Author: Li Shenghua (Professor, Zhejiang Normal University, Zhejiang Studies Research Institute, Young Yangtze River Scholar, Ministry of Education)
In the Qing Dynasty, Zhejiang Studies made high achievements in classics, history, primary schools, geography, astronomical almanac, epigraphy, collation surveying, jishu studies, literature, etc., and had a deep impact on the academic development and evolution of the Qing Dynasty in the past three hundred years. During the Qianjia period, the Zhejiang Xueyi pulse was agitated by the wind and new changes, and it stood with the Wu school and the Anhui school, and Liang Qichao called it the "Zhejiang East School". From the Huangzong Xilizhou school in the early Qing Dynasty to the Puxue Zhejiang school after Qianlong, it constituted the mainstream of the evolution of Zhejiang studies in the Qing Dynasty. Huang Zongxi's "Records of Science" refers to the "Zhejiang School" specifically referring to the Yongjia and Yongkang schools. Nowadays, to avoid the confusion of the name, it is called the Puxue Zhejiang School. Its representative figures are Quan Zuwang, Zhang Xuecheng, Shao Jinhan, Hang Shijun, Li Hu, Lu Wenbi, Qi Zhaonan, Yan Kejun, Yao Wentian, Gong Zizhen, Yu Fan, Li Ciming, Zhu Yixin, Hong Yixuan, Huang Shisan, Huang Yizhou, Sun Yirang, Zhang Binglin and others. Important figures include Dong Bingchun, Lu Hao, Jiang Xueyong, Shen Curling, Wu Qian, Chen Feng, Huang Zhang, Huang Zhengqi, Feng Dengfu, Wu Dongfa, Wang Zicai, Feng Yunhao, Guan Tingfen, Yao Xie, Qi Xuebiao, Ping Buqing, Tao Fangqi, Tao Maoxuan, Shen Zengzhi, Li Shanlan, Zhang Zuonan, Wang Shaolan, Sun Yiyan, Fu Yili, Wang Di, Gong Orange, and others. Among them, Quan Zuwang, Zhang Xuecheng, and Shao Jinhan opened up the atmosphere and acted like a suzerain. Although the Zhejiang sect is mainly Composed of Zhejiang people, it was widely spread for a while. In recent times, scholars have been glued to the division between Wu and Anhui and the dispute between Han and Song, and it is inevitable to ignore the Zhejiang school. Because the Zhejiang school "investigates history" and has made outstanding achievements in historiography, it is called the Zhejiang Eastern Historiography school, despises its "economic history without distinction", and talks exclusively about historiography, so that it splits the whole.
Traditional Chinese classics are divided into Sinology and Song Studies. In short, Sinology emphasizes the interpretation of the evidence, and the Songxue emphasizes the interpretation of the nature theory. Qing Dynasty scholars each took the method of good Shang, or Shang Han, or good Song, or both Han and Song, and even more did not distinguish between Han and Song. After Qianlong, the dispute between the Han and Song dynasties became fierce, and there were wu and Anhui factions, and the lawsuits of the modern and ancient texts were divided. Scholars have discussed a great deal about the distinction between Wu and Anhui. Zhang Binglin's "Loushu Qingru" says: "He became a scholar of the system since the Qianlong Dynasty. One from Wu, one from southern Anhui. Wu Shihuidong, whose learning is good and knowledgeable and respected; Southern Anhui Shi Dai Zhen, a comprehensive name, ren referee. Liang Qichao's "Academic History of China in the Past Three Hundred Years" has the saying that "Hui and Dai divided the Qianjia school in the two schools", that is, there are two branches in the Chinese school, the Wu school is centered on Hui Dong, "Xingu is the banner", and the Anhui school is centered on Dai Zhen, and "qiu is the standard". Zhang and Liang also paid attention to the Zhejiang xueyi vein. Zhang Binglin summarized the study of Eastern Zhejiang in the Qing Dynasty from the study of historiography and "Etiquette": "However, since the end of the Ming Dynasty, there was the study of Eastern Zhejiang, and the brothers of Wan Si da and Si Tong were all Yin people, and the teacher Yu Yao Huang Zongxi said that the "Book of Rites", mixed chen Han and Song, and Si Tong respected the historical law alone. Later, Yu Yao Shao Jinhan and Yin Quanzu wang followed him, and especially good at saying the last will. Hui Ji Zhang Xuecheng is the "History of Literature" and "School Chicken" of the general meanings, in order to restore the xin, solid learning, its excellence over the "Stone". And those who say "Rites" are endlessly bound, dinghai yellow style three transmission of Zhejiang Dongxue, began to communicate with southern Anhui. His son wrote the Zhou Dynasty "Etiquette Book of Reasons", and the three generations of the system were determined. Liang Qichao said: "In addition, there is still a Yangzhou faction, and the leading figures are Jiao Litang (Xun) and Wang Rongfu (middle). The scope of their research is relatively extensive. There was a school in eastern Zhejiang, and the leading figures were Quan Xie shan (Zu Wang) and Zhang Shizhai (Xue Cheng), whose greatest contribution was in historiography. "The Zhang school does not speak, the Liang family explicitly stated, with Wu and Anhui as the mainstream, and Yang and Zhejiang as tributaries. Zhang Shi also talked about the history of the scriptures, and the Liang clan had a unique history.
Scholars are inferior to the Zhejiang school, and even classify it as a school of historiography, which is really inappropriate. As far as the Qing Dynasty is concerned, Zhejiang Studies is its important source, and the Zhejiang School and the Wu School and the Anhui School are three.
The zhejiang school is close to the source of Lizhou's learning. In terms of attitude towards the Han and Song dynasties, Lizhou belongs to the same faction, and the Zhejiang faction is more or less "Han and Song are not divided." The study of Sinology by beginners in the Qing Dynasty was quite different from the intention and path of Qianjia scholars, and it was inappropriate for the scholars of the Republic of China to simply regard Gu Yanwu as "the opening of sinology". However, the study of Sinology was a major key to the change of learning style in the early Qing Dynasty, tracing the near source of Qianjia's learning, when Huang Zongxi, Wan Sitong, Gu Yanwu, Wang Xuan, Yan Ruoxuan and others were pushed. Huang and Wanyuan came out of the Yao River of the Ming Dynasty and changed themselves. Huang and Gu Shang's knowledge are helpful. Yan Ruoxuan called himself Lizhou Private Lady. Liang Qichao's "Introduction to Qing Dynasty Scholarship" said that "the ancestor of historiography should be Tui Zongxi", and pointed out that Yan Ruoxuan and Hu Wei were influenced by Huang Zongxi. Zhejiang Xuesheng flourished in the two Zhejiang provinces and spread in Wuzhong. In terms of origin, Pu Xue has a relationship with Zhejiang Xue. The Southern Song Dynasty Lü Xue and Zhu Xue are very different, that is, Lü Xue is also a Han and Song, and it is more important than exhortation and literature. "Donglai literature" and "no distinction between scripture and history" set the tone of Zhejiang studies. Yang Ming Zhongxing Zhejiang Studies, reprimanded and examined according to non-strengths, and was covered up by talking about sexual reasoning. To the Lizhou school, the atmosphere has changed, reading is more important than the interpretation of the scriptures, the side of the history of the scriptures is on the literature, the distance is connected to the East Lai, the history of the classics is equally important, and the righteousness and evidence are also considered. Not only the Zhejiang faction followed, but the Wu and Anhui factions did not exceed the others.
In the dispute between Han and Song, Hui and Dai Chuanren each marked the portal, Fang Dongshu made "Sinology Shanghui" as the protector of Song Xue, and Jiang Fan made "Records of Sinology Teachers of the State Dynasty" as the protector of Sinology. Scholars also have those who reconcile the Han and Song dynasties, and there are those who do not distinguish between the Han and the Song. The Zhejiang sect belongs to the latter, re-exhortation and examination, and at the same time does not waste the interpretation of sexual theory. Because "the Han and Song dynasties are not divided", the Zhejiang faction does not like to participate in the dispute between the Han and the Song. Gong Zizhen even jumped out of the lawsuits of the Han and Song dynasties and marked "Qingxue". The "Notes on the Screen with Jiang Zi" says: "Seek truth from facts, the same throughout the ages", "This dynasty has its own learning, not Sinology." There are Han people who open the door slightly and get closer to the secret, and there are Han people who have not opened the door. It is said that Sinology is not very willing", "If you take Han and Song as a confrontation, it is especially not a generous word." Why don't the Han people talk about the Tao of Sex", "Why don't the Song people talk about the famous things and exhortations", "Not Han and not Song, but only what it is", "The study of the beginning of the country is different from the study since the beginning of Qianlong." At the beginning of the country, the people did not set up a portal for sinology, and the general purpose was not differentiated." Zizhen's so-called "non-Han and non-Song", that is, "Han and Song are not distinguished", because he did not like to attach the study of Qing Confucianism to Han and Song, so Chang said "Qing xue". In his opinion, Qianjia's monopoly on the portal of Sinology is no more advanced than that of the Qing beginners. This view is not unrelated to the inheritance of Zhejiang studies. Zizhen re-examines the ancient and modern academic system and the source of Qingxue, expresses his own opinions, and wants to reopen the learning of inclusiveness, non-distinction between scripture and history, and application of the world. Qian Mutuizui honored Gong's merits in opening up the atmosphere, and the "Academic History of China in the Past Three Hundred Years" pointed out that Gong Zizhen was "one of the people who opened the atmosphere", "Therefore, in the spirit of Changzhou's study, it will tend to be light on the ancient scriptures and emphasize the current politics, then it will be fixed on his eyebrows." He also said, "Ding'an is a study, and its ancestors ruled the history of the present, and their pawns were not exempt from the rule of the scriptures and the ancients; their rulers were also the masters of the great righteousness who ruled the Way, and their pawns were not exempt from trivialities and held their small things." Since the "Six Classics" of eastern Zhejiang are all histories, one turned into the great righteousness of the Changzhou ram; and from the great righteousness of Changzhou, and then folded and died deeply in line with the jintan and Gaoyou's primary school teachings, this is the study of The Ding'an." The discussion is quite eye-catching, but forget that Gong Shi is a descendant of Zhejiang learning, integrated into all families, changing the learning of Changzhou, and also has its own reasons, and Gong Shi Zhi Jing is not a beautiful ancient, covered in "the history of the scriptures does not distinguish".
Generally speaking, the Zhejiang school inherited the tradition of "no distinction between scripture and history", emphasizing practical learning, and comprehensively learning, and at the same time was deeply influenced by the atmosphere of Qianjia classics, and was known for its examination and interpretation. Its self-contained atmosphere has five main characteristics: First, it retrains and examines evidence, and does not waste the interpretation of sexual theory. I don't like to talk about sexual theory, so I re-read the book. I don't like to specialize in the ugliness of chapters and sentences, so I emphasize the interpretation of sexual theory. The second is to "investigate history" and "the Six Classics are all histories", and the history of history has been mutually corroborated, and the achievements of historiography have been remarkable. In the Southern Song Dynasty, The Revival of Zhejiang Studies, Lü Zuqian, Chen Liang, Ye Shi, etc. were all masters of "no distinction between history and scripture". Yang Ming's faction was not the director, but Yang Ming told the disciple Xu Ai: "The Five Classics are also history. To Zhang Xuecheng, the Wenshi Tongyi Yijiao Shang says: "The Six Classics are all histories", "The ancients did not try to deviate from the matter and reason". The third is to emphasize practicality, examine historical facts, and be clear about the control of chaos, which is not only a way to learn, but also the meaning of ruling the world. Qian Mu's "Academic History of China in the Past Three Hundred Years" laments that Gu Yanwu thought that the "Ming Dao" and "salvation of the world" were considered by later Confucians to "forget his teachings of 'doing one's own', and to teach his 'Bowen' teachings, he had lost half for half." And those who think they are bloggers abandon their study of the Tao and the salvation of the world, and who specialize in preaching scriptures and practicing knowledge, they lose half of them in the middle." Qianjia scholars focused on exhortations and had socio-political elements. The Zhejiang school is not far from this general trend, but it is used by the world by governing history, so it is different from the Wu school and the Anhui school. As the "Literature and History Tongyi Zhejiang Eastern Academic" said: "Historiography is therefore the end of the world, and it is not empty words to write", "The writers of the later words, who sacrifice the present and seek the ancient, and give up the nature of human affairs, I do not know." Qian Mu's "Academic History of China in the Past Three Hundred Years" lists an entry in "Classics and Historiography", commenting: "Shi Zhai's "Literature and History Tongyi" sang the saying that 'the Six Classics are all history', so he saved the scribes at that time from practicing and examining the evils of seeking the Tao. "The fourth is to inherit Lü Zuqian and Wang Yinglin, close to Huang Zongxi and Wan Sitong, and attach importance to the search and compilation of literature. Fifth, the comprehensive meeting is eclectic, one person often has the same long study, the study of exhortations, historical evidence, primary school rhymes, jinshi characters, collation surveys, astronomical almanacs, many involved hunters, Shao Jinhan, Ping Buqing, Sun Yirang and other people are all, not like the Wu school, The Anhui school has many specialized homes.
The achievements of the Zhejiang school are not inferior to the Wu school and the Anhui school, but they have not received enough attention for a long time. Pi Xirui's "History of Classics" takes the Compilation of Books, The Fine School Survey, and the Tong Primary School as the "Three Things" for the Qing Confucian Meritorious Learning, and lists all the families, and the Zhejiang school figures only list Lu Wenbi's Fine School Survey and Yan Kejuntong Primary School. Jiang Fan's "Records of the Sinologists of the State Dynasty" only deals with Lu Wenbi and Shao Jinhan, saying that Lu Wenbi was transferred by Dai Zhen and "immersed himself in Sinology" and even forgot his transmission of Zhejiang studies; he said that Shao Jinhan heard qian Daxin talk about the history of the Song Dynasty, but wrote the "Southern Capital Chronicle", and did not examine the lineage of historiography of eastern Zhejiang. Zhang Binglin, Liang Qichao, and Qian Mu did not have a comprehensive understanding of the Zhejiang faction, but they undoubtedly far surpassed Jiang Fan. Liang Qichao's "Introduction to Qing Dynasty Scholarship" talks about the achievements of Pu Xue, and has repeatedly written about scholars of the Zhejiang School. Historical examinations cite Sun Yirang's Zhou Li Zhengyi, Shao Jinhan's Erya Justice, Jin Yan's "Qiu Gu Lu Li Zhi Shu", and Huang Yi Zhou's Li Shu Tong Gu; Phonology examples include Yao Wentian's "Speaking of Wen Sheng", Yan Kejun's "Speaking of Wen Sheng", Zhang Binglin's "Discussion on the Balance of the Ancient Causes of the Country"; the canonical system examples of Hong Yixuan's "Answers to questions in the Palace Room of the Li Jing" and Huang Yizhou's "LiShu Tonggu"; in terms of historiography, with the most achievements of quanzuwang, hong Yixuan's "Examination of TheOries of History", Liang Yusheng's "History Of History", Hang Shijun's "Supplementary Notes on the Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms", and Qi Zhaonan's "Records of the Three Kingdoms" Chronology of The Emperors of past Dynasties, Qian Yiji's "Chronicle of Supplementary Jin Soldiers", Zhang Xuecheng's "Literature and History Tongyi", Vance Tong's "Ming History Draft", etc.; In terms of water and land, for example, Quan Zuwang's "Water Classic Annotation Correction", Zhao Yiqing's "Water Classic Annotation", Qi Zhaonan's "Outline of Waterways", "Hanzhi Waterway Evacuation Certificate", etc.; Jin Shixue examples include Hong Yixuan's "Pingjinguan Reading Stele" and Yan Kejun's "Iron Bridge Golden Stone Trek"; school surveying examples include Lu Wenbi's "Yizhou Shu", "Spring and Autumn Fanlu", Quan Zuwang's "Water Classics Annotation", Sun Yao's "Mozi", Liang Yusheng's "Lü's Spring and Autumn", Yan Kejun's "Shenzi" and "Shangjun Shu", Hong Yixuan's "Bamboo Book Chronicle", "Mu Tianzi's Biography", Ding Qian's "Mu Tianzi's Biography"; Examples of Zhuzi Studies are Yu Fan's "Zhuzi Pingyi", Hong Yixuan's "Guan Zi YiZhi", and Sun Yixuan's "Mozi Jian Zhen". Liang's classification is described, citing its authors, although it is too brief, the achievements of the Zhejiang school are summarized from this. Because of the emphasis on the Wu and Anhui schools and the writings of the Zhejiang school, it is a pity that the "flanking front" has emerged.
The rise of Zhejiang learning runs through the beginning of Qingxue. Qingxue began to rise, Huang Zongxi started to start Duanxu, Qingxue came to an end, and Zhang Binglin was the orthodox "palace army". The Pu Xue Zhejiang school originated from Lizhou, and was instigated by the Wu and Anhui factions, and Jia Dao then changed from time to time. Of course, the Zhejiang school also has a more obvious regionality, and its spread is not as widespread as yangming's learning.
Guangming Daily (2019.07.27.11 edition)