Katsuri looking for the Surabaya waterfront, the boundless scenery is new for a while.
Waiting for idleness to recognize the east wind, thousands of purples and thousands of reds are always spring.
- Song ZhuXi, "Spring Day"
One
From 200 BC, when Liu Bang, the ancestor of Han Gaozu, was "besieged by Bai Deng", to 51 BC when the Xiongnu Hu Han Evil Shan Yu met the Han Xuan Emperor Liu Qian at Ganquan Palace, the 150-year-long antagonistic war between Han and Hungary ended completely, and finally ended with the Xiongnu bowing down to the Han Dynasty.
The Xiongnu generally refer to the Chinese nomadic people who lived in the northern grasslands during the Qin and Han dynasties, who lived in the water and grass, advocated force, were brave and good at war, and were confident and proud.
According to the Chronicle of the Huns, the Huns "did not have a document, but were bound by words." At present, historical research has not confirmed that the Xiongnu people have written language, and the historical legends of the Xiongnu that people understand today are mainly based on Sima Qian's "Biography of the Xiongnu", Ban Gu's "Biography of the Xiongnu", Fan Ye's "Biography of the Southern Xiongnu", and Tang Xiu's "Book of Jin".
The term "Xiongnu" first appeared in the "History of Qin Benji", which records that in 318 BC, Han, Zhao, Wei, Yan, and Qi Shuai Xiongnu jointly attacked Qin. Since then, there have been more records of the Xiongnu in the history books.
In 215 BC, the Xiongnu were expelled from the Hetao region by the Qin general Meng Tian. At the end of the Qin Dynasty and the beginning of the Han Dynasty, due to the endless wars in the Central Plains, after the annexation and unification of various tribes of the Xiongnu, they repeatedly invaded the north of the Yellow River and gradually controlled the western region.
During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the Xiongnu were defeated by the Han army and withdrew from Southern Andi and Hexi.
In 119 BC, Huo zhiyi won the victory in the battle of mobei, and the Han army controlled the territory north to reach Lake Baikal. At this time, the Xiongnu military main force was exhausted, the living space was compressed, and they could choose to submit to the Han Dynasty and pay tribute to the subjects, in exchange for peace and security and rich rewards for the Han family. But the Huns did not succumb, they fought bravely, continued to migrate north and west, preferring to endure a harsher living environment rather than show weakness.
During the reign of Emperor Xuan of Han, with the smooth passage of the Silk Road in the western regions, the control scope and military capabilities of the Han army continued to increase, and the Xiongnu also began to divide and divide mainly due to the scarcity of living resources, and a situation of "five singles in contention" appeared.
In 56 BC, Hu Han completed the unification of the Xiongnu tribes.
In 53 BC, Hu Han officially surrendered to the Western Han Dynasty.
In 51 BC, Hu Han went to Chang'an and bowed down to Emperor Xuan of Han in front of him at Ganquan Palace, which was the greatest achievement in handling ethnic contradictions since the founding of the Han Dynasty, and also marked the peak of the Han Dynasty's national strength. On the day of the Xiongnu's visit to Emperor Xuan of Han, nearly 10,000 tribal princes and envoys of various kingdoms who submitted to the Han Dynasty participated in the ceremony of worship and celebration.
Two
In 209 BC, Mao Dundan unified the Xiongnu tribes, and from then until 57 BC, there were 12 Shan Yu in succession between the "Five Singles in Contention" division and civil unrest. The transfer of power between these singles was relatively smooth, and there was never any major civil unrest within the tribe.
After Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty dealt a heavy blow to the Xiongnu, the living space of the Xiongnu continued to compress, the internal royal forces began to complain to each other, and the tribes gradually split.
From 121 BC onwards, the Right Land Hun Evil King led more than 40,000 people to surrender to the Han, which was the first large-scale xiongnu tribal submission, and from then on the Xiongnu control withdrew from the Hetao region and the area west of it, "there was no royal court in the south of the desert".
In the heyday, the Xiongnu occupied the fertile Hetao area, which not only grazed but also drove slaves to farm; at this time, the small tribes in the mobei and hexi regions continued to provide a large amount of tax and property; the Han Dynasty also sent rich "annual offerings" every year; even if a major natural disaster occurred, it could also plunder the border land by force and replenish the needs, which was the "golden age" of Xiongnu life.
However, after the Xiongnu retreated to the desert north, the climate was harsh, livestock production was seriously affected, and the barren land could not support the excessive population. Due to the continuous Han-Hungarian war, all the residents of the Han Dynasty border areas withdrew or lived in Bingtun, and the commodity trade exchanges in the bilateral markets were basically interrupted. All the important checkpoints of the road were guarded by the Han army, and the Xiongnu had no chance to plunder the border. At this time, when natural disasters were encountered, the Xiongnu people could not even guarantee the minimum food and clothing.
In 105 BC, the northern part of the desert suffered a heavy snow disaster, a large number of livestock froze to death, Zuo Dadu rebelled, wanted to kill Shan Yu and surrendered to the Han, and finally although it was unsuccessful, at this time the most prominent contradiction within the Xiongnu was no longer a struggle with the status of the Han Dynasty, but a threat of survival led by a serious scarcity of survival resources.
According to historical records, in 89 AD, 71 BC and 68 BC, major natural disasters, plagues, and famines occurred in the northern desert region, and the population and livestock of the Xiongnu shrank to 30% to 40% of the original. Mr. Chen Xujing's "Xiongnu History Manuscript" describes that the population of the Xiongnu in its heyday was 1.5 million to 2 million, but by the time of the Han Xuan Emperor, the population was less than 1 million.
Fortresses are always breached from within.
The Xiongnu people encountered an unprecedented crisis of survival, and if they changed their political and foreign policies, or if their people migrated to the outside world such as the western regions, the Xiongnu could get out of the predicament. However, the Xiongnu began to fall apart internally, and eventually they could only lead to complete disintegration in the internal friction of the struggle.
Three
In 57 BC, the Xiongnu in the northern desert region had a "five singles in contention", the king of Hujie established himself as Hu jiedan Yu, the king of the right qi yi established himself as Che Li Shan Yu, and the Wu Yi Du Wei established himself as Wu Yi Shan Yu, plus the Hu Han evil Shan yu And Tu Qi Shan who had been established separately before. The five went their separate ways and attacked each other, bringing great calamities to the Xiongnu nation, "the number of dead is in the tens of thousands, the loss of livestock production is 89 out of 10, the people are hungry, burn each other to eat, because of the great chaos."
In 56 BC, huhan evil shan finally won the victory, du shan yu court, became the nominal unified leader, but there are still small tribes that have not submitted to the constant provocation.
In 54 BC, the Xiongnu King Zuo Yizhi advised Han to be called a vassal of Han.
In 53 BC, Hu Han sent his son and brother to the Han Dynasty as vassals, and was solemnly received by the Han Dynasty.
In the first month of 51 BC, Hu Han led the crowd south to officially meet the emperor at Ganquan Palace, and Han gave him the Xiongnu Shan Yuxi, appointed him as the supreme leader of the Xiongnu tribe, and officially determined the relationship between the Han and the Huns.
Subsequently, Hu Han moved south to Saixia (西下, northeast of present-day Yulin, Shaanxi Province) and defended the surrendered city for Han. It was not until 36 BC that the Han generals Gan Yanshou and Chen Tang led troops to defeat the Xiongnu tribes that occupied the Hexi region and did not obey the command of Huhan Evil Shan Yu, and Hu Han Evil Shan Yu restored its rule over the entire territory of the Xiongnu.
From then on, the Xiongnu did not pose a major threat to the Han Dynasty regime. In 33 BC, Hu Han once again entered the Chang'an Dynasty to pay tribute, asked himself to be a son-in-law, and the Han Yuan Emperor married the palace princess Zhaojun as a princess, and the relationship between the Han and Hungarian peoples entered a new chapter.
After entering the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Xiongnu split into the Southern and Northern Xiongnu. By the time of the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the Xiongnu had established the regimes of Former Zhao, Northern Liang, and Hu Xia, which was the last time the Xiongnu appeared on the stage of Chinese history. Subsequently, the Xiongnu, as an independent people, gradually disappeared from Chinese history.
Now scholars generally believe that most of the descendants of the Xiongnu are integrated into the Han nationality, and the Changed Han surnames include Liu, He, Cong, Huyan, Wan, etc., and some ethnic groups have moved west to settle in West Asia, Europe and other places.
Four
The Xiongnu tribes were the greatest political and military threat to the Western Han Dynasty, and finally went from internal turmoil to division and decline during the reign of Emperor Xuan of Han.
There were three main reasons why the Western Han Dynasty was able to achieve the final victory in the war:
The first was a tough military strike during the reign of Emperor Wu.
Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty inherited the material foundation and military foundation laid by his ancestors, and from the defeat of the "Mayi Conspiracy" to the victory of the "Decisive Battle of Mobei", after 15 years and dozens of wars, the main military force of the Xiongnu was basically eliminated. The Xiongnu were forced to retreat to the barren and cold desert north, the population and horses continued to decrease, the economy and military declined rapidly, and they could only rely on the tribute of the vassal states in the western region to survive. Subsequently, Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty sent troops to the countries of the Western Regions, and although no outstanding achievements were achieved, this military strike strategy achieved a good deterrent effect.
Second, the operation of the western region in the Zhaoxuan era was effective.
In the Zhaoxuan era, although there were few frontal battles between Han and Hungary, the Western Han Dynasty was both soft and hard, and the political, economic, and military strategies were used in a coordinated manner, and it gained absolute control over the western region. The Xiongnu successively lost loulan and Wusun vassal states, and the southern gateway cheshi was not guaranteed. When the xiongnu's military strength was wiped out, economic resources were lost, the political influence alone naturally did not exist, and the daily livelihood of the tribesmen was difficult to maintain, at this time there were natural and man-made disasters, internal power struggles and tribal conflicts. The tribal people's minds changed, the interior was fragmented, and the scattered small military forces were simply unable to fight against the unified Western Han Dynasty.
The third is the tolerance of the foreign policy of the Western Han Dynasty.
The Book of Poetry says: "Under the whole world, there is no royal land, the coast of the land, and the king's subjects", and this concept of great unification has influenced the rulers of the Central Plains since the pre-Qin period. The Emperor of the Western Han Dynasty also handled foreign affairs with a broad mind, an inclusive attitude, and selfless dedication, the most typical of which was the "tributary system" regardless of cost. As long as the neighboring countries sent protons to the Western Han Dynasty and submitted to themselves, the dynasty gave back a large amount of money and goods. When the Xiongnu people encountered various difficulties, as long as they asked the Western Han Dynasty for help, they would receive full help. The emperors of the Western Han Dynasty handled the relations between Han and Hungary, mostly from the perspective of viewing their subjects from a higher position. After this foreign policy lasted for a hundred years, it naturally had a deep impact on the surrounding ethnic regions, accelerating the disintegration of the Will to Fight of the Xiongnu tribes, the willingness of most of the tribes to surrender, and the reunification of the Han and Hungary.
Five
The Battle of Han-Hungary brought great harm and endless suffering to the people on both sides. In particular, in order to maintain the military offensive and "tributary system" of the Han Dynasty, the Han people bore heavy tax and labor.
The relationship between Han and Hungary can be roughly divided into three stages: one is the 70-year peace period of the early Han Dynasty, the second is the period of the 150-year war between the beginning of the military struggle of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty to the surrender of the Han Dynasty, and the third is the subsequent peace period at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty.
In the first stage, the Han Dynasty's national strength was relatively weak, and most of the money given to the Xiongnu every year was "thousands of gold", and a pound of gold in the Han Dynasty was about ten thousand dollars, and a thousand gold was about ten million dollars.
In the second stage, the cost of each battle was "tens of millions", and after the victory, the reward for meritorious soldiers was hundreds of thousands of gold. At this time, the enslavement was troublesome, and the people's strength withered.
Entering the third stage, about tens of thousands of gold are given to the rewards of various tribes such as Xianbei every year.
All these expenditures, bloody sacrifices of the Han Dynasty were borne by ordinary people, and our thousands of ancestors used their own humiliation and burdens, life and blood and tears to exchange for "all nations to come to the dynasty", only to lay the vast territory of China now, and to build a cultural pattern of the Chinese nation's pluralism and integration.
The Han Dynasty pushed the Qin Dynasty's creation of the "Household QiMin" to a new height, the rulers used severe punishment to firmly fix the people between the townships, established a perfect grass-roots rule system, and relied on professional bureaucrats at all levels to efficiently draw private wealth from the li, township, county, and county, gather the central government, and use their rights and interests. It can be said that without the political system of "compiling households and qi people", there would be no military victory of the Han Dynasty.
The Xiongnu tribe finally collapsed, which was a military victory of the Han Dynasty, the result of the leading political system, and the power of the Chinese "harmony" culture.
Next issue preview: "Five Dynasties Empress Wang Zhengjun" Wang Zhengjun is a legendary woman. She became empress in 48 BC and died in 13 AD, reigning in the harem for 61 years. She was the empress of Emperor Yuan of Han, the biological mother of Emperor Cheng of Han, and the aunt of Wang Mang, the emperor of the new dynasty, and from the beginning of Emperor Cheng to the time Wang Mang became emperor, she served as empress dowager to five emperors. Wang Mang was able to usurp the government successfully, and the initial opportunities came from Wang Zhengjun's entry into the palace.
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