This article is an intensive reading of Chinese history serial 163, "The History of the Two Jin Dynasties and the Southern and Northern Dynasties" serial 06, welcome to watch.
01, the center of Northwest Han culture - Zhang Rail established Qianliang
In the north during the Sixteen Kingdoms era, most of them were national regimes established by various minorities, but there was also a regime established by the Han Chinese, that is, Qianliang. This regime existed for 76 years (301-376), the longest of the sixteen kingdoms. It centered on Guzang (present-day Wuwei, Gansu) and occupied most of present-day Gansu and Xinjiang, as well as parts of Qinghai and Ningxia in its heyday. Under the situation of frequent wars and chaos in the Central Plains and serious social and economic damage, it is relatively stable here and preserves the traditional culture of the Han nationality.
The founder of Former Liang, Zhang Rail (張轨), was a native of Wushi , Anding County , Yongzhou ( present-day northwest of Pingliang County , Gansu ) . His family was an official eunuch of Confucianism for generations. When his father, Zhang Wen, was appointed as a taiguan, the family moved to the vicinity of Luoyang.
Zhang Rail loved to read since he was a child, had ambitions, and had studied under the erudite Emperor Fumi. During the reign of Emperor Hui of Jin, domestic political turmoil, Zhang Rail had served as the "Military Commander of the Expedition to the West" and was familiar with the situation in Liangzhou, so he proposed to be the assassin of Liangzhou.
Liangzhou is located on the border, Xianbei, Qi, Qiang and other minorities often rebel, the average person is reluctant to go, after Zhang Rail proposed, the imperial court ministers are eager to let him go, praise him in unison, he is outstanding, will be able to do the job.
In the first year of Yongning (301), Zhang Rail was appointed as a lieutenant of the Qiang Dynasty, the Assassin of Liangzhou, and the commander of the county. Guzang City is not very large, 7 miles from north to south and 3 miles from east to west, resembling Wolong, originally built by the Xiongnu, Zhang Rail expanded it and built a solid city fortification.
Zhang Rail was a native of Yongzhou, and he knew that in order to take root in Liangzhou, he must unite the local family clan and the landlords of the Central Plains. He reused the local clans of Song, Yin, Yin, and Yin. Song was a short man, originally taishou of Xiping Commandery (西平郡, in modern Xining, Qinghai), with both literature and martial arts, and a high reputation, and Zhang Rail was transferred to his sima and became his confidant. Zhang Rail also reused the Zhongyuan scholar Chen Liuren Jiang Qiong and so on. This political alliance became the basis for the rule of the former Liang regime.
Liangzhou has been plagued by repeated wars and desolation, and since the Wei and Jin dynasties, it has not used currency here, but cloth instead. When trading, it is torn into a paragraph, which is difficult to calculate, wasteful, and impatient, and the people are deeply inconvenienced. Zhang Rail accepted the suggestion of joining the army and resumed the use of five baht money, which greatly facilitated the people and promoted the economic development of the Hexi region.
Zhang Also set up a school in Guzang to promote Confucianism. He recruited more than 500 children of landlords from various counties to study in schools, invited many Hongxue masters and Confucians to teach scriptures, and set up an official of Chongwen Matsuri to manage the school. During the war-torn years, it became the center of Northwest Han culture. Famous scholars include Zong Qian, Guo He, Guo Yu, Suo Xian, Liu Xun, Qi Jia and so on.
Dr. Guo Yu's disciples are more than 500, including more than 80 practitioners. His disciple and son-in-law Liu Xun (劉昞), who lived through Former Liang, Former Qin, Western Liang, and Northern Liang, later arrived in Northern Wei, where he was called "Deguan In his previous life and became a Confucian Emperor" by Emperor Xiaowen, and wrote works such as "Dialects".
Buddhism has also developed greatly, and Dunhuang "has many pagoda temples in the villages and docks". In northern Wei, most of the Shamen Buddha statues migrated east to Pingcheng. Historian Chen Yinke believes that Former Liang played a major role in preserving the Han culture in the Central Plains. He said: "During the Yongjia Rebellion of the Western Jin Dynasty, the cultural transfer of the Central Plains Wei and Jin dynasties was preserved in a corner of Liangzhou, and the Northern Wei took Liangzhou, and the Hexi culture was imported into Wei.", "In the western and northern corner of qinliang prefectures, its culture continued the study style of Han, Wei, and Western Jin, and the system of opening up Wei, Qi, Sui, and Tang under the Kaiwei, Qi, Sui, and Tang dynasties, inheriting the past and the future, and continuing to decline, and continuing to continue for five hundred years..."
In 308 AD, Zhang Rail fell ill and could not speak, and in the second year of Jianxing (314), Zhang Rail died of illness at the age of 60.
Zhang Rail ruled Liangzhou for 13 years, and he said in his last decree: "The wen and martial generals Zuo Du should be loyal to the emperor, stabilize the people, think of the country, and go down to the Ning family." This is the founding policy for future rulers.
At this time, the Former Qin Dynasty became strong. In the first year of Taiyuan (376), Fu Jian sent 300,000 infantry to attack Qianliang, who advocated that Tianxi surrender and Qianliang perish.
02. From Liaodong to the Central Plains - The Rise and Inward Migration of Former Yan
In the Central Plains, after former Zhao and Later Zhao, there was a confrontation between Former Yan and Former Qin. Former Yan (337-370) was a regime founded by the father and son of Murong Pang of the Xianbei clan.
Originally distributed in Liaodong and Western Liaoning, Murong developed economic and cultural ties with the Central Plains during the Cao Wei period, and by the time of the Western Jin Dynasty had become a powerful clan outside the Seychelles. In the fourth year of Yuan Kang (294), Murong Xi moved the capital to Dazhi (大棘, in present-day Yi County, Liaoning) and began a settled agricultural life. Soon, he defeated yuwenbu in the north and Duanbu in the west, and became powerful.
Murong Xi was a visionary minority ruler. He paid great attention to co-opting the Han landlords. In the last year of the Western Jin Dynasty, the Central Plains was in chaos, and many large clans led their clans and townships into exile in Liaodong. Corporal Murong Lixian was appointed by him, and the famous northern clans appointed by him included Pei Ling of Hedong, Pingyang Yu of Youbei, Fengyu of Bohai, Liu Zhan of Pingyuan, and You of Guangping. These Han scholars also contributed to help Murong Shi establish a complete political system according to the Han rule.
Pei Ling was an important strategist who was "entrusted with the conspiracy of the military state". He had been sent to Jiankang as an emissary, and the Eastern Jin court had originally thought that Murong Xi was in a remote and remote place and must be backward, but after Pei Ling's introduction, he said that "the four seas are heroic and useful for them", and everyone changed their views.
The Eastern Jin Dynasty wanted to leave Pei Ling behind, and Pei Ling said: "If he stays with his subjects, Murong Xi will definitely think that the imperial court despises him, thus affecting his righteous heart towards the imperial court." So the Eastern Jin Dynasty asked him to go back.
Murong Xi had great trust in Pei, believing that "Pei Changshi's name was important to the dynasty, and it was Heavenly Grant's loneliness to surrender to it." ”
Murong Xi also vigorously recruited Han displaced people. In the Liaoshui River Basin, qiao counties were established to unify them, such as Jiyang County, Yuzhou people as Chengzhou County, and Qingzhou people as Yingqiu County, and the displaced people were given the right to be exempted from military service. As a result, the number of displaced people from the Central Plains who defected to him reached 10 times the old population. These people played an important role in the economic development of the Liaodong region and the sinicization of Murong Bu.
Murong Xi also put forward the principle of prudent punishment, selection of talents, heavy peasants, and abstinence from alcohol. He said: "Prisoners, with their lives hanging in the balance, must not be careless. A wise man and a gentleman, the foundation of the state, must not be disrespectful. Those who are harvested, the foundation of the country, can not be in a hurry. The color of the wine is bad, and the morality is even worse, and it is not possible to abstain from it. These measures further stabilized Murong's rule and created conditions for the future invasion of the Central Plains.
In the eighth year of Xianhe (333), Murong Xi died, and his son Murong Hui succeeded him. In the third year of Xiankang (337), he accepted the suggestion of the Han shi clan to be called the King of Yan, which was the beginning of Former Yan. Soon, the capital was moved to Longcheng (present-day Chaoyang County, Liaoning).
Murong Hao spared no effort to plunder the population, and he defeated Duanbu, destroyed Yuwenbu, and attacked Fuyu, each time plundering 30,000 or 50,000 households, expanding the area of his rule and increasing the number of hukou.
In order to combine labor force with land, stabilize the people's livelihood and increase the state's income, Murong Hao ordered that the palace gardens and hunting grounds be distributed to the poor who had no land; the poor who had no assets were loaned to cattle; the rent of the land was originally heavier, and the officials who used official cattle got 80%, the cultivators got 20%, the officials who used private cattle got 70%, and the cultivators got 30%. Later, he adopted Feng Yu's suggestion and adopted Cao Wei Tuntian's method: those who used official cattle got 60% of the people and 40%, and those who used private cattle were divided. These measures led to the development of the agricultural economy and the expansion of Murong's strength.
Murong Hao also attached great importance to cultural education. He let the children of the ministers go to the school to study, called the high protégés, and often went to the school to teach in person, listening to more than a thousand people, he also evaluated students every month, and those with excellent grades served as his close attendants. He compiled the Taishang Zhang as a teaching material and wrote 15 "CanonIcal Commandments", which accelerated the Sinicization of Murong Shi and created the necessary conditions for later entry into the Central Plains.
In the fourth year of Yonghe (348), Murong Hao died and was succeeded by his son Murong Juan.
Murong Juan actively expanded into the Central Plains, defeating Ding Zero in Northern Sai, gaining 300,000 horses and countless cattle and sheep, and capturing the areas of Ru, Ying, Tan, and Pei south of the Yellow River in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. At this time, Former Yan had occupied a vast area from Shandong in the east, Ru and Ying in the south, Kunguan in the west, and Yunzhong in the north, confronting Former Qin in Guanzhong and becoming the two major separatist forces in the Central Plains.
After Murong Juan's death, the crown prince Murong Wei succeeded to the throne at the age of 11. He was assisted by his uncle Murong Ke.
Murong Ke strictly adhered to the etiquette of the system, was cautious, consulted with other ministers on everything, and never decided alone. He treated the hundred officials with an open mind, asked them about political ways, and appointed them according to their talents. Officials who are at fault are not made public, but only transfer their posts as punishment. People see this as something to be ashamed of, so no one dares to make a mistake.
Murong Ke assisted the government for a total of seven years, and Former Yan politics was still relatively stable.
At this time, Former Qin in Guanzhong had become stronger. In the fifth year of Taihe (370), Wang Meng led 60,000 infantry to attack Former Yan, and Murong Jue concentrated 300,000 troops to resist, believing that Wang Meng's army was deeply demanding a quick battle, so he adopted a protracted strategy.
However, Wang Meng secretly sent someone to burn his logistics equipment, and the fire was fierce, and the city of Yecheng could see the light of the fire. Murong Wei did not dare to go to war, and Murong Wei rebuked him: "The king is the son of Gaozu, and he should put the Zongmiao Society as the most important thing, so why not take care of the soldiers to fight against the enemy, but concentrate on gathering wealth?" When the enemy comes, where can the money be placed? If the skin does not exist, the hair will be attached? ＂
Murong Jue had nothing to say, so he had to lead his army into battle, but as a result, he was defeated, losing more than 50,000 people, and Wang Meng's army took advantage of the victory to pursue, and more than 100,000 people surrendered. At this point, the main force of the Yan army has been basically eliminated. Former Qin Fu Jian personally led an army of 100,000 to join Wang in attacking Ye, and finally captured the city of Ye. Murong Wei was captured in Chang'an. Former Yan died.
The content of this article is compiled from the "History of the Two Jin Dynasties and the Southern and Northern Dynasties" of the China International Broadcasting Publishing House's China Reading Book "Classic Chinese General History".
There are 16 books in the complete set of "Classic Chinese General History", namely: "Xia Shang History", "Western Zhou History", "Spring and Autumn History", "Warring States History", "Qin and Han History (Part I)", "Qin and Han History (Part 2)", "Three Kingdoms History", "Two Jin And Northern And Southern Dynasties History", "Sui and Tang History (Part 1)", "Sui and Tang History (Part 2)", "Five Dynasties History", "Song Dynasty History", "Yuan Dynasty History", "Ming Dynasty History", "Early Qing Dynasty History", "Late Qing History".
The book was compiled by more than a dozen older historians, mostly born in the first half of the last century, over several years. From the historical migration of xia and shang to the late Qing dynasty, the panoramic depiction of 5,000 years of Chinese history is professional and authoritative, and it is easy to understand, suitable for all ages, passing down classics, and it is worth learning and cherishing.