Preface: The most characteristic of qing dynasty classics is sinology, and the so-called sinology of the Qing Dynasty refers to the study of the Han Dynasty. As Song Studies gradually became disliked by the world, people began to trace the Han Dynasty and study the study of the Han Dynasty. In addition, the School of Sinology is very much advocating Pu Xue, in short, Pu Xue is a closed door and a poor scripture, focusing on evidence. Under the admiration of Qing Dynasty scholars for Pu Xue, Sinology began to become a study of practical application. Therefore, the Consistent Principle of the Sinology School is to seek truth from facts. The term "seeking truth from facts" first came from the "Hanshu Hejian Xianwang Biography", that is, the study of governance must start from facts, not just empty talk. This is the academic proposition of the Han school of the Qing Dynasty.
Portrait of Zhu Yizun
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > the development of sinology in the early Qing Dynasty: the first sign of sinology</h1>
Through changes, jingxue developed into the era of Yan Ruoxuan, Zhu Yizun, Hu Wei and others, all of whom were scholars at the beginning of the beginning of sinology. However, they are not pure sinologists. For example, Yan Ruoxuan was born in Song Xue, but he never blindly obeyed Cheng Zhu Lixue, but personally examined the scriptures one by one to do learning. Yan Ruoxuan has a very famous book called "Shangshu Ancient Texts And Evidence". The ancient Wen Shang Shu, which has been widely circulated in history, was compiled during the Eastern Jin Dynasty and was used for many years.
During the Song Dynasty, Zhu Xi and others began to suspect that there were forgeries mixed in the Ancient Literature and Shangshu, and Yan Ruoxuan conducted in-depth research on this and identified their forgeries one by one. However, this is all based on Zhu Zi's suspicions. In addition, Yan Ruoxuan also authored the Four Books of Interpretation. Although Song Xue studied the four books, in the future, pure Sinology only studied the Analects and Mencius, and did not study the University and the Zhongyong. Yan Ruoxuan was still studying the Four Books, which showed that he had not yet left Song Xue.
Portrait of Moltke Ling
In the early Qing Dynasty, Mao Qiling was a native of Xiaoshan, and his learning was mostly influenced by Wang Yangming. Because he came from Lu Wangxin's study, he attacked Cheng Zhu Lixue in every way, and because he criticized Zhu Xi's theory, he also opposed Yan Ruoxuan's Shangshu Guwen Shuzhi. Yan Ruoxuan gradually became sinology, and although Mao Qiling came from the Luwang school, he also gradually became sinology.
In short, during the Kangxi period, capable scholars emerged. Song Xue and other empty learning styles based on lectures were fiercely criticized; the signs of the prosperity of Sinology began to appear. In addition, Zhang Erqi studied etiquette; Zhu Yizun studied the outlines of the scriptures and wrote the famous Jingyi Examination; and Hu Wei deeply studied the geographical content of the Book of Shang and part of the Zhou Yi. Although these people are not pure Sinology, they have opened up a simple and unpretentious and truth-seeking style of learning, laying the foundation for the development of Sinology.
Works by Hu Wei
< h1 class= "pgc-h-arrow-right" > the development of sinology in the Qianlong period: sinology reached its heyday. What are the schools of sinology in the Qianlong period? </h1>
Since then, Sinology has continued to grow and develop, gradually becoming a climate. At the same time, due to the difference in region, teacher inheritance, and family learning, Sinology was divided into different schools, mainly the Wu school and the Anhui school, and other schools also included the Yangzhou school, the Min school, the Zhejiang east school, and the Changzhou school. From the Wu school to the Changzhou school, they all belonged to the heyday of sinology, and the above many schools were formed in the heyday of sinology.
The heyday of Sinology began during the Qianlong period. During the Kangxi Dynasty, it was still under the heavens of Song Xue. Although there were Gu Yanwu at the beginning, and then there were Yan Ruoxuan, Mao Qiling and others, but overall it was still the world of Song Xue. Moreover, the Kangxi Emperor greatly respected Song Xue, and was surrounded by Li Guangdi, a famous minister of Song Xue. Although he was not called a teacher, the Kangxi Emperor often discussed learning with him.
However, during the Qianlong period, the academic trend suddenly shifted from Song studies to sinology. Although Qianlong received an education in Song Studies since childhood, he advocated learning and read widely. Over time, the folk study style has also changed.
Hui Zhouti's "Poetry"
The first person listed in the "Wu Sect", Hui Zhou Ti, was the founder of the Wu Sect. Although Hui Zhou Ti had not yet escaped the style of Song learning, by the time of the third generation of Hui Dong, Sinology had been truly established. Wyeth is a family of Suzhou classics, passed down from three generations and has a far-reaching influence. Yu Xiaoke, Jiang Sheng, and others were deeply influenced by Huidong; Wang Mingsheng, Qian Daxin, and others who also ruled the history of the classics were also deeply influenced by Huidong. Yu Xiaoke and Jiang Sheng were directly influenced by it; Wang Mingsheng and Qian Daxin were indirectly influenced by it.
Next is the "Anhui School", where "Anhui" refers to Anhui, which crosses the Yangtze River. South of the Yangtze River, there are many deep mountains, and the folk customs are stubborn and strong. The Anhui sect arose here, and the central figure of the Anhui faction, Dai Zhenshi, chengjiangyong. Jiang Yongzhi learned from the Han and Song dynasties, inherited the learning of Gu Yanwu, and conducted a more detailed study of some of Gu Yanwu's learning.
Dai Zhen's "Four Volumes of the Sound Rhyme Examination"
By the time of Dai Zhen, his knowledge had developed tremendously. The reason for this is that until now, although the methods of Gu Yanwu and others were said to be truth-seeking, they were very vague and vague, and there was no formation of family law or teacher law. The so-called family law and teacher law refer to the systematic method of learning of a certain school. During the Han Dynasty, each family had a special academic study, and those who studied the I Ching only studied the I Ching, and those who studied the Book of Books also only studied the Book of Books, and each had its own family law.
Therefore, research must be carried out within the constraints of the family law. Qing dynasty scholars inherited this practice, advocating that the study of governance cannot be without the teacher's law, nor can it be without the family law. However, the qing dynasty's teacher and family law were slightly different from those of the Han Dynasty. During the Han Dynasty, if you study the I Ching, you can only teach the learning that you have inherited; when you study the Book of Books, you can only teach the learning that you have inherited. There are two or three more families who study the Book of Books, with different methods and their own traditions.
By the time of the Qing Dynasty, the teacher and family laws had become more academic and systematic. The person who laid the foundation for this was Dai Zhen. Some of Gu Yanwu's learning, such as the traditional language phonology known as primary school in China, has become its own family law, but all the learning has a family law, and the formation of a set of universal laws began with Dai Zhen.
Dai Zhen can be described as one of the representative figures of Sinology in the Qing Dynasty, and his status is extremely important. Dai Zhen did not have a long life span, only lived in his fifties, but his academic status was very high. Dai Zhen inherited Gu Yanwu's research and specialized in linguistic phonology. Why is the study of linguistic phonology important? When studying events two or three thousand years ago, Song scholars often interpret ancient texts in terms of modern meanings, while the Sinology school advocates that ancient languages must be interpreted in ancient terms.
Seismic Images
Therefore, the study of language becomes necessary. The West calls the study of language linguistics linguistics, while in China it is called primary school. Elementary schools have both the study of glyphs and the study of the sounds of characters, which are divided into three parts: text, phonology, and exegesis. The research rules of primary school began with Gu Yanwu and were established by Jiang Yong and Dai Zhen.
In addition, Jiang Yong and others had begun to pay attention to etiquette at this time. Later, Dai Zhen and others laid a more accurate foundation for some etiquette. Among the liturgical studies, the "Record of Examination Workers" is the most difficult. The Records of the Examiners describe the manufacturing methods of tools of the Zhou Dynasty. For example, how to make cars, how to make bells, how to make wood and bronze. If you don't know this, it is impossible to really understand the life of the Zhou Dynasty. Dai Zhen realized the importance of this research and began to study the "Record of Examination Workers", examining the tools actually used at that time and all the physical objects related to life. However, because there were few excavations at that time, he mainly studied from books.
In addition to phonology and exegesis, Dai Zhen also paid attention to the study of ideas, and wrote the book "Mencius Character Meaning Neglect Evidence", which examined whether the remarks of the Song scholars faithfully explained the ideas of the ancients and whether there were any distortions. Qing Dynasty Sinology did not make much progress in ideology, but the primary schools and etiquette mentioned above made great progress. In short, Dai Zhen's use of these three kinds of learning as the basis for his study can be described as a major feature of his.
Hui Dong "Yi Han Xue"
The difference between the Anhui school and the Wu school is that the learning of the Wu school and the Hui family is flourished in the noisy and prosperous center of civilization in Suzhou, and the study is also composed of poetry, and the learning is naturally lively. As the ancestor of Sinology, although Hui Dong had a deep study of the I Ching and the Book of Shang, he failed to abandon poetry. In addition to his studies, he also annotated the poems of the great poet Wang Yuyang for entertainment.
Therefore, the Attitude of the Wu School can be described as having fun and leisurely governing learning, and at the beginning it did not establish the law, but every time there was a result, it was further studied on this basis. The Anhui school is relatively standardized, establishing goals at the beginning and conducting research according to established laws. In this case, it will be very troublesome for the law to be wrong, so the Anhui Paizhi Society will try its best to establish the correct law at the beginning and carry out research according to the established law.
The above are the two major schools of Sinology in the Qing Dynasty, which can be described as the characteristics of Qing Dynasty Sinology. The characteristics of the Sinology of the Qing Dynasty are Dai Zhen. Among the Dai Zhen faction, Duan Yujie and Wang Niansun were quite accomplished in primary school research. Jin Bang, Cheng Yaotian, Ling Tingkan and Sanhu were also influenced by it and set their hearts on etiquette. Together, these people laid a solid foundation for the sinology of the Qing Dynasty. That is to say, the Wu school and the Anhui school were the two major foundations of Qing dynasty sinology.
Medium image
Next, let's talk about the "Yangzhou School". The main representatives of the Yangzhou School are Wang Zhong, Liu Taigong, Ruan Yuan, Jiao Xun, Liu Shinan, Liu Wenqi, Jiang Fan and others.
During the Qing Dynasty, Yangzhou salt merchants gathered and were once extremely prosperous. Salt is very important in China, mainly produced in Huainan and Huaibei, and the Lianghuai region is the largest salt producing area in China. Although China implements the salt industry, it also allows merchants to undertake the operation. In China, farmers rarely make a fortune. Especially in the Qing Dynasty, most of the rich were from salt merchants. These salt merchants built mansions in Yangzhou and lived in great luxury. Yangzhou's learning stemmed from this extravagant social atmosphere.
Scholars of the Yangzhou School studied hard and studied the scriptures, but they also devoted themselves to poetry and literature. For example, the Qing Dynasty literary scholar Wang Zhong not only had first-class classics, but also his articles were first-class. In short, the only people who can rank among the famous masters in both classics and literature are probably yangzhou people. For example, Jiao Xun was both a scribe and a scholar of songwriting. Although the song is not vulgar and vulgar, it is a kind of learning that originates in the city and the place of the wind and the moon. Jiao Xun is very researched on this kind of learning.
Scorched Images
On the whole, the yangzhou school of learning has this characteristic. The same was true of the Qianlong period scribe Jiang Fan during the Qing Dynasty, who studied sinology as well as literature. Moreover, the literature of Jiang Fan is very characteristic of the Qing Dynasty.
What is the literature of the Qing Dynasty? The Eight Great Texts of the Tang and Song Dynasties that we recited when we were young reached its peak through the development of the Song and Ming dynasties, but during the Qing Dynasty, the trend of opposing the Eight Houses of the Tang and Song Dynasties gradually emerged. Jiang Fan had vigorously criticized the Eight Schools of The Tang and Song Dynasties.
Compared with Jiang Fan, the more famous person in the world is Ruan Yuan. Ruan Yuan, like Zhu Yun in the north, was also a protector of literati scholars. Ruan Yuan, and later Bi Yuan, spared no effort to help the scholars of the time, recruiting them to compile books under his disciples. From this time on, the closed-door sinologists became active, and sinology gradually became high-profile and lively. Ruan Yuan is one of the representative figures.
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Ruan Yuan was born in a wealthy family, and in his early years and first, he was deeply appreciated by the emperor and became a generation of people early. He was a young man, a prosperous official, and lived until he was more than eighty years old, which can be described as a lifelong pride. Perhaps because of the customs in Yangzhou, or perhaps because of the circumstances of his life, Ruan Yuanyi changed the style of study of sinologists who buried their heads in the past and began to study with great fanfare. In short, like Ruan Yuan, in addition to actively engaging in politics, he also studied classics and articles, and began to learn and be lively, which can be described as a major feature of Yangzhou Sinology. This is also a major reason why it was later criticized by Song Xue.
The "Minxue" below refers to the school formed by scholars in the Fujian area. Outstanding representative figures are only Chen Shouqi and Chen Qiaofeng, and their influence is not very large.
The second is the "Zhejiang Eastern School", which initially studied primary schools and gradually turned to historiography. Zhang Xuecheng has many judgments and unique views on scripture. He advocated studying the scriptures from other perspectives, rather than studying the scriptures in terms of scriptures. Zhang Xuecheng's practice of reading the classics from historiography is actually based on the foundation of learning, focusing on the big picture and being informal to details. He is the author of the book "Literature and History of Tongyi", which is very famous. Zhang Xuecheng can be described as a scholarly wizard, and his knowledge is difficult to succeed. In general, the Zhejiang Eastern School studied the classics from the perspective of historiography.
Dai Zhen sculpture
Then there is the "Changzhou School", which later developed greatly. Previously, Sinology was mainly divided into the Wu faction headed by Hui Shi and the Anhui faction headed by Dai Zhen. Later, the Changzhou School had the momentum to replace it. The founder of the Changzhou school was Zhuang Cunhe, and many scholars appeared successively, making ram learning more and more popular. Compared with Dai Zhen, the Ram School had stricter rules for learning.
Dai Zhen's previous sinology was very general, only dividing the Han Dynasty into the Former Han and the Later Han, or the Western and Eastern Han Dynasties. Both the Wu and Anhui schools restored the ancient times of the Eastern Han Dynasty, or studied primary schools centered on Xu Shen's "Commentaries on the Interpretation of Texts", or studied Zheng Xuanjing, which is called "Xu Zhengzhixue". The Changzhou school, on the other hand, did the opposite, opposing the learning of the Eastern Han Dynasty and revering the learning of the Western Han Dynasty, believing that the study of governance should have been traced back to the Western Han Dynasty. During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty in the middle of the Western Han Dynasty, academic development entered its heyday, and the study of rams was very popular.
The Spring and Autumn Ram
There are three biographies of "Spring and Autumn", "Zuo Shi Biography", "Ram Biography" and "Grain Liang Biography". The Ram School believes that the Zuo Shi Biography and the Sui Liang Biography are both forgeries, and only the Ram Biography is the real learning. Confucius's "Spring and Autumn" means that the book presents himself as a king and emperor. Therefore, Confucius actually used the uncrowned king to do the emperor's work, and ruled the country and the world with a "Spring and Autumn". This kind of thinking was very popular during the Western Han Dynasty.
The ram school's proposition is to study this western Han chinese science. Although there are many other learnings, the Changzhou school believes that the study of the Western Han Dynasty is more authentic to Confucius than the study of Xu Zhengzhi. The Changzhou School began with Zhuang Cunhe and flourished with Liu Fenglu. Liu Fenglu is a meticulous person, with a unique view of things and is very intelligent. He only studied according to his own judgment, and he had a lot of dislike for the Pu School.
As soon as the heyday of Sinology passed during the Qianlong period, a number of strange people appeared, but there were also geniuses among them. These people believe that it is too cumbersome to study the details of the case behind closed doors all day long. Among them was a wizard named Gong Zizhen. The Duan Yujue of the Anhui Sect mentioned earlier was Gong Zizhen's maternal grandfather. But Gong Zizhen, an arrogant genius, did not inherit what he had learned. Gong Zizhen himself did not leave any writings, but he vigorously advocated the study of rams, making ram science more and more popular, so that today's young scholars in China are not immune to ram science.
Portrait of Kang Youwei
However, most of the influence of ramology on scholars today comes from Kang Youwei, who has lived in Japan for a long time. Kang Youwei's learning came from an eighty-year-old man who now lives in Hunan, Wang Minyun. Wang Minyun had a disciple named Liao Ping, who now lives in Sichuan. Liao Ping was strange in nature, lonely and obedient, although his thinking on governance was strange and changeable, his knowledge skills were very profound.
Although Kang Youwei was not a disciple of Liao Ping, he was deeply impressed by his strange and changeable doctrine. The use of Liao Pingzhi everywhere in his writings can be described as plagiarism. Because Liao Ping lived deep in the mountains of Sichuan and did not ask about the world, Kang Youwei also widely collected disciples, so in recent years, Kang Youwei's learning has become very popular. But in fact, those are All Liao Pingzhi's words.
Portrait of Pisiri
In short, no young Chinese scholar today is immune to ramology. Among them, there are also people who study ramology in obscurity in the spirit of Pu Xue, such as Pi Xirui. In addition, Dai Wang, listed here, taught the Analects with ramological thought.
Although ram scholars are eccentric geniuses, ram science is very popular today. During the Qing Dynasty, Sinology was the domain of the Wu and Anhui schools. Now, ramology is almost dominant in sinology. This is the general situation of the development of Sinology.
In addition, ram scholars have a very similar feature to the Yangzhou school - most ram scholars are also familiar with literature in addition to their rule. For example, Zhuang Cunhe once authored the book "Spring and Autumn Zhengci", which is of great literary value. This tendency of the Ram School was already slightly revealed at that time; later Gong Zizhen, Wei Yuan, and others became one of the few great literary figures in Chinese history; and now there are outstanding literary scholars such as Kang Youwei who are good at poetry. Therefore, although the Yangzhou School is closer to the Wu School in terms of scripture, the Ram School is very similar to the Yangzhou School in this regard.
Portrait of Yu Yu
<h1 class= "pgc-h-arrow-right" > the development of sinology in the late Qing Dynasty</h1>
The following are some sinologists in the last years of the Qing Dynasty. Listed at the beginning is Yu Fan, that is, the famous YuQu Garden. Yu Quyuan's learning was both the study of Gaoyou Wang and the study of rams. Sun Yirang's study of the Zhou Li has not been expected for two hundred years. Huang Yizhou learned to understand the scriptures, studied etiquette from a macroscopic perspective, and also left immortal works. Zheng Zhen was born in Guizhou, and Guizhou is a remote area of China, which shows that with the development of civilization, remote areas have gradually appeared. In short, in the last years of the Qing Dynasty, the study of etiquette was very popular.
Secondly, the representative figure of late Qing Sinology was Wu Dayi. What does it mean to write "new school in elementary schools" here? In the past primary schools, the glyphs were based on the Shuowen, the prosody were like Gu Yanwu, and the yanxun were chasing the "Tang Yun", and the yanxun were studying the "Erya" and "Guangya". Wu Da Li ruled the primary school with the emerging jinwen research. The so-called gold text is an inscription cast on bronze.
Portrait of Wu Dayi
Since the Qing Dynasty, a large number of ancient relics have been unearthed. Wu Da Li was very concerned about this, and used the text on the excavations to examine the authenticity of the ancient texts. In other words, the research object of the primary school has changed from the works of the ancestors to the excavated antiquities. Luo Zhenyu, who lives in Kyoto today, is also a person in this regard. Although this kind of research did not begin with Wu Dayi alone, Wu Dayi's research has done a very good job and has attracted widespread attention from the world. Hence his list here as a representative.
Next came Chen Li, and as Sinology flourished, Song Studies fell silent for a time. However, when the development of Sinology reached its peak, Song Xue returned to people's vision again. Chen Lili dismissed the han and Song portal views, advocated both han and Song dynasties, and wrote the famous "Reading Secretary of Dongshu". Although he was born in the countryside, his learning had a major impact on future generations. For example, Zhang Zhidong and others greatly admired his knowledge and praised him.
Portrait of Chen Li
< h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > concluding remarks</h1>
To sum up, sinology sprouted in the early Qing Dynasty, and by the Qianlong period, it had reached its heyday, and many schools of sinology had emerged, and the two most representative schools of sinology were the "Wu School" and the "Anhui School". In the late Qing Dynasty, once the heyday of Sinology passed, all that remained was the learning of Chen Li and the Ram School. The learning of the late Qing Dynasty was the learning of both the "Han and Song Dynasties" and the extreme learning of the "Ram School", and most Of the Chinese Sinology scholars today also inherit these two factions. All kinds of scholars in the Qing Dynasty were very admiring of sinology, so sinology gradually became a study that was applied to the world. Therefore, the consistent thinking of the Sinology school is to "seek truth from facts."