Tong Daqing
Xuancheng Historical and Cultural Research, No. 041
After the Manchu Qing Dynasty entered the Central Plains, in order to suppress the resistance of the broad masses of the Han people, they repeatedly built up literary prisons in an attempt to suppress people's thinking. In the early Qing Dynasty, large and small tragedies caused by literal prisons occurred from time to time. Although Xuancheng is secluded in Jiangnan and far from the political center, it is also constantly affected by the prison of words. For example, during the revision of the "Four Libraries of the Whole Book" during the Qianlong period, Xuancheng's poetry collection "Wanya" was included in the "Four Libraries Forbidden Bibliography" because "the first compilation contained quotations from Li Zhen and Wu Sugong's quotations that should be removed, the second compilation had Qian Qianyi's comments and violated them, and the third compilation had Qian Qianyi's comments, and Wu Sugong's poems should be removed"; Shen Shoumin's "Gushan Relics Collection" and Zhan Yi's "Manuscript of the Clean Body Hall" were also included in the "Four Libraries Forbidden Bibliography" because they "had slanderous and obstructed the sarcastic sentences", and the original version was destroyed, "with absolute roots". Due to the long history of time and the high pressure of the Qing rulers, people often kept secrets, and many people and things related to the literal prison gradually disappeared into the haze of history. The author tries to connect fragments of history into pieces from the complicated historical books to entertain lovers of literature and history.
<h1 class = "pgc-h-arrow-right" > 1, Zan died in prison due to poetry</h1>
Although the anti-Qing struggles in the early Qing Dynasty all ended in failure, intellectuals with conscience always expressed their inner dissatisfaction and resentment with their maverick deeds. Zan is one of them.
Zan quality, the word is undoubted, the number of Shi Tingzi, Xuancheng Zan village people. We know very little about the life of Zan, and we can only get a glimpse of it from the "Preface to the Poetry of Shi Tingzi" by Chen Weisong, a great poet in the early Qing Dynasty.
In Chen Weisong's eyes, Zan Qian was a strange person. He has a peculiar appearance: "Long body with a knotted throat, a narrow and slightly qian, and a short shape like a square house"; his behavior is peculiar: "His life is quite vulture, his life is quite ugly, his life is discordant, his sex is narrow, his intentions are not in line, he turns around, and he murmurs and scolds." "Writing poems peculiarly: "All day long to stir the stomach, the sound of the teeth as poetry, such as the jianquan strikes the object and the owl fights the ghost also; such as the XiangWang war drama, the sound of gold and iron are also sounding; the miserable is like the cold of the prisoner, and the widow cries at night." ”
In Chen Weisong's eyes, Zan Qian is a person with a personality. In the first year of Shunzhi (1644), Zan And Chen Weisong met in Jinling, the mountains and rivers were still the same, things were not people, the two read each other's poems, only to hold their heads and cry. "That's it! Who knows the two of us in this world? The deep pain of home and country stimulated Zan, and his poems became intense. Mei Shicai once advised him to "throw a chant as a curse to the body, and to put his tongue in his mouth is a zhigu", but Zan And his poems have not changed in the slightest.
Zan was extremely poetic, "his talents were like rhinoceros bead shells, dansha green feathers, gem qi ban barges, absolutely valuable", deeply appreciated by friends and confidants, and had contacts with many famous princes and princes at that time. Guichi Wu Yingji once gave him a poem praising him: "Kansai Jie has been exhausted, and Jiang Zuozi is well-known." ”
Zan loves poetry, and he loves poets. In the thirteenth year of Ming Chongzhen (1640), Zan Qian was hired by Chen Zhenhui, one of the "Four Princes of the Late Ming Dynasty", to teach his second son Chen Zongshi in Yixing (now part of Jiangsu), and although his eldest son Chen Weisong was not among his students, Zan Qian only saw his various "bad" behaviors: "for money, white fighting, playing chess, five gambling and jumping miscellaneous plays", he still unceremoniously reprimanded him, "counting and scolding, until his head and neck were red." But he also liked Chen Weisong's poetry, as long as Chen Weisong could come up with a few good poems, Zan Qian would immediately stop scolding, "TiYu's poems and songs."
Zan Qian composed a lot of poems, but poetry was only a tool for him to vent his inner emotions, "Shi Ting did not cherish himself, and he had nothing to avoid. The poems are scattered between the walls, and they are not cleaned up, and people do not cherish them very much. Before his death, Zan had entrusted his poetry collection to a friend, but his friend was afraid of getting into trouble and threw his poetry collection into the dung pit.
It is difficult for us to see his poems now, and I have found only a few in "Wanya" and "Zancun Zan Clan Genealogy", but in his poems, we can neither see "Yuqu Sound Teeth", nor "Golden Iron Sounding", "Widow Crying at Night", maybe this is just the compilers of "Wanya" and "Zan Clan Genealogy" deliberately doing it to avoid disasters. Some of his poems are just the thoughts of the old garden of "seeing the moon and thinking of the old stream, the vast cold tide is wide", the pleasure of the village dwelling of "the small city fish salt and thatch shop is warm, and the bay of cows and horses and grass lakes is fragrant", the confidant joy of "good night Dan drama talks, who is known as knowing the sound less", although from time to time there is also the sadness of "embracing the sorrow of the ancient and the modern, singing and chasing Lin Xiao" and the pain of "laolao que mo look at the road, the wind and rain leave the people and always break the intestines", but they are always not far from the poet's gentle and generous poetry.
However, Zan Qian eventually caused trouble because of the poem. In the first month of the sixth year of Shunzhi (1649), he did not know what poetry he was, nor did he know what people had denounced, and Zan was imprisoned in Xuancheng County. In the big prison, Zan Still maintained his maverick behavior: "Reading the "Chronicle of History" day and night, if there is no one around," the other prisoners laughed at him: "You are a prisoner, what other books do you read?" He still didn't squint, scolding and reading at the same time. Perhaps unable to bear the inhuman torture in prison, or perhaps he thought that he had no physiology, and soon Zan Qian hanged himself in prison.
A generation of strange people, a generation of poets, has thus perished in the prison of words! Wu Qi, a Yiren, once wrote a poem to mourn: "Curse you to sit and balance as a talent, and when you are worried, Du Fu has a hundred laments." Filler wave has hatred from people laughing, angry arms ignorant and worldly guessing. Tears stained the back of the cow's clothes, and the qi crippled dragon sword in prison. Everyone wants to kill many things, and they are worried about their own death. "Its sorrowful husband!
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > II, Li Huan and Zhuang Tingxin "Ming History Case"</h1>
The forty-first time in Jin Yong's "Deer DingJi", "Yuyang Agitates Heaven to Be Drunk, and it is Too Late to Regret The Governor", wu zhirong fu jie: "Wu Zhirong stared at the name on the spirit plate, only to see that the names written on the spirit tablets were: Zhuang Yuncheng, Zhuang Tingxin, Li Lingxi, Cheng Weifan, Li Huan, Wang Zhaozhen, Mao Yuanxi... The names on more than a hundred spiritual tablets were all executed by the imperial court for their own reports and for the case of the History of Ming. Wu Zhirong could only see eight or nine names, and his soul was already flying out of the sky. The Li Huan mentioned in the book is the Xuancheng man who was killed because of Zhuang Tingxin's "Ming Shi Case".
Li Huan (李桓), also known as Li Huan (李桓), was the thirty-first jinshi of the Third Rank in the ninth year of Shunzhi (1652), and the eleventh year of Shunzhi (1654) as the governor of Fuzhou Prefecture, Jiangxi. He once donated to build the Fuzhou Capital City God Temple, served as an examiner for the Jiangxi Township Examination, and won the fifteenth year (1658) huiyuan of The Reign of Zhongshun after Zhang Zhensheng, and became famous for a while. In the spring of the seventeenth year of Shunzhi (1660), he was reappointed as the governor of Huzhou Prefecture in Zhejiang.
When Li Huanfu arrived in Huzhou, he encountered a tricky case. Huzhou people Shen Rong and Shen Chongxi were executed for their participation in Li Zhichun's so-called "Jiangnan Rebellion" against the Qing Dynasty and restoration of the Ming Dynasty, and his son Shen Shu province was at large. The deputy prince of Bao, who had been dismissed from his post, had always been a scoundrel and thought that it was profitable, so he falsely accused Shen Hongzai of harboring Shen Shu Province, but he repeatedly accused him of not being allowed to file a case until May 24, 1661, the eighteenth year of Shunzhi (1661). The case was remanded to Huzhou for trial, and Li Huan said: "This book has been submitted to the Department of Communications, the Ministry of Rites, and the Three Courts of The Imperial Household, and he is not a secretary; the government and the county have already sealed the case, who is willing to admit it?" "The original judgment is still upheld. Wang Shi had no choice but to instruct his son Wang Chun to enter Beijing in June of the first year of the Kangxi Dynasty (1662) to re-accuse Li Huan and other corrupt people.
Unexpectedly, this case has not yet been concluded, and a larger case has occurred under the rule of Li Huan, which is the "Ming History Case" of Zhuang Tingxin, which shook the government and the opposition.
Zhuang Tingxin was born in a wealthy merchant family in Nanxun, Huzhou, with a small talent, and was admitted to the Gongsheng at the age of nineteen. Unfortunately, later, due to the blindness of the disease and the difficulty of rewarding ambition, he wanted to do the same "history" as Zuo Qiuming, so that he could flow for hundreds of years. It just so happened that his family had a manuscript of the "History of Ming" written by the former Ming Zhu Guozhen, so he gathered people to compile it by hand. In the winter of the seventeenth year of Shunzhi, the book was published. In order to expand his influence, Zhuang Tingheng also had eighteen Wuyue celebrities at the front of the book as references, but Lu Ji, Zha Jizuo, Fan Jun, and others had never seen this book, so in December of this year, they submitted their resignation to Hu Shangheng, a scholar of Zhejiang Province, and Hu Shangheng ordered Hu Junsong, a professor of Huzhou Fuxue, to investigate thoroughly, and Zhao Junsong found out dozens of slanderous words, but zhuang Yincheng, the father of Zhuang Tingxin, was beaten up and down, and the matter was temporarily dismissed.
Before Zhuang Tingxin published the "History of Ming", he reported to the Three Gates of the Ministry of Rites, the Metropolitan Inspection Bureau, and the Department of Communications and Politics, and was allowed to print it, but Li Huan believed that "since it is inspected by the Ministry and the People's Procuratorate, it is not a reverse book" and did not pay attention to it. Who knew that in the first year of the Kangxi Dynasty, Li Tingshu and Wu Zhirong failed to extort money, and then exposed this matter. As a result, more than 70 people over the age of 15 in Zhuang Tingxin's family were beheaded, implicating more than 1,000 victims.
At that time, all local officials in Huzhou were also executed, and in May of the second year of the Kangxi Dynasty (1663), Li Huan was beheaded for "concealment", and the people who were also killed were Tang Dafu, a Jingde engraver, and Li Xiangfu, an indian worker. Volume V of Yang Fengbao's "Autumn Room Collection" says: "The officials of the Ministry of The Imperial Household are afraid of sin, and they are killing Huan to extinguish their mouths." "The city gate caught fire, affecting the pond fish, and Li Huan became a victim of the Qing Dynasty literary prison.
<h1 class= "pgc-h-arrow-right" > third, Li Chaohai's "Wusheng Lipin Collection" case</h1>
Li Chaohai is a native of Xuancheng County, a martial arts student in Ningguo Province, who "knows the meaning of the text roughly and is self-righteous", but he has repeatedly participated in the township examination and failed to pass the examination, so that his family property has been exhausted, and he cannot help but have a depressed and uneven atmosphere in his heart. With uneven hearts, it was natural to write a text, so Li Chaohai wrote a policy called "The Theory of The Whole Material of Literature and Martial Arts", which was presented to The Anhui Xuezheng Shuangqing who inspected the Ningguo Mansion in the thirty-first year of Qianlong (1766). After Shuang Qing saw it, he was also kind and kind, knowing the temper and bitterness of this class of martial arts students, but it was just a complaint, and it was not a big problem, so he did not pursue it, but just laughed.
After three years, another government examination was opened, and according to the custom, Anhui Xuezheng was bound to come to Ningguo Mansion for inspection. In February of the thirty-fourth year of Qianlong (1769), Li Chaohai sent thirty-six articles, including the "Treatise on the Complete Materials of Literature and Martial Arts" that he had previously submitted, and asked his nephew Li Shangqing, son-in-law Feng Guixin, and cousin Li Huarui to transcribe them on his behalf, and sorted them and bound them into six volumes, which were named "Wusheng Lipin Collection", and prepared to once again devote himself to the scholar and political master in order to be born.
Unexpectedly, this time, the Anhui Xuezheng who came to Ningguo To study was replaced by Suo Qiluofeng. On March 28, Defeng arrived in Xuancheng. On April 1, Li Chaohai presented this book with a moral style, "begging for gifts". At that time, the prison wind of writing was blowing tightly, and the german wind was naturally a little allergic, "I am afraid that there are illegal words and sentences in the collection of his works." Therefore, he carefully checked and nitpicked, and finally let him see a number of violating words and phrases in the articles such as "The Theory of The Complete Material of Literature and Martial Arts", "The Theory of Both Literature and Martial Arts", "The Theory of Storing Materials and Defending the Sea", "Jiuyou Ming", "Feeling Loyal Dream", and so on, such as "Those who can use martial arts in the world can be used or not, mo is more important at this time", "Heavy is heavy for the king, light is light for the king, if He Wen is heavy on martial arts, he loses the heart of the world's dry city in one word", and there are words such as "Daming Jinshi".
Defeng immediately became nervous, believing that Li Chaohai was "a member of the Qing dynasty and should be kept by his duties," but he actually "dared to act as a work in vain, and it was really illegal to fallacy about the bureaucracy," and immediately took the following "decisive" measures: (1) Stripping Li Chaohai of his identity as a martial artist and handing over to the Ningguo government to sentence Peng Xuchu to be strictly guarded; (2) ordering Xie Qibing, zhixian county, xuancheng County, to study and instruct Zhou Hao and Jiang Shijie of the county to go to Li Chaohai's home to conduct a careful search, "is there any other fallacy and all the prohibited books?" ;(3) Transferred to Anhui Governor Funihan for strict interrogation; (4) On April 7, the Qianlong Emperor played the song and presented "all the words such as false births, and the stickers were presented to the imperial catalogue with the whole book".
On April 15, Fu Nihan, the inspector of Anhui, also hurried to play the Qianlong Emperor. On April 24, the Qianlong Emperor issued an edict: "Li Chaohai was born as a slight warrior, but because he was indignant and could not advance, he dared to write a book in vain and make his birthday remarks... It is imperative not to punish the wicked without strict punishment. The author of the edict Funihan immediately searched for the illegal handwriting of the criminal, interrogated him strictly, and prepared the instrument according to the law, without any appeasement. ”
When Funihan got the order, he sent people to "fly Li Chaohai to the province to investigate the news," and on the other hand, he "advised the government to conduct another personal search and not to make any omissions." As a result, di Yongzhen, the prefect of Ningguo Prefecture, "personally went to Li Chaohai's house to search one by one, and there were only scripture books and account books, etc., and there were no prohibited books and crazy illegal handwriting, which was no different from what Xuancheng County had investigated." ”
On May 1, Li Chaohai was escorted to Anqing, and Funehhan, together with the envoy Chen Huizu and the envoy Xu Shan, "carefully pushed and shoved", but Li Chaohai still insisted that "because of repeated unsuccessful attempts, depression and boredom, complaining and mixing, and there is no one else to participate in... It is because of ignorance, ignorance, and ignorance, and the commission of grievances, and slanders the current politics. ”
On May 19, Funihan had no choice but to hastily conclude the case: Li Chaohai made a hasty decision on the example of "writing and posting heretical words in vain to incite people's hearts and minds"; Li Shangqing and Feng Guixin "obeyed the instructions of the honorable commander and copied on their behalf, although they were firm and did not know the meaning of the text, but took the liberty of copying on behalf of them"; according to the law, "eighty staffs, and then add shackles for a month"; Li Huaxuan "only copied the catalog, not the birth words" and was exempted from punishment; Zhou Fu, an instructor of Ningguo Prefecture, and others "usually did not notice, they were drowning" and dismissed from their official posts; the former Anhui Xuezheng Shuangqing did not play Li Chaohai's "Book of Contents, Not Birthday Words"; Zhou Fu, an instructor of Ningguo Province, was "usually unaware and drowned in his duties" and dismissed from his official post; his predecessor Anhui Xuezheng Shuangqing did not play Li Chaohai's "Book of Contents" A policy of "The Theory of The Whole Material of Literature and Martial Arts", submitted to the Ministry of Deliberation.
As soon as the literal prison case of Suga's life was drafted, it was thus formed.
(The author is executive vice president and secretary general of Xuancheng City History and Culture Research Association)
Production: Tong Daqing