Author: Xu Yunhui
In the summer of 32 AD, the Guangwu Emperor Liu Xiu personally led his generals to divide the road and march west to rebel against the Han and Shu warlord Kui (Wěi). After receiving a letter from an old friend from the Han camp, After more than ten days of fierce ideological struggle, the great general Niu Handan led "thirteen generals, sixteen in the county, and hundreds of thousands of people, all descended." Kui Huan was faced with a desperate situation of collapse and disintegration, and sent his confidant Wang Yuan to Shu to ask for help from Gongsun Shu, the White Emperor, while "running his wife to the Western Regions" in an attempt to resist.
Liu Xiuzhao told Kui Huan: "If you tie your hands and capture, then make sure your father and son meet each other." If you want to imitate the Tuobu who surrendered first and then rebelled in the previous dynasty, you should also listen to your honor! Kui Huan resolutely refused to surrender, resulting in the killing of his son who remained in Luoyang as a hostage, and strategic places such as Xicheng and Shangyi were heavily besieged by the Han army. In the spring of the following year, Kui Huan ran out of food, "sick and hungry, went out of the city to eat (dry food), and died of anger." ”
Kui Huan "negative Long self-consolidation", the establishment of a powerful Long right Kui regime at the end of the new dynasty, once with the "Shu Zixiong" Gongsun Shu and Liu Xiushi who unified the East, why did he eventually become a slave of the three surnames and die and destroy the country?
(1) The northwest dominates
In the last year of the new dynasty, the peasant revolt was raging, and the huge Green Forest Army supported Liu Xuan as the first emperor, and Wang Mang's army was gradually defeated and retreated. After Kui Cui and Kui Yi of the Long Right Clan heard the news that "the army should be raised to meet the Han", and after gathering thousands of people to kill the local officials, they jointly elected Kui Huan, a late-born descendant who was "famous and good at scriptures", as a general. Kui Huan "resigned as a last resort", and after everyone unanimously expressed their willingness to obey his orders, he ascended the throne and divided Longxi from then on.
Kui Huan "sent envoys to hire The Pingling people Fang Wang, thinking that they were military masters." At this time, Emperor Gengshi was proclaimed emperor in Nanyang, and Wang Mang was still guarding Chang'an. Kui Huan took Fang Wang's suggestion and set up the Han Gaozu Temple "Qigaozu, Taizong, and Shizong", kui Huan and others called the subjects to worship, "cut off the cattle and make an alliance", and led thirty members to take the oath of obedience to the Han Dynasty Zhengshuo, "allowing the Heavenly Dao, xingfu LiuZong." If you are worried, the gods will perish. "After the oath is completed, Kui Huan takes the lead in smearing the blood of the animal on the lips and the covenant," as in the ancient rites. ”
At the end of the matter, Kui Huan first issued a letter to the counties to recruit Wang Mang, and then "reduced the number of troops to 100,000 and killed The Yongzhou Mu Chen Qing". After repeatedly persuading Wang Mangtang's nephew Wang Xiang to fail, Kui Huan attacked Anding and captured Wang Xiang alive, "Then kill and settle down." At this time, "Chang'an Zhong also raised an army against Wang Mang." Kui Huan hit the iron while it was hot and dispatched his generals to conquer all parts of Longxi.
Kui Huan had quite a "virtuous general's style", he "first took control of Longdi, humble corporal, Haojie returned, criminal administration repair, and soldiers were rich", which won the hearts of the people in the northwest, and the team became stronger and stronger the war, and finally laid the foundation for the king of the northwest.
(2) The beginning of the return to the beginning
When Emperor Gengshi learned that Kui Huan and others had monopolized the northwest, he could not wait to "send envoys to Zheng Hu and Cui and Yi." Kui Huan and the others were happily preparing to meet him, but Fang Wang thought that the future of the First Emperor was not yet known, and after vigorously opposing it, he "thanked him with a letter of resignation." Kui Huan and the others entered Chang'an together and met with Emperor Gengshi. Kui Huan was made a right general, and Kui Cui and Kui Yi still maintained their original titles.
This differential treatment made Kui Cui and Kui Yi extremely unhappy, "plotting to rebel." Kui Huan heard about it, lest he be affected, simply betrayed the two elders, so that "Cui and Yi died." "Kui Huan da yi killed his relatives, stepped on the blood of his elders, and ascended to the high position of the imperial historian of the previous regime."
The following summer, "red eyebrows entered the customs, and the three auxiliaries were disturbed." Kui Huan heard that Liu Xiu had established the Eastern Han Dynasty in Hebei with the support of the Chimei Army, and suggested that Emperor Gengshi transfer power to Liu Xiu's uncle. The first emperor coveted power and refused. Kui Huan and the generals wanted to kidnap the first emperor Dong Gui, and after the East Window Incident, Kui Huan and his subordinates led an army to defend themselves, "with dozens of horses to cut off the city gate and return to Tianshui." Fu gathered his people, and according to his hometown, he called himself the general of Xizhou. ”
(3) Return to Guangwu again
After the First Emperor was defeated and killed under the blows of the Chimei Army, "the three elderly soldiers and doctors all rushed back to the hustle and bustle." Kui Huan showed a "humble and loving soldier" belly, and did his best to accept the celebrities into cloth clothes, and absorbed a large number of talents of the new dynasty, "thus zhenxi prefecture, smelled in Shandong." ”
When Liu Xiu's general Deng Yuxi attacked the Chimei army, the general Feng Yu did not obey the order, "led the army to rebel against Yu, and went west to Tianshui", and was defeated by Kui Huan, "as much as possible." Liu Xiu realized that the Northwest Kui Huan was a major obstacle to the unification of the whole country, so he instructed Deng Yu to "send envoys to hold the order of The Great General of Xizhou, and to despoticize Liangzhou and Shuofang." When the Chimei army attacked Chang'an and attempted to go west to Longyou, "sent the general Yang Guang to meet it, broke it, and chased it down to Wushi and Jingyang", making outstanding contributions to the Eastern Han dynasty.
Liu Xiu had long heard of his virtues and reputation, and he was "rewarded with special courtesy and words", enjoying the etiquette of state guests and comforting him. Kui Huan returned the favor and sent troops to assist Liu Xiu's general Feng Yi in the western expedition to defeat Lü Kun, a Chen Cangren who had tens of thousands of people, and specially sent envoys to report to Liu Xiu.
Liu Xiu personally replied to Kui Huan' sloppy performance, praising his hard work and high achievements, "helping to save the danger, the soldiers of Gongsun in the south, and the rebellion of the Northern Imperial Qianghu", metaphorically referring to him as Uncle Bao who assisted Guan Zhong in achieving great things, saying that in the future, he would directly communicate with handwritten letters so as not to be provoked by others. Since then, Liu Xiu has been more and more gracious to Kui Huan.
Kui Huan was grateful to Shu Zero and decided to die for Liu Xiu. Emperor Gongsun Shu of the White Emperor proclaimed himself emperor in Shudi, "sent several troops to Hanzhong" and sent envoys to grant Kui Huan the post of Grand Sikong and the title of Prince of Fu'an. Kui Huan's stance was firm and unmoved, "shame on his subjects, but behead his envoys, send troops to attack them, and even break the Shu army", beating Gongsun Shu's Shu army honestly stayed in Shu County, "not to go north again." ”
(4) To be called Gongsun of the Subject
Liu Xiu learned that Kui Huan and his old subordinates were old friends with Ma Yuan, and sent them to the northwest many times to "persuade them to enter the dynasty and give them a heavy knighthood." Kui Huan was unwilling to submit, and repeatedly sent envoys to refuse. In order to test his loyalty, Liu Xiu sent a special envoy to order him to lead his troops to seek Shu. Kui Huan found various reasons to refuse to carry out the order, and Liu Xiu "knew that Huan Huan wanted to hold both ends and did not want the world to be unified", so he deliberately reduced the courtesy of Kui Huan to correct the etiquette of the monarch.
In 28 AD, Kui Huan, persuaded by Liu Xiu's envoy Lai She, sent his eldest son Kui Gong to Luoyang, the capital of the Eastern Han Dynasty, as a hostage. Kui Huanbu "thought that the success or failure of the world was unknown", and was not willing to submit to Liu Xiu, and tried his best to persuade him to wait for the opportunity to become emperor or dominate the party. Kui Huan was thrilled and began to have two ambitions. Some of the elderly wanderers saw through their political ambitions to take the crown of the monkey and did not give up one after another.
Just at this time, the White Emperor Gongsun Shu invaded Nan Commandery, and Liu Xiu ordered Kui Huan to cut down Shu from Tianshui. Kui Huan wrote twice, exaggerating the objective difficulties of cutting down Shu. Liu Xiu was well aware that Kui Hu had always stepped on two boats, and first sent She Fengxi Shu Xiao Shu To Shu, and then sent Geng Yi and other generals to cut down Shu in Long Dao. Kui Huan suspected that Liu Xiu had repeatedly used a false plan to destroy The Evil, and openly "led his troops to resist." ”
The Eastern Han Dynasty "generals fought with the clamor, were defeated, and each retreated." Kui Huan did not measure up to his own strength, sent Wang Yuan and others to "patrol the three auxiliaries", and was confronted by the Han army and forced to apologize for his crime. The Eastern Han courtiers suggested that Liu Xiu kill Kui Huan's son, who was a hostage, and Liu Xiu could not bear it, and then sent She to give Kui Huan a letter and angrily rebuked him for his treachery. Kui Huan was terrified and frightened, and did not stop doing two things, turned around and hugged the thighs of Emperor Gongsun of Shu, and bowed his knees and voluntarily declared himself a vassal.
After Liu Xiu completed the great cause of unifying the East, in the spring of 32 AD, he sent a large army to suppress Kui Huan. Kui Huan rebelled and sent the general "Wang Yuan into Shu to ask for help", and he took his wife and children to defend Xicheng (present-day southwest of Tianshui, Gansu) and Shangyi (present-day Tianshui, Gansu). After the death of his henchmen, Kui Huan was at the end of the road. A few months later, Wang Yuan led a mere 5,000 Shu troops to reinforce, and Kui Huan was able to survive.
In the spring of the following year, after Kui Huan became ill and hungry, and after his death, Wang Yuan and other cadres made his youngest son Kui Chun king. Under the devastating blows of the Han army, Kui Chun was forced to surrender to the Eastern Han Dynasty, and the Long Right Kui clique has since announced its withdrawal from the stage of history.
(5) Desire for power
The heroes of the chaotic world rise in all directions, and those who have guns are the grass king. Kui Huan stepped forward in the chaotic world, making "Tianshui rich, Shima the strongest, the west river and shangjun in the north, and the three auxiliary lands in the east", with ideals and pursuits, and was praised by Su Rui as having the "reputation of the elder". He is quite "elegant with a warrior", cherishing talent and loving talent, and can dominate one side. But he successively became a slave with three surnames, and eventually died and the country was destroyed, and the fundamental reason was that his desire for power was smoked.
When he was elected a general by his uncles, the only condition he put forward was that the people must obey his command of yiyitang and show great desire for power; in order to seize greater power, he ignored Fang Wang's opposition, stubbornly submitted to the gengshi emperor, and even betrayed his uncles who had put him on the throne; in order to satisfy his ambition for power, he "supported the army and consolidated himself", and successively submitted to Liu Xiu and Gongsun Shu, resulting in "the removal of the courtiers and the laughter of the righteous soldiers." He "raised horses and horses, guarded himself according to the pass, and waited for the change of the four sides", in a vain attempt to "be hegemonic" even if "the king of Tu is not successful". ”
Kui Huan was selfish, disregarding the general trend of world unification and the people's will, "As for killing the country, it is not strange to cover it!" ”
Power is the aphrodisiac that makes the hustlers of all sizes, ancient and modern, Chinese and foreign, scramble to fall into the abyss!
【About the author】Xu Yunhui, male, graduated from the Department of Chinese of Yunnan Normal University in 1984 and is now a senior lecturer at Baoshan No.1 Middle School Education Group in Yunnan Province. He has published two monographs and published more than 600,000 words in literary journals at or above the provincial level.
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