Li Dazhao
Peking University Red House
The former site of Kang Mu Yi Zhai
Floor plan of the Red Chamber
The first issue of the series of reports on the centenary of the founding of the Party
The second issue of the series of reports on the centenary of the founding of the Party
Kang Mu Yi Zhai library
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He Tingshan's materialistic view of history examination paper
Celebrating the 100th Anniversary of the Founding of the Communist Party of China In search of Beijing Red Geography No. 3
No. 29 May Fourth Avenue, Beida Red Building
In July 100 years ago, the Communist Party of China was founded. In order to celebrate this year of great significance, remember the revolutionary history, and carry forward the red feelings, Beijing Youth Daily and the Beijing Municipal Archives jointly launched a series of reports, based on the archives' collections, to explore the red geography of Beijing, relive the revolutionary sages to explore the truth of saving the country, and pursue the great road of national awakening and progress.
landmark
【Red Chamber】
A stormland of change brewing in China
On the northwest side of the intersection of May Fourth Avenue and Beiheyan Avenue, there is a four-story building built entirely of red brick masonry that stands out. It is 100 meters wide from east to west, 14 meters deep from north to south, covers an area of 10,000 square meters, and is shaped in a simplified Western classical style - this is an important stronghold of the New Culture Movement, the birthplace of the May Fourth Movement and one of the important birthplaces of the Chinese Communist Party - the Peking University Red House.
According to historical records, the Red Building of Peking University was built in 1916, and Hu Renyuan, who was then the acting president, loaned 200,000 silver yuan to the Belgian company as a construction cost. After its completion in 1918, it was originally planned to be used as a student dormitory of Peking University, but it was later changed to the then school department, library and college of letters, also known as the First College of Peking University.
Wang Lanshun, an expert at the Beijing Municipal Archives, showed this reporter a picture entitled "The First College of National Peking University." As can be seen from this map, the plan of the Red Chamber is I-shaped, with four floors above ground, one underground floor, classrooms and offices from the first floor to the fourth floor, and storage rooms and printing plants on the ground floor.
Wang Lanshun is very familiar with the geographical changes of Beijing, he introduced, the place where the Red Chamber is located was a warehouse of the Ministry of Internal Affairs during the Qing Dynasty, and later renamed han garden, and the map of the Republic of China period already has the name of Han Garden. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, the Qing government allocated this place to the beijing normal university hall, the predecessor of Peking University, and its original purpose was to be used as a sports field for the school. After the completion of the Red House of Peking University in 1918, the Hanhuayuan Campus became the core campus of Peking University and became the storm place where China's changes were brewing in the future. In particular, the large playground on the north side of the Red Chamber, later called Democracy Square, was the starting point of the May Fourth Movement parade.
Wang Lanshun said that although the Red Chamber is called a courtyard, in fact, the Princess Mansion Campus is the earliest campus of Peking University, and it is also the site of the Beijing Normal University Hall. "When the Guangxu Emperor changed the law, introduced the Western education system, and established the Beijing Normal University Hall, it was a very important measure, so the Qing court allocated the Princess Hejia Mansion, which had been idle for many years on the back street of the beach, to the Beijing Normal University Hall as a school building."
Later, the reform failed, and the Kyoshi University Hall was preserved as the result of the restoration. With the increase of disciplines and the continuous expansion of the scale of running schools, although the area of the Princess Mansion is not small, it is still gradually stretched as a university campus, so the Qing government approved the old playground and the Han Garden outside the Desheng Gate in the past for the martial arts examination, and handed them over to the Beijing Normal University Hall for use.
"After the newly built Red Chamber became the First Academy, the original Kyoshi University Hall became the Second Academy of Science, and in 1902 it was merged into the Kyoshi Tongwen Hall of the Kyoshi University Hall, first changed to the Translation Hall, and then became the Law School of the Three Academies."
Wang Lanshun also told reporters that during the May Fourth Movement, students from the First and Third Academies participated more, especially the auditorium of the Third Academy was the largest and could accommodate thousands of people. On the eve of "May Fourth", 2,000 Peking University students and representatives of various colleges and universities gathered in this auditorium and decided to march the next day, and some students wrote a bloody letter on the spot" "Return me to Qingdao." Today, it is difficult to find historical relics on the former site of the three courtyards.
【Peking University Library】
"Full of space" is full of the air of academic freedom
Today, I walked into the Red Building of Peking University, and the reading room and classroom were restored on the first floor. Along the long corridor, the signs on the doors on both sides also bear the serial number of the library. Room 119 in the southeast corner of the first floor is the library director's room, divided into two rooms, the inner and outer rooms are offices, and the outer room is a conference room, where Li Dazhao, who was the director of the library at the time, worked.
Zhang Shenfu, who later co-founded the Beijing Communist Party Group with Li Dazhao, recalled the library director's office: "The director's office is located in the southeast corner of the two large rooms. Since then, those two houses have become the center and base camp of the New Thought Movement... When we talk about May Fourth and the Chinese revolution, we must never forget that place. ”
At that time, Peking University had two famous places for teachers and students to meet, one was the Chinese language teachers' lounge on the second floor known as the "Qunyan Hall", and the other was the library director's room known as "Full of Hall". In the memories of Luo Jialun, the student leader of the May Fourth Movement, in addition to "full of academic freedom", another advantage of "full of academic freedom" is that whenever new books in the library arrive, they can see first, and these new books become the material for discussion. Luo Jialun also recalled: In these two places, there is no difference between teachers and students, and there is no set of politeness and etiquette, so everyone comes to argue, and everyone asks questions to ask each other difficult questions.
When did Li Dazhao come to Peking University and become the director of the library? Wang Lanshun introduced that in 1916, Li Dazhao interrupted his studies at Waseda University in Japan and returned to China. According to Yang Hu's latest publication of "Li Dazhao's Chronology" by Yang Hu, an associate researcher at the History Museum of Peking University, in December 1917, on the recommendation of Zhang Shizhao, Li Dazhao became the director of the library department of Peking University.
"At that time, the library department was still in the cover building of the backyard of the Princess House, which used to be called the library building, and after the Beijing Normal University Hall was renamed National Peking University, the library building was also renamed the library department. After the completion of the Red Chamber, the library moved into the first floor, and Li Dazhao presided over the move. Since then, under his leadership, the Peking University Library has become a front for disseminating new ideas, new cultures and propagating Marxism. ”
【Kang Mu Yi Zhai】
The earliest place of activity in China to study and disseminate Marxism
Li Dazhao was the first pioneer in China to contact and disseminate Marxism. After the victory of the October Revolution in Russia, Li Dazhao saw the practical power of Marxism, gradually and clearly stood on the Marxist standpoint, and became the earliest Marxist and communist in China. In the controversy with Hu Shi on "problems and doctrines", in addition to enthusiastically advocating communism, he also began to use the Marxist world outlook and methodology to understand and analyze problems. His "My View of Marxism", published in "New Youth", systematically expounded the three important components of Marxism, and was the first long exposition in China to comprehensively and systematically introduce the basic principles of Marxism.
In order to cultivate more Marxists among students, in March 1920, under the guidance of Li Dazhao, Deng Zhongxia, Gao Junyu and 19 others established the Max (now translated marx) theory research society at Peking University, becoming the earliest group in China to study and disseminate Marxism.
Wang Lanshun believes that this is the most important thing Li Dazhao has done at Peking University. As soon as the research association was established, the president Cai Yuanpei approved two houses of the Second Courtyard Xizhai as the activity venue, one as an office and one as a library, named "Kang Mu Yi Zhai". "Kang Mu Yi Zhai is at today's No. 2 Jingshan East Street, west of the Red Chamber. Kang Muyi is a transliteration of German communism, and Kang Mu Yi Zhai means communist room. ”
Wang Lanshun introduced: The main activities of the Marxist Theory Research Association are to collect and procure Marxist literature, conduct Marxist research on special topics, and compile and publish Marxist-Leninist works. "Kang Mu Yi Zhai" became the earliest library in China with the mission of collecting and disseminating Marxist literature, and today the Library of Peking University still preserves eight German editions of the "Kang Mu Yi Zhai" collection such as "Great Pioneering Works", "The Infantile Disease of the "Left" in the Communist Movement", and "Against Reformism".
The event was initially closed to the public until November 1921, when the Research Society published the "Notice of Peking University Initiating the Marxist Theory Research Society" in the Journal of Peking University. Li Dazhao did not publicly list the initiation, did not hold a position in the research association, but guided as a theorist. The Seminar holds seminars every Saturday evening, lectures once a month and occasional debates. ”
Seven months after the establishment of the Marx Theory Research Association, Li Dazhao, Zhang Shenfu and Zhang Guotao secretly established the Beijing Communist Party Group in the office of the director of the Red Chamber, which was officially named the Beijing Branch of the Communist Party of China at the end of November 1920. In July 1921, the Communist Party of China was formally established, and most of the 19 founders of the Marxist Theory Research Association joined the party organization, and it can be said that the Marx Theory Research Association made ideological and organizational preparations for the establishment of the Communist Party of China.
archives
【Study Abroad】
Rise up against the "Twenty-One Articles"
Wang Lanshun told reporters that Li Dazhao was first exposed to socialist thought and Marxist theory at Waseda University in Japan. At the Waseda University Historical Center, chinese students who studied here more than 100 years ago are preserved, including Li Dazhao's enrollment card and tuition fees.
The student registration card (see figure (1)) fills in a series of information such as Li Dazhao's name, date of birth, place of origin, address, etc., and marks "Taisho 3 September 8th Dazheng First Subject Admission" in the admission column, and the discipline is "Political Science". In the revision column, "Taisho 4th July 5th" is shown as the end of the first academic year, the first column of the death is blank, the exit column states "February 2, 2015", and the cause column is stamped with the seal of "Long-term Arrears and Removal". From the preparation column, it can be seen that Li Dazhao was admitted without exams at that time.
Li Dazhao's tuition payment is recorded in the "Fourth Year Tuition Collection Book of the Political and Economic Science Department of the University Department". The receipt book (see figure (2)) shows that Li Dazhao's school system is two years, and he pays 5 yen for tuition on September 9, 4.5 yen on October 26, and 4.5 yen on November 9... It was handed over until July of the following year.
According to historical records, in the winter of 1913, Li Dazhao went to Japan to study after graduating from the Hokuyo HokushoKuen School, lived in the YMCA in Tokyo, and officially entered the Department of Political Science and Economics at Waseda University in September 1914. Japanese scholar Masao Mori found in his research that Li Dazhao had studied the principles of national studies with Professor Kazumin Ukida and studied the imperial constitution with Professor Tatsuyoshi Minobe. During his study abroad, he also paid great attention to the economic lecture notes of Professor Isoo Abe, who advocated the welfare of the people and was ideologically inclined to socialism, and Li Dazhao often went to the professor's residence to ask for advice.
In 1915, when the Japanese government proposed to Yuan Shikai's government the "Twenty-one Articles" for the destruction of China, Li Dazhao immediately rose up against it and actively participated in the protest struggle of students studying in Japan. The "Letter of Warning to the Fathers and Elders of the Whole Country" drafted by him spread throughout the country, calling on the people to rise up and save themselves. He also refused to take courses taught in Japan, such as Kazumin Ukita and Yuan Shikai, who strongly advocated the "Twenty-One Articles", and Yuan Shikai's legal adviser, Ariga Nagao, and published articles such as "National Conditions" criticizing Kazumin Ukita and Nagao Ariga. In April 1916, Li Dazhao completely interrupted his studies at Waseda University and returned to China.
【Rescue】
"I think it's okay to get a guarantee from the school"
In the first volume of the "Documentary of the Activities of the Communist Party of China in Beijing (Ping)" published by the Beijing Municipal Archives, Wang Lanshun showed reporters a number of archives related to Li Dazhao's revolutionary activities at Peking University.
In the file "Letter from Li Dazhao on February 17, 1922 on the Arrest of Chen Derong, a Student of the University, and The School Issued a Letter to Shen Shiyuan", Li Dazhao wrote to Shen Shiyuan, then director of the General Affairs Department of Peking University, saying: "Mr. Shiyuan: Chen Derong junshi, the results of the brother's inquiry are not essential, and I think it is okay for the school to issue a letter of guarantee. They are very eager, how about begging for the manuscript of the Wenmu Office? Brother Li Dazhao" (see figure (3))
Wang Lanshun said that because Li Dazhao was the director of the library, he had a very close relationship with Peking University students, and he was warm-hearted and cared for students, often using his own salary to support poor students, and students were willing to ask him for help if they had any difficulties.
Chen Derong joined the philosophy department of Peking University as an auditor in 1918, actively participated in the May Fourth Movement, and later became a member of the Beijing branch of the Communist Party. In the spring of 1921, he went to Xuzhou to inform the Xuzhou Communist Group to nominate representatives to shanghai to attend the conference to prepare for the chinese communist party, and was arrested by the Beiyang warlord government in early August of the same year.
After li dazhao and Shen Shiyuan ran away, in March 1922, Peking University sent a letter to the Beijing Normal District Procuratorate. In the file "Letter from Peking University on The Immediate Release of The Student Chen Derong to the Beijing Normal District Procuratorate" can be seen: ... The student of this school, Chen Ying, who was planning to go to France to study, did not know why the accident was arrested by the Gendarmerie Command and sent to the Beijing Division Local Procuratorate, stealing Chen Sheng's absence of illegal acts and evidence, long-term detention, inevitably contained injustice, with the special public pleading with the school to send a letter to the Beijing Normal Division Local Procuratorate, asking him to release the student as soon as possible, so that he could continue to study, without any sense of resignation and other feelings, Cha Chen Sheng Derong was quite diligent in school on weekdays, and there was no transgression, and this arrest was due to misunderstanding. If your Office considers that there is no evidence of prosecution, please release it as a sign of mercy and full study... (See figure (4))
In the end, Chen Derong was released from prison on bail by Cai Yuanpei that month.
【Examination Paper】
It is of great significance to future generations to study Marx's materialist view of history
Since 1920, Li Dazhao has successively taught Marxist theoretical courses such as "Materialist View of History", "History of Historiography and Thought", "Modern Politics", "Socialism and Social Movements" in the Department of Political Science and The Department of History of Peking University, and compiled monographs and lecture notes such as "Materialist View of History" and "History of Historical Thought".
Li Dazhao's class was very popular with the students, and Luo Zhanglong, one of the early leaders of the CPC, recalled in "Memoirs of Kang Zhai - Remembering the Days Of Comrade Shouchang Together", "Mr. Li taught this course, which was a new thing in those years, and there was no ready-made teaching book to follow, so he had to write his own lecture notes. His lecture notes are based on the scientific materialist view of history, are innovative, well-written, and have a lot of space. He personally distributed the lecture notes before the class, and each time there were ten sheets and eight sheets, which was indeed the first to open the whole school atmosphere... Mr. Li's lectures are systematic and methodical, and they are confirmed by thousands of years of historical development at home and abroad, which is highly convincing, so the students listened to the lectures very enthusiastically and were full of seats. ”
How effective were the lectures? The Beijing Municipal Archives has preserved a 1923 Peking University student's materialist view of history examination paper, which truly and vividly reflects Li Dazhao's teaching of Marxism at Peking University from the level of curriculum and examination.
The first page of the test paper shows that the student who answered the paper was named He Tingshan, the second year of the Department of Political Science, the student number 26, and the test paper was rated as a high score of 95 points.
The title of the examination paper is "An Examination of the Essential Meaning of Marx's Materialist View of History and Its Influence on Modern Historiography." He Tingshan began by writing: In the preface to his economic critique, Marx formally published the fundamental principles of the materialist view of history. Ma's meaning seems to want to compare history and society. According to his general meaning, the transformation of society is history, and in other words, if human beings are viewed horizontally, it is society, and when viewed vertically, it is history. It is also said that all the spiritual structures of human society are superficial structures, and only the structure of the material economy is the basic structure of these surface structures...
There is also such a sentence in the examination paper: Historians have always wanted to explain the changes in society from the top alone, and the changes in the upper levels all depend on the changes in the economic foundation, so history must be explained from the perspective of economic relations, which is the general idea of Ma's materialist view of history.
In the end, he wrote in the end: The values of historiography are improving day by day, and every day is changing, all of which are influenced by Ma Shi. Therefore, people with historical vision say that Marx is the bearer of the knife who opened up a new road, the biggest new era in history, and from his influence on it, Ma Shi is really worthy of being an era man!
Wang Lanshun analyzed the examination paper for reporters, and he believes that two details can be seen from this examination paper, one is to confirm that Marxism was a course opened as a discipline at Peking University at that time; the other is that the study of Marxist theory at that time was very specific. "Li Dazhao divided the members of the Marx Theory Research Society into ten groups, and each group had its own research topics, such as those who studied the materialist view of history, those who studied the October Revolution, and those who studied Marx's theory of capital.
Wang Lanshun said that He Tingshan's understanding and analysis of the materialist view of history is very in place, and the preservation of archives is also very clear and complete, which is of great significance to future generations to study Marx's materialist view of history.
"After I read this file myself, I wondered what happened to He Tingshan, because there was no relevant information. But I have asked many experts who studied Li Dazhao, and they have found nothing. ”
Did He Tingshan become a believer in Marxism? What kind of life did he have to live in the future? In this way, the respondents disappeared into the long river of history.
【Wanted】
Quickly canceled Evi Academic
On May 21, 1924, the investigation team of the Beijing Police Department raided the Beijing National Railway Federation of Trade Unions (No. 21 Blacksmith Camp) and arrested Zhang Guotao and his wife Yang Zilie in the Xingtan Society at No. 16 Laku. After that, the identities of Li Dazhao and others were revealed, and the Ministry of Internal Affairs immediately sent military police to arrest them. After the two empty throws, the Beiyang government issued a warrant for li dazhao's arrest.
A dossier about "Peking University's letter to the Ministry of Education on requesting the Ministry of Internal Affairs to request the Ministry of Internal Affairs to quickly cancel the arrest of Li Dazhao" shows that when Peking University learned of this news, it wrote to the Ministry of Education on August 7, 1924.
The letter states: ... Recently, the newspaper showed that the Ministry of Internal Affairs used the Labor Party case as related to Li Dazhao, a professor at the university, who was wanted by explicit order, and that Li Dazhao was concerned by the scope of a teacher at Peking University. Professor Cha Li Dazhao's practice of this school is quite stable, so that he usually has some ideas in speech or writings, but the university is a place of lectures, and it is indeed the responsibility of the university to teach, and it cannot be left unchecked. The wanted notice concerns the future of the country's academia, so I ask the president to forward it to the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Internal Affairs, and please cancel the wanted Li Dazhao's order as soon as possible to maintain academics. If Professor Li Dazhao has evidence of breaking the law, that is, please announce it as soon as possible to dispel the doubts of the masses, and ask the Ministry of Education to propose a state council, and then, for university professors who have not been proved to be active offenders in accordance with the law, they must not be arbitrarily wanted, and if the Ministry of Education has the responsibility to maintain the national academics, it will be able to agree with Si Yi... (See Figure (5))
Whether the Ministry of Education eventually sent a letter to the Ministry of the Interior to cancel the arrest warrant is unknown, but from the letter, we can see Peking University's concern and protection for Li Dazhao.
【Secret Report】
Communist Party leader Li Dazhao held a meeting
On March 20, 1925, the "Ministry of Education's Directive on Strictly Investigating and Seriously Preventing Li Dazhao from Organizing and Mobilizing Students from Various Schools to Join the Communist Party" reflected the Ministry of Education's attitude toward Li Dazhao:
...... According to the secret report of the Gendarmerie Command of the Beijing Division to the Second Battalion of the Gendarmerie, Peking University first sang the communist Li Dazhao character Xiuchang (which should be Shou Chang), first □ the faculty lounge of the Third Academy of the school, and there was news that the meeting would be held soon to decide on formalities. It is reported that on □ of this month, according to the continued report of the Second Battalion, Li Dazhao, head of the Communist Party of Peking University, recruited party members to hold a secret meeting last night in the dormitory of the third courtyard of the school, and its purpose was to order all party members to be sent to all schools above the Beijing Normal Middle School in□ groups and to exercise students to join the party. (See Figure (6), the □ is missing from the original text)
【Salary】
In August 1925, he was suspended from Peking University
Wang Lanshun finally showed reporters Li Dazhao's salary stubs at Peking University in June 1920, August 1921, November 1924 and December 1924. The stubs show that the salary in June 1920 was divided into two months, which was "seventy yuan in cash", a total of 140 yuan. In August 1921, "Thirty Years of Development" (see figure (7)). In November 1924, "One Hundred Wanton Picking Yuan" and in December 1924 "Issuing One Hundred Wanton Picking Yuan" (see Figure (8)), and the stubs of these two months are written as "Yu Shude Dai Ling". Yu Shude was a classmate of Li Dazhao at the Beiyang School of Political Science and Law in Tianjin, and joined the Communist Party of China in June 1922 through Li Dazhao's introduction.
In the early days of the founding of New China, historian Jin Yudian found out from the incomplete archives of Peking University that from September 1920, the name of Li Dazhao was included among the professors of Peking University, and it was not until August 1925 that the salary was suspended. At this time, Li Dazhao officially left Peking University. In April 1927, a third year after leaving Peking University, Li Dazhao was arrested and killed by Zhang Zuolin's government at the age of 38.
This edition of the text / this newspaper reporter Yan Jing courtesy of the photo / Wang Lanshun