Goryeo Dynasty (VI): Goryeo Gwangjong
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Goryeo Gwangjong (Korean: 고려 광종/Goryeo Goryeo Gwangjong; 925–975), Kim Wang-joo (Korean: 왕소/Wang Zhao Wang So), the fourth monarch of Goryeo, reigned from 949 to 975.
Guangzong was the fourth son of King Jian of Taizu, born to the divine empress dowager Liu Shi, and was also the half-brother of the third generation Of King Dingzong Wang Yao. During his reign, he strengthened the centralization of power, weakened the power of the Hao clan, brutally suppressed opponents, and carried out a series of reforms to internal affairs, and Goryeo developed greatly both economically and militarily. Diplomatically, the policy of "outer king and inner emperor" was determined, that is, to call himself king of the Central Plains Dynasty and emperor at home. After his death, he was succeeded by Emperor Jingzong.
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In the eighth year of Theonjo of Goryeo (925), Wang Zhao was born in Kaiju (present-day Kaesong, Joseon). He was the fourth son of King Jian of Goryeo, and his mother, Queen Sunseong of Theo Dynasty, was the daughter of Liu Jingda of the Hao clan in Chungju, the third of Wang Jian's 29 wives and concubines. Previously, she had already given birth to Princess Lelang and two sons, Wang Tai and Wang Yao, for Wang Jian. Since childhood, Wang Zhao has had the "table of Yingqi and the posture of Qiling", and has been favored by Wang Jian of Taizu. Although he was born to the god Queen Shuncheng, he was raised by another of Wang Jian's wives, Lady Kang of Shinshu-in. Before he ascended the throne, he was known as "Wang Zhaojun".
In the third year of the Qing Dynasty (936), Wang Jian completed the unification of the later three kingdoms, and after only 7 years, he left the Ten Precepts and died, and Zhengyin (Crown Prince) Wang Wu succeeded to the throne as Emperor Huizong. As soon as Wang Jian died, the Goryeo Dynasty entered a period of crisis. Because Wang Jian's marriage with the Hao clan was extensive before his death, and Huizong's mother's family was "slight", the foundation was not consolidated, so all the Hao clans who married Wang Jian wanted to let the sons born of their own women ascend to the throne. Wang Zhao was also caught up in the whirlpool, and in the second year of Kaiyun (945), together with his brother Wang Yao, he was framed by Wang Gui, one of Wang Jian's relatives, and Huizong ignored him. Soon after, Si Tian enshrined Cui Zhimeng and played: "Meteors commit Ziwei, and there will be thieves in the country." Believing that it was a sign that Wang Zhi had framed Wang Zhao's brothers, Emperor Huizong allowed his eldest princess (i.e., Lady Lin of Qinghe Palace, Wang Zhao's second concubine) to marry Wang Zhao, in order to consolidate his power, so that Wang Gui's plot to frame Wang Zhao could not succeed.
Emperor Huizong was ill for a long time in the court conspiracy, and by September of the second year of his death (945), the contradictions between the parties reached a fever pitch. According to the official history, park Shuxi, who was first ordered by Wang Jiangu to assist Emperor Huizong, was suspected by Wang Yao of having different intentions, so he was exiled to Jiaku (on Ganghwa Island), and Wang Zhi pretended to be the king's order to kill Park Shuxi; then the general Wang Shilian, who was guarding Pyongyang in Western Beijing, conspired with Wang Yao to lead an army into Beijing, and after Huizong's illness and death, he helped Wang Yao to take the throne, in order to succeed Emperor Dingzong, and the next day he killed Wang Gui and more than 300 of his associates. The political situation at the turn of Hui and Ding was ostensibly Wang Yao's rule of combining wang yao with Wang ShiLian to kill and plot against him, the loyal minister Park Shuxi was killed by mistake, and Wang Yao was pushed to the throne by the qun courtiers in the process of quelling the civil unrest. However, modern scholars speculate that the facts covered up by historians are that Wang Yao and Wang Zhao's brothers took advantage of Huizong's serious illness to launch a palace coup, backed by Wang Shilian's military strength to defend Xijing, and successively removed Park Shuxi, who represented Huizong's forces, and Wang Gui, who represented the forces of the foreign relatives Hao, so that Wang Yao seized the throne. Emperor Dingzong Wang Yao fell seriously ill during his three-year reign, and by March 13 of the second year of Qianyou (949), wang zhao was passed on, and he himself died on the same day. Some people speculate that Wang Zhao may have joined forces with the founding hero Park Shouqing to launch a coup d'état to empty Wang Yao and force Wang Yao to pass on to himself.
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Baptized by conspiracies and coups, Wang Zhao, who became the king of Goryeo, faced the legacy of how to deal with the forces of heroes and the Hao clan and strengthen the royal power, as well as the historical mission of smoothly bringing the newborn Goryeo kingdom through the bottleneck period. At the beginning of his reign, he took a gradual route, erecting the image of a Ming Emperor who ruled from an arch, avoiding directly touching the vested interests of the heroes and the Hao clan. Soon after Wang Zhao ascended the throne, he ordered Park Shouqing and other meritorious people since the founding of Goryeo to be rewarded in four grades, on the one hand, to stabilize the power of the Hao clan, and on the other hand, to strengthen the state's management and control over the Hao clan. In the first month of the following year, the strong wind uprooted the trees in the palace, and Wang Zhao, believing that it was a bad omen, asked about the art of removal, and Si Tiantai played: "Mo Ru Xiude." From then on, Wang Zhao began to read the Zhenguan Politicians, and the founding name was "Guangde". The characters he used, such as Park Shou-ching, Shin Kang, and Shi Hui, were all heroes. The prudent policy of Wang Zhao's early reign was highly praised by posterity, and Cui Chenglao of the Chengzong Dynasty said: "The principle of Guangzong for eight years, but three generations, and the court ceremony system, is quite impressive." ”
In addition, Wang Zhao also continued to maintain a tributary relationship with the Central Plains Dynasty. After he heard the news that Later Zhou had replaced Later Han, in the third year of Guangdeok (951), he sent Xu Feng, a 97-man envoy, to pay tribute to Hou Zhou, and in the first month of the following year, Later Zhou's grandfather Guo Wei received Goryeo envoys. In February, Guo Wei decided to crown Wang Zhao as the king of Goryeo and sent Liu Hao (劉皞) and Gu Yanpu (古彦浦), a general of the guards, to goryeo on an envoy, but Liu Hao died of excessive drinking on the way, and Gu Yanpu was subsequently shipwrecked. In September of the same year, Guo Wei also sent an envoy to Goryeo to complete the canonization of The False Wei Wei Qing and the Right Guard's lü Jiyun to serve as a young prisoner. In December, Wang Zhao ordered that the fourth year of Guangde (952) be changed to the second year of Guangshun. After receiving the canonization of Later Zhou, Wang Zhao's power was further consolidated, and it also paved the way for a series of measures he later took to strengthen the royal power and weaken the Hao clan.
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Wang Zhao's "rule by inaction" ended in the third year of Hsien Tak (956), after which he began to comprehensively deepen reforms and consolidate the power of the Goryeo king. As for why Wang Zhao suddenly began to reform, one view is that at the beginning of his reign, relying on meritorious servants and hao clans still could not play a role in consolidating the king's power, so he had to take the initiative to take countermeasures; another view is that Wang Zhao decided to carry out comprehensive reforms from the beginning, and behind the prudent policies he adopted was secretly accumulating strength, and the sword was sheathed when the time was ripe. In this year, Wang Zhao issued an edict to implement the "Slave And Slave Inspection Law" to liberate the good people who were illegally taken captive as slaves by the Hao clan, which was undoubtedly a major blow to the power of the Hao clan. In the fifth year of Xiande (958), Wang Zhaozhao held an imperial examination to recruit more talents to join the ruling clique in order to dilute the power of the Hao clan politically. In the seventh year of Xiande (960), Wang Zhaoding served as a hundred officials, with Kaijing as the "imperial capital", Xijing as the "western capital", and the founding name "Junfeng", and he may even have adopted the honorific title of "emperor".
Wang Zhao's implementation of such a drastic measure to strengthen the king's power was closely related to his appointment of Chinese Shuangji. Shuang Ji was the Inspector of the Later Zhou Wusheng Army, the General Shilang, and the Commentator of Trial Dali, and in the third year of Xiande (956), he accompanied Xue Wen to Goryeo with jiafeng, and was stranded in Goryeo due to illness, and Wang Zhao, after contacting him, felt that he could only be used, so he retained him and appointed him as a scholar of Yuanfu Hanlin and entrusted him with a heavy responsibility. It was in this year that Wang Zhao launched his reform cause, and the imperial examination system was also implemented under the advice of Shuangji. For example, Shuangji's father, Shuangzhe, heard that his son was reused and defected to Goryeo and was worshipped as Zuocheng; Cai Renfan, a native of Southern Tang Quanzhou, was retained by Wang Zhao and given the title of official when he came to Goryeo; Wang Rong, a scholar of Hanlin at that time, may also be from Wu Yueguo. Wang Zhao's treatment of these "surrendered Han chinese" was very favorable, and he even seized the first house and women of his ministers and gave them to them, which caused dissatisfaction among the Goryeo ministers. It can be seen that Wang Zhao's appointment of shuangji and other Chinese on the one hand facilitates the introduction of the Chinese system to strengthen the service of his royal power, and on the other hand, it also plays a role in containing and weakening the forces of the heroes and the Hao clan.
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Wang Zhao's measures to strengthen the king's power from the third year of Xiande (956) to the first year of Junfeng (960) would undoubtedly harm the vested interests of the meritorious and hao clans, and the atmosphere of the court was once again turbulent. In the first year of Junfeng (960), the Commentator Shi Quanxin denounced Daxiang Junhong and King Zuocheng for conspiring against him, and Wang Zhao deposed them from their official positions. In the following ten years, Wang Zhao encouraged whistle-blowing, repeatedly went to prison, and launched a purge of meritorious people and hao clans, and everyone in the ruling class endangered themselves. History says: "In the sixteen years from Gengshen (960) to Yihai (975), the traitors and murderers competed for advancement, slandered Daxing, the gentlemen had no tolerance, the villains gained their ambitions, so they rebelled against their parents, enslaved their masters, centrifuged up and down, dissolved the monarchs, and the old ministers and generals, the second and second emperors, the flesh and blood marriages, and all of them were destroyed." The hero Park Shouqing died of anger because his third son was unjustly imprisoned [25], and Cui Zhimeng was exiled by Wang Zhao on the pretext of casually finding excuses. Inside the royal family, Wang Zhao's half-brother Wang Yuan (Prince Xiaoyin) of Dongyang was killed on suspicion of conspiracy, and the only sons of Huizong and Dingzong were killed by Wang Zhao, and even Wang Zhao's only son, Wang Ling, was also suspicious and precarious. After Wang Ling succeeded Wang Zhao to succeed him, thousands of people were released from prison unjustly, not counting those who had already been executed, and the extent of the terror politics in the later period of Wang Zhao's reign can be seen.
With Wang Zhao's continuous purging of the meritorious and Hao clans, his sense of security was also decreasing, so he massively expanded the guard army. History said: "Guangzong believes in slander, rebukes the generals, has doubts about himself, increases the number of troops, and selects the prefectures and counties to have the wind and color into the service, all eat the internal kitchen, and sometimes think that it is complicated and useless." In addition, he also founded the Guifa Temple in July of the fourth year of Junfeng (963), held many festivals and fasting meetings, was keen on Buddhism, and attracted high monks and masters such as Junru and Tanwen, in an attempt to use the power of Buddhism to win the hearts and minds of the people and oppose the Hao clan.
On May 23, the eighth year of Kaibao (975), Wang Zhao died, reigning for twenty-six years, at the age of fifty-one. After his death, the temple was named Guangzong, and his title was Dacheng (大成), and later he was posthumously buried in the Xian Mausoleum in the northern foothills of Songyue after being posthumously honored as "Hongdao Xuanlie Pingshi Su Xian Yi Xiao Kang Hui Dacheng King". Crown Prince Wang Ling succeeded to the throne for Emperor Jingzong.
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Goryeo Gyeongjong (Korean: 고려 경종/Goryeo Gyeongjong; November 9, 955 (22nd of the ninth lunar month) – 13 August 981 (11 july in the lunar calendar)), Kim Wang-yong (Korean: 왕주/王伷王 Ju), the character Changmin. The fifth monarch of Goryeo, reigned from 975 to 981.
He was the eldest son of Emperor Guangzong and his mother was Empress Dowager Damu of the Imperial Family. After his death, the temple number Jingzong, the title of Rencheng Mu Ming Hui Shun Xi Jing Xiao Gong Yi Xian and the Great King, was buried in Rongling.
Emperor Jingzong was born in the sixth year of Emperor Guangzong (955) in the ninth month of Ding Wei. In the sixteenth year (965), he was made crown prince. In May 975, Emperor Jingzong ascended the throne and granted amnesty to the world. Previously, during the reign of Emperor Guangzong, officials were allowed to report each other, resulting in many officials being unjustly killed and their descendants exiled. After Emperor Jingzong ascended the throne, he rehabilitated the officials who had been wrongfully killed and allowed his descendants to return to the dynasty to hold official positions. However, this in turn led to mutual vendetta. Taizu's son, Emperor Zhulin of Tian'an Fuyuan, had previously supported Emperor Guangzong in suppressing the Hao clan, but was killed by the ruling king. In October, Jia Zi Jia Zheng Jin Fu (i.e., the last king of Silla, King Jingshun) was the father of Shang, and gave honorific titles to six generations of ancestors.
In the winter of the first year of Emperor Jingzong's reign (976), the Song Dynasty sent Zuo Siyu to lead Yu Yanchao and Si Nongsi to Goryeo and enfeoff Jingzong as Guanglu Dafu, Inspector, Grand Fu, Envoy Of Xuanju Prefecture, Governor of Xuanju Prefecture, Dashun Military, and three thousand households. Emperor Jingzong sent envoys to the Song Dynasty to celebrate the enthronement. In the same year, he exiled the ruling Wang Yi and ruled with Xun Qian and Shen Qian as the left and right, both of which were concurrently with the Internal History Order, and determined the various Pintian Chaike. In addition, he also sent Jin Xingcheng to the Song Dynasty to enroll in the Guozijian and present horses and weapons to the Song Dynasty.
In March of the fourth year of Emperor Jingzong(979), the Song Dynasty sent envoys to seal Jingzong as a servant and add a thousand households. In the same year, tens of thousands of remnants of the former Bohai state came to Goryeo.
In the fifth year of Emperor Jingzong's reign (980), Emperor Jingzong recalled Cui Zhimeng, who had been released from Kuma County for eleven years, and appointed him as an internal councilor. One day, Cui Zhimeng said: "The guest star has committed a crime against the throne, may Wang Shen guard the guards, so as not to be afraid." Sure enough, Wang Cheng raised an army to attack the que and was successfully stopped by Cui Zhimeng. Wang Cheng and others were punished for plotting rebellion.
In the sixth year of Jingzong (981), on the afternoon of July, Jingzong became seriously ill. Due to the young age of the crown prince, Emperor Jingzong summoned his cousin King Kaining to rule him before his death, and he died after giving him the throne. King Kaining succeeded to the throne for Emperor Chengzong. The temple name Isanhe, the temple number Jingzong, buried in the foothills of Nanqi Mountain, the mausoleum name is Rongling. Muzong was five years old and became Mu. Five years of Sutra, Jia Minghui; eighteen years, Jia Shunxi. Emperor Wenzong for ten years, Jia Jingxiao. Forty years after Emperor Gaozong, Jia Gongyi.
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