. By 1927, chiang kai-shek had launched a counter-revolutionary coup in Shanghai on April 12, slaughtering communists, and then on April 28, reactionary warlords in Beijing had strangled Li Dazhao and other revolutionary comrades. Wang Lanshun said: "At that time, the comrades in the party were all holding their breath and wanted to do a big job. In June 1927, the Fourth National Labor Congress was held in Hankou, which called on the workers of the whole country to oppose Chiang Kai-shek's rebellion and continue to carry out the revolutionary struggle.
On August 7, 1927, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China held the "Eighty-Seven" Conference in Hankou, and Wang Hebo was elected as a member of the Provisional Politburo of the Central Committee, and went to the north with Cai Hesen to rebuild the Northern Bureau. Wang Hebo served as secretary of the Northern Bureau, and Cai Hesen served as secretary general. After the "1987 Conference" of the CPC Central Committee, Zhao Quanlin, a representative of Beijing to the Fourth National Labor Congress, a worker of the Jinghua Printing and Book Bureau, and a member of the Communist Party, carried out the instructions of the Beijing Municipal Party Committee and reorganized the Beijing Federation of Trade Unions in October 1927.
Some "favored" members asked, why was the underground party organization exposed at that time? Wang Lanshun recounted the reasons for this. The turning point occurred in the early morning of October 15, 1927, in a place called Xiaocunhe outside Xizhimen in Beijing, a Worker named Dong Jianzhong, riding a tricycle and braving the cold, distributed leaflets to passing workers.
When Dong Jianzhong returned to Xidan Tengpai Camp No. 4, the secret organ of the Beijing Federation of Trade Unions, after scattering the leaflets, he was followed by the secret agents of the reactionary warlord Zhang Zuolin. That night, a group of police surrounded the Beijing Federation of Trade Unions, found secret documents of the armed uprising of the Workers in Beijing, and arrested Zhao Quanlin, chairman of the Federation of Trade Unions. Subsequently, a number of secret communist offices were discovered, such as the Northern Bureau of the Communist Party of China (No. 10 Dapeng Hutong), the Military Committee of the Northern Bureau (No. 2 Key Hutong), and the Beijing Municipal Party Department of the Communist Party of China (No. 20 Yangwei Hutong). The warlord forces immediately organized people and horses to arrest Wang Hebo, member of the Provisional Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee and secretary of the Northern Bureau of the CPC Central Committee, and Liu Tizhuang and Yang Heyun, members of the Beijing Municipal Executive Committee of the CPC, from the above-mentioned secret organs.
The eighteen martyrs were moved to the Babaoshan Revolutionary Cemetery
Zhou Enlai personally attended the ceremony
After the founding of New China, when the people's government cleaned up the archives of the enemy and the fakes, it found the list of eighteen martyrs and found the place where they were buried. On December 11, 1949, the remains of 18 martyrs were collectively relocated to the Babaoshan Martyrs' Cemetery, and the main ceremony was also held, and Premier Zhou Enlai personally named it the "Eighteen Martyrs' Mausoleum". The day of the burial was just seventy days after the founding ceremony.
At the scene, there were "favored" members who asked about the origin of Wang Hebo and Zhou Enlai, and Wang Lanshun said that the two had worked together during the white terror period in Shanghai, and Wang Hebo was older than Zhou Enlai and was respected by Zhou Enlai as "big brother". In March 1927, when Wang Hebo participated in the third armed uprising of workers in Shanghai, he was responsible for forming a picket of railway workers and assisting Zhou Enlai, who was then the secretary of the Special Military Commission.
archives
Underground party organizations in Beijing were severely damaged
There are comrades in the Party who have rebelled
Regarding the mass arrest and massacre of communists by the reactionary forces in 1927, it is recorded in the first volume of the history of the Communist Party of China in Beijing, which reads: "... The warlords of the Feng clan dispatched military police to carry out a large-scale search and arrest of the Communists and revolutionary masses in Beijing, and the system of the Beijing Federation of Trade Unions was first destroyed... Li Bohai, a member of the municipal party committee, was arrested and betrayed the party organization, causing the destruction of the Northern Bureau of the CPC, the Beijing Municipal CPC Committee, and the Beijing Municipal Committee of the Communist Youth League. Wang Hebo, secretary of the CPC Northern Bureau, Duan Bochuan, secretary of the Central Military Commission, Wang Quanchen, secretary of the Beijing Municipal CPC Committee, Liu Tizhuang, Wang Guanglin, Wu Ke, Sheng Zhiquan, and dozens of others were arrested and brutally killed. ”
According to this information, the top leaders of the underground party of the Beijing Municipal Committee of the Communist Party of China at that time were basically all arrested.
A related account of this can also be seen in a Kuomintang archive, "How the Beijing Normal Police Department Handled the Submission to the Grand Marshal by the Communist Criminal Duan Bochuan and Others (November 8, 1927)": "... After the Communist Party's Beijing Municipal Party Headquarters was cracked at No. 20 Yangwei Hutong in Dongcheng, the Communist Party's Northern Bureau was broken at No. 10 Dapeng Hutong in Xicheng, the Communist Youth League was broken at No. 12 in Dongmenwai East Coal Plant Hutong, and the Organization Department of the Municipal Party Department was broken at No. 17 dongmenlou Hutong, and together with the Investigation Department, it cracked the Communist Military Commission at No. 2 Key Hutong in Xicheng, and reinstated at No. 10 Jizhao Hutong in Zhishanli, and successively obtained dozens of mouths of the party secretary and chairman of the party department who held important posts, as well as members and ministers, male and female party members, along with leaflets of evidence 2. Notices, mimeographing utensils, etc., are brought with them. (See figures (1) to (8))
The file shows that the reactionaries not only cracked the detailed addresses of many secret activities of the CCP's underground party organizations, but also obtained multiple pieces of evidence during the search. The identity and motives of the arrested party members are also detailed in the file: "Duan Bochuan: Duan Yiren, pseudonym Liao Xiaozhen, graduated from the Hankou Political Training Institute, came to Beijing to organize communist party organs, and is now serving as the secretary of the military committee (that is, the chairman) of the northern bureau of the communist party to prepare for military work." Wang Hebo: Wang Yixi, an executive member of the Party Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the All-China Railway Federation of Trade Unions, came to Beijing to rectify party affairs. Wang Jingchen: Li Youcai, executive member of the Beijing Municipal Party Department of the Communist Party of China and secretary of the Workers' Department, and executive member of the Federation of Trade Unions. ...... Liu Tizhuang: Pseudonym Li Zixiang, executive member of the Beijing Municipal Party Department of the Communist Party of China. ...... Duan Bochuan, a communist who had the highest mission of the Communist Party Department of the Central Committee, infiltrated the Beijing Division, secretly organized the Northern Bureau, the Military Commission, the Beijing Municipal Party Department, the Federation of Trade Unions, and various communist organs, actively straightened out party affairs, and served as chairman of the committee, chairman of the committee, and accountant and transportation in various important posts, picketed various teams in groups, hoped to arm a riot, took advantage of the opportunity to respond internally, plotted to attack our army, seized power, and implemented communism. ”
It can be said that this file shows that the reactionary authorities basically grasped and recorded the detailed positions of almost all underground party members in the Northern Bureau of the CPC at that time. Just as Wang Lanshun said during his search, after this difficulty, the underground party organization of the CPC in Beijing Municipality was seriously damaged, and the revolutionary cause suffered tremendous losses and blows.
Wang Lanshun mentioned that in October, the number of people arrested by the reactionary forces from the Northern Bureau down to the progressive masses reached more than 300, all of whom were tortured, and some comrades were released after taking photos of the reactionary police station. "More than fifty people were sentenced to prison and detained in the Artillery Bureau Army Prison, where these fifty comrades also insisted on propagating communism, and in 1928 more than thirty people successfully escaped from prison." This detail was recorded in a report written to the central leadership by Comrade Xiao Ming, director of the "Wang Hebo and Eighteen Other Martyrs' Burial Work Committee" after liberation.
At the end of 1927, two groups of Communists were killed by the reactionaries
Wang Jingchen once shouted "Long live the Communist Party" when he went to the execution ground.
Wang Lanshun mentioned that the Communist Comrades arrested in 1927 were shot and killed in two batches, and the first comrades were shot at the Tianqiao on the afternoon of October 24, 1927. In a post-New China post-Founding Document entitled "Briefing on the Search for the Corpses of Revolutionary Martyrs by the Municipal Workers' Federation", there is a description: "These revolutionary martyrs, shot and killed by the Beiyang warlord Zhang Zuolin, were divided into two batches in 1927, the first of which were: Zhao Quanlin, Yang Huigong, Lu Jinghe, Wang Wenjun, Chen Delin, Qian Xiuying (female), Dong Carpenter (name to be investigated), Wang Quanchen, Tian Weiqiang, Yang Baokun, and a total of ten others were shot and killed on the night of October 24, 1927, at tianqiao, buried on the south bank of the west moat outside the Yongding Gate. ”
When the first communists were killed, the warlord reactionary forces also forced Comrade Wang Jingchen to accompany him and witnessed the process of comrades in the party being escorted and executed. This detail was recorded in a report written to the central leadership by Comrade Xiao Ming, director of the "Wang Hebo and Eighteen Other Martyrs' Burial Work Committee" after liberation, as follows: "The reactionary police forced Comrade Wang Jingchen to accompany him, and shouted slogans such as overthrowing the reactionary government, long live the Communist Party, and so on along the way when they went to the execution ground." The audience was quite moved. ”
Wang Lanshun said: "The warlord reactionary forces did not expect that Wang Jingchen was a man of great righteousness, and that he was shouting slogans and treating death as if he were returning home, which attracted many passers-by to watch, as if it were a communist propaganda, which made the audience quite moved." Perhaps with this in mind, when the second group of Communists was later killed, the Warlord Reactionaries changed the time to 11 o'clock in the evening. ”
The ccp's original plan was to take advantage of the jin and feng warlord melee
Organize the arming of the workers and establish revolutionary power
At the end of September and the beginning of October 1927, the Jinfeng War occurred in North China. The Jin army of Fu Zuoyi occupied Zhuozhou and divided its troops into the areas of Changxindian, Mentougou, Gubeikou, and Miyun, and the plan of action of the Northern Bureau of the CPC Central Committee at that time was to take advantage of the empty city of The Fengjun to take advantage of the defeat of the Lugou Bridge to immediately hold an uprising to establish a Soviet government in Beijing and prevent the Jin army from entering Beijing. The contents of the leaflet secretly printed and distributed by the Northern Bureau aimed at the situation in which the Fengzhi warlord Zhang Zuolin and the Shanxi warlord Yan Xishan were engaged in a firefight in Baotou, Shijiazhuang, and other places, and the emptiness in Beijing, calling on "Beijing workers to quickly organize and arm themselves, and take advantage of the favorable opportunity of the shanxi and Fengzhi warlords to seize power." This activity was specifically arranged and arranged by Liu Tizhuang and Yang Heyun in accordance with the instructions of Wang Hebo, member of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee and secretary of the Northern Bureau of the CPC Central Committee.
In a file on the Kuomintang side, the confessions of Zhao Quanlin, the first arrested Communist Party member, can also be checked: "The last emergency circular was issued, regardless of the fact that there were more than three hundred printed leaflets, which were distributed to the organizers of various places for dispersion. Our plan with the municipal party department, this time the Feng army and Shanxi to fight, such as the Feng army defeated to the Lugou Bridge, that is, to start an incident, snatch guns, grain platforms, demolish the railway, occupy Beijing... Because Shanxi also killed our Communist Party, which is no different from Beijing and Shanghai, lingmeng was re-informed, and the confession was true. On October 11, the sixteenth year of the Republic of China, Zhao Quanlin, that is, Jin Lin, made another offering. ”
Because the addresses of the secret activities of the CCP's Northern Bureau were fully exposed and a large number of Communists were arrested, the plan failed.
Yan Yuhai, widow and landlord of the martyr Wang Jingchen
Provides important clues to the burial place
After the founding of New China, according to the 1949 "Briefing of the Municipal Trade Union on the Search for the Corpse of Comrade Hebo of the Revolutionary Martyr" and the "Report of the Municipal Trade Union on the Search for the Corpse of Comrade Hebo and Other Revolutionary Martyrs", through consulting the archives, conducting on-the-spot investigations, and investigating the insiders, under the guidance of the insiders Ma Runmin and Yan Yuhai, the corpses of martyr Wang Hebo and others were found.
Wang Lanshun added that Ma Runmin was Wang Jingchen's wife, and ma Runmin was also arrested in 1927 and later released. After Wang Jingchen was killed, Ma Runmin removed her husband's body and buried it. Yan Yuhai was the landlord of the East Barracks, and he was 60 years old when he searched for the bones of the martyrs. In 1949 after the founding of New China, although more than 20 years had passed since the eighteen martyrs were killed, there had been no particularly major change in the area around the East Barracks, and both of them had an impression of the burial place, which can be said to have provided an important clue for the people's government after the founding of New China to find the burial place of the eighteen martyrs.
In June 1949, a "Briefing of the Municipal Workers' Federation on the Search for the Corpses of Revolutionary Martyrs" written by Xiao Ming also had this description: "Comrade Zhizhen turned vice chairman of Zhou: ... Ma Runmin (female) was also arrested and imprisoned at that time, and her husband, Comrade Wang Jingchen, worked together with Comrade Hebo at that time, and was arrested and killed at the same time, and buried on the same place. Ma Runmin later removed his body. ...... At the same time, eighteen martyrs were buried in two places (very close together), eleven in one place and seven in one place. Comrade Hebo is within seven, according to the investigation comrades personally, Comrade Hebo buried the scene as a flat land, the landlord is the east barracks called Yan Yuhai, according to Ma Runmin and Yan Yuhai, it is still possible to find the bones, because there is a certain order when buried. It is said that Comrade Hebo is ranked first and his bones are particularly taller than others, and the landlord Yan Yuhai said that there was no big movement after the burial of the land. Comrade Duan Bochuan was second, An Xinsheng was third, Wang Jingchen was fourth, and Ma Runmin took out the body of her husband (Jingchen) from the fourth. ”
A special committee for the removal of the funeral
Eighteen martyrs were buried in porcelain altars
Wang Lanshun introduced that in order to properly complete the matter of relocating the loyal bones of the eighteen martyrs, the people's government has also specially set up a special burial committee. After the founding of New China, a document written by Xue Zizheng to Peng Zhen, Liu Ren, Zeng Zhi, and to the municipal party committee mentioned the establishment of a special relocation committee for the eighteen martyrs: "The issue of the relocation of martyr Wang Hebo has been raised for a long time, and it has been shelved in the middle, and at the end of March, the Central Organization Department, the Municipal Party Committee Organization Department, the Municipal Federation of Trade Unions, and the municipal government units were discussed again, and a relocation and burial committee was set up, and I was elected as the director, and on the first day of this month, I was officially put into office in the municipal government, and the general affairs, design, liaison, and clerical units were divided. The cemetery was chosen in the western suburbs of Babaoshan Original Huguo Temple, which is now changed to the People's Cemetery. The design of the cemetery is the remains of eighteen martyrs, with a porcelain altar to hide and bury a tomb, the tomb tree Han Dynasty jade stele, the stele on the book eighteen martyrs deeds. It is planned that the remains of the martyrs will be moved from near the temple of earth to the people's cemetery before the tenth day of this month, and a public sacrifice will be held on the tenth day, and then the public funeral will be immediately followed, and the organs stationed in Beijing will be invited to send personnel to the public sacrifice on this day. This kind of plan and budget (about 15,900 catties of millet) has been reported to the vice chairman of the week for instructions, and Chairman Liu has given instructions, and after the instructions are given, it will be followed. ”
After the remains of the martyrs were confirmed, the relevant personnel of the "Comrade Wang Hebo and Other Eighteen Martyrs Removal and Burial Committee" escorted the spirits from the municipal government to the East Barracks and escorted the bones of the martyrs to the temporary house of the Xiazhuang Huguo Temple in the western suburbs, that is, the Eight Treasure Mountain in the western suburbs. At this point, after 22 years, the heroic souls of eighteen martyrs were finally able to rest in peace.
This edition of the article / reporter Lei Ruotong