Shu Han (15 May 221 – 263), one of the Three Kingdoms. In 221 AD, Liu Bei was proclaimed emperor in Chengdu, with the state name Han, and the historical name was "Shu Han", referred to as "Shu", also known as "Liu Shu" and "Ji Han". In 263, Sima Zhao launched the Battle of Wei and Shu. In this battle, Deng Ai smuggled yinping and troops came to Chengdu, eventually forcing the lord Liu Chan to give up resistance. It is worth noting that the reasons for the demise of the Shu Han are naturally multifaceted. Among them, the lack of talents in the later period is undoubtedly an important reason for the demise of the Shu Han.
For example, after Deng Ai smuggled into Yinping, Shu Han did not have a good general to resist for a while, and could only let Zhuge Zhan, the son of Zhuge Liang, who had never led the army to fight, to meet the enemy, and the result was that Zhuge Zhan died on the battlefield and failed to stop Deng Ai. For the problem of the lack of talents in the late Shu Han Dynasty, in addition to the small population of Shu (less than 1 million people), it is also directly related to the Battle of Yiling. In the Battle of Yiling launched by Liu Bei, Shu Han lost a large number of elites, which directly exacerbated the problem of lack of talents in the late Shu Han Dynasty.
Among the three kingdoms of Wei, Shu and Wu, the population and military strength of Shu Han were the smallest. After Guan Yu carelessly lost Jingzhou, Shu Han only had Yizhou, a prefecture with a population of less than 1 million and a military strength of only about 100,000. Correspondingly, Eastern Wu had a population of more than 2 million and a military strength of more than 200,000, while the most powerful Cao Wei had a population of 4 million and 400,000 soldiers and horses. Based on this, the least populous Shu Han was undoubtedly relatively short of talent. However, in addition, the elites lost in the Battle of Liu Bei Yiling also exacerbated the problem of the lack of talents in the Shu Han Dynasty.
In the first year of Zhang Wu (221), after Cao Pi usurped Han and established Wei, Liu Bei was proclaimed emperor in Chengdu, with the state name "Han" and the era name "Zhang Wu". In the spring of Zhang Wu's second year (222), Liu Bei sent Huang Quan to oversee the Jiangbei Water Army and led a large army to attack Eastern Wu. In the autumn of the same year, Liu Bei was defeated by the Wu general Lu Xun at the Battle of Yiling, and Liu Bei retreated to Yong'an, eventually dying the following year. In the Battle of Yiling, in addition to the loss of 50,000 troops, the loss of Shu Han was more reflected in the death or surrender of the generals.
Feng Xi
Feng Xi(?) –222), courtesy name Xiuyuan, was a native of Nan Commandery (南郡; present-day Jingzhou, Hubei). As early as after the Battle of Chibi, Feng Xi followed Liu Bei. After Liu Bei entered Yizhou, Feng Xi also participated in the Battle of Yizhou. In July of the first year of Zhang Wu 's reign ( 221 ) , Liu Bei raised an army against Sun Wu , with Feng Xi and Wu Ban as the vanguard. Wu Ban was a major general in the middle of the Shu Han Dynasty, and Feng Xi was able to serve as a pioneer at the same time as Wu Ban, indicating that his ability was recognized by Liu Bei. As a result, at the Battle of Yiling, Feng Xi was beheaded by The Wu general Pan Zhang. Without the Battle of Yiling, Feng Xi would undoubtedly become an important helper for Zhuge Liang and Jiang Wei in the Northern Expedition to the Central Plains.
Zhang Nan
Like Feng Xi, Zhang Nan also began to follow Liu Bei during the Jingzhou period. After Liu Bei and Yizhou Mu Liu Zhang broke up, Zhang Nan followed Liu Bei and Yizhou Mu Liu Zhang in battle. In the Battle of Yiling, Zhang Nan also participated. In the leap june of the second year of Zhang Wu (222 AD), Liu Bei was defeated by Lu Xun at The Pavilion, and Zhang Nan was beheaded.
Fu Tong
Chen Shou recorded in the "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" that Fu Wei of Yiyang first retreated from the army, refused to fight after breaking, and the soldiers died. General Wu ordered the surrender and scolded, "Why is there a General Han who descends?" He died in battle.
In the Battle of Yiling, Fu Tong died fighting the Wu army to protect Liu Bei, and after all his men were killed, the Eastern Wu generals persuaded Fu Tong to surrender, and as a result, they were scolded by Fu Tong. In the end, Fu Tong, who was loyal to Shu Han, was killed on the battlefield. And this is undoubtedly a major loss for Shu Han.
Cheng Qi
Cheng Qi was originally a subordinate of Liu Zhang, the pastor of Yizhou, and when Zhao Yun led an army to attack Yizhou, Cheng Qi surrendered. In 214, after Liu Bei pacified Yizhou, Cheng Qi served as a sacrificial liquor. In 222 AD, Cheng Qi accompanied Liu Bei to attack Wu, and after Liu Bei's army defeated Yiling, Cheng Qi refused to retreat and fought to the death. As a result, Cheng Qi, who was also loyal to Shu Han, could have retreated, but chose to fight to the death, which is undoubtedly admirable.
Wang Fu
Like Cheng Qi, Wang Fu was also a subordinate of Liu Zhang, the mu of Yizhou, and later surrendered to Liu Bei and held official positions such as Mianzhu Ling. In the Battle of Yiling, Wang Fu followed Liu Bei in his conquest of Eastern Wu, and was killed in this battle.
Du Lu, Liu Ning
As for the life deeds of Du Lu and Liu Ning, there is no more detailed record of the historical materials such as the Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms. In terms of the ending, in the second year of Zhang Wu (222), Liu Bei was defeated at Xiaoting, and Du Lu and Liu Ning and other generals were forced to surrender to Wu. That is, Du Lu and Liu Ning eventually surrendered to Eastern Wu, which was naturally also the loss of Shu Han.
Huang Quan
In the Battle of Yiling, Huang Quan also served as a general. However, unlike Du Lu and Liu Ning, Huang Quan surrendered to Cao Wei, not Eastern Wu. Liu Beifa defeated Wu, and the way back was isolated, Huang Quan could not return, and in desperation, he led his troops to surrender to Wei. After surrendering to Cao Wei, Huang Quan was appreciated by the Wei Emperor Cao Pi, and the general Bai Zhennan, the Marquis of Yuyang, and Jia Shizhong accompanied him. In the third year of the Jing Dynasty (239), Huang Quan moved to ride the general and Yi Tongsansi, which was already a military general of Cao Wei's higher status. In the eyes of many people, if it were not for the surrender of Cao Wei, Huang Quan would probably replace Li Yan and become Liu Bei's entrusted minister with Zhuge Liang.
Ma Liang
Finally, Ma Liang, also spelled Ji Chang, was a native of Yicheng, Xiangyang (present-day southern Yicheng, Hubei). The five Ma Liang brothers are all talented and famous, but Ma Liang is considered more talented than Ma Chen. In the second year of Zhang Wu (222), Liu Beidong invaded Eastern Wu, and as a result, ma Liang was also killed in the Battle of Yiling. For Ma Liang, a strategist, he not only gained Liu Bei's weight, but also had a good friendship with Zhuge Liang. If he had not been killed in the Battle of Yiling, Ma Liang would obviously have become an important helper for Zhuge Liang. In summary, in the Battle of Yiling, Shu Han lost the above elites, which became an important reason for the lack of talents in the late Shu Han Dynasty.