Nobel Laureates in Physics

1. 1901: X-rays are discovered by Wilm Konrad Röntgen (Germany).

2. 1902: Hendrick Antuen Lorentz (Netherlands) study on the effects of magnetic fields on radiation phenomena

3. 1903: Antoni Henri Becquerel (France) discovers natural radioactivity; Pierre Curie (France), Marie Curie (Polish French) discovers and studies the radioactive elements polonium and radium

4. 1904: Rayleigh (UK) gas density study and discovery of argon

5. 1905: Leonard (Germany) study on cathode rays

6. 1906: Joseph Thomson (UK) makes important contributions to the theory and experimental research of gas discharge and discovers electrons

7. 1907: Michelson (USA) invents the optical interferometer and uses it for spectroscopy and basic metrics

8. 1908: Lippmann (France) invents the color photographic interference method (i.e. Lippmann's law of intervention)

9. 1909: Galielmo Macni (Italy) and Braun (Germany) invent and improve the wireless telegraph; Richardson (Uk. ) is engaged in the study of thermoion phenomena, especially the discovery of Richardson's law

10. 1910: Van der Waals (Netherlands) study of gaseous and liquid equations

11. 1911: Wien (Germany) discovers the law of thermal radiation

12. 1912: Darren (Sweden) invented an automatic adjustment device that can be used in conjunction with the ignition point navigation mark and buoy gas battery

13. 1913: Camerin-Onnes (Netherlands) studies the properties of objects at low temperatures and makes liquid helium

14. 1914: Max van Lauer (Germany) discovers the phenomenon of X-ray diffraction in crystals

15. 1915: William Henry Bragg and William Lawrence Bragg (UK) study the structure of crystals using X-rays

16. 1916: No award was awarded

17. 1917: Charles Glover Baclay (UK) discovers secondary X-radiation properties of elements

18. 1918: Max Karl Ernest Ludwig Planck (Germany) made a great contribution to the establishment of quantum theory

19, 1919: Stark (Germany) discovers the Doppler effect of polar tunnel rays and the splitting of spectral lines under the action of electric fields

20. 1920: Guillaume (Switzerland) discovers anomalies in nickel steel alloys and their importance in precision physics

21. 1921: Albert Einstein (Germany) his achievements in mathematical physics, in particular the discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect

22. 1922: Nils Henrik David Bohr (Denmark) on atomic structure and atomic radiation

23, 1923: Robert Andrew Millikan (USA) on the study of fundamental charges and verification of photoelectric effects

24. 1924: Siegbarn (Sweden) discovers spectral lines in X-rays

25. 1925: Frank Hertz (Germany) discovers the collision law of atoms and electrons

26. 1926: Perrin (France) studies the discontinuities of matter and discovers sedimentary equilibrium

27. 1927: Compton (USA) discovers the Compton effect; Wilson (UK) invents the cloud chamber, which shows the path of electrons through the air

28. 1928: Richardson (UK) studies the phenomenon of thermoion and proposes Richardson's law

29. 1929: Louis Victor de Broglie (France) discovers the volatility of electrons

30. 1930: Raman (India) studies light scattering and discovers the Raman effect

31. 1931: No award was given

32. 1932: Contribution of Werner Heisenberg (Germany) in quantum mechanics

33. 1933: Erwin Schrödinger (Austria) founded the theory of wave dynamics; Paul Adri Maurice Dirac (England) proposed Dirac's equations and the theory of holes

34. 1934: No award was awarded

35. 1935: James Chadwick (UK) discovers neutrons

36. 1936: Cosmic rays are discovered by Hess (Austria); Positrons are discovered by Anderson (USA).

37. 1937: Davidson (USA) and George Pegget Thomson (UK) discover the diffraction of electrons by crystals

38. 1938: Enrique Fermi (Italy) discovers new radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation and performs a nuclear reaction with slow neutrons

39. 1939: Ernest Orlando Lawrence (USA) invents the cyclotron and obtains artificial radioactive elements

40. 1940-1942: No award was given

41, 1943: Stern (USA) develops molecular beam methods and measures proton magnetic moments

42. 1944: Rabbi (USA) invents the nuclear magnetic resonance method

43, 1945: Wolfgang V. E. Pauli (Austria) discovered the Pauli incompatibility principle

44. 1946: Bridgeman (USA) invents a device for obtaining strong high pressures and makes discoveries in the field of high-pressure physics

45. 1947: Study of the physical properties of the upper atmosphere of Appleton (UK), discovery of the Upton Layer (ionosphere)

46. 1948: Blackett (UK) refines Wilson's cloud chamber method and the resulting discoveries in nuclear physics and cosmic rays

47. 1949: Hideki Yukawa (Japan) proposes the meson theory of nucleons and predicts the existence of ∏ mesons

48. 1950: Cesso Frank Powell (UK) develops photographic methods for the study of nuclear processes and discovers π mesons

49. 1951: Cocroft (UK) and Walton (Ireland) bombard atoms with artificially accelerated particles to produce nuclear transmutation

50. 1952: Bloch and Purcell (USA) engaged in the study of the phenomenon of nuclear magnetic resonance of matter and founded the atomic nuclear magnetic force measurement method

51. 1953: Zelnik (Netherlands) invents the phase contrast microscope

52. 1954: Max Born (UK) contributes to the statistical interpretation and study of quantum mechanics and wave functions; Botte (Germany) invents conformity notation for the study of nuclear reactions and γ rays

53. 1955: Ram (USA) invented microwave technology to study the fine structure of hydrogen atoms; Kush (USA) used radio frequency beam technology to accurately determine the magnetic moment of electrons and innovated nuclear theory

54. 1956: Bratton, Bardeen (Jewish), and Shockley (USA) invent transistors and study their effects

55. 1957: Lee Jeong-do and Yang Zhenning (Chinese-American) discover that the universe is not balanced under weak interactions, which leads to a major discovery about elementary particles

56. 1958: Cherenkov, Tam, frank (Soviet Union) discover and explain the Cherenkov effect

57, 1959: Antiprotons are discovered by Segre and Owen Chamberlain (USA).

58. 1960: Glasser (USA) discovers bubble chambers, replacing Wilson's cloud chambers

59. 1961: Hofstadter (USA) pioneered the scattering of electrons by atomic nuclei and thus discovered the structure of atomic nuclei; Mössbauer (Germany) studied the phenomenon of resonance absorption of γ rays and discovered the Mössbauer effect

60. 1962: Davy dovych Landau (USSR) pioneering theory of condensed matter, especially liquid helium

61, 1963: Wigner (USA) discovers the symmetry of elementary particles and the principle governing the interaction between protons and neutrons; Mrs. Meyer (American. Jews), Jensen (Germany) discovered the shell structure of the nucleus

62. 1964: Towns (USA) laid the theoretical foundation for the invention of microwave exciters and lasers, and Basov and Prokhorov (Soviet Union) invented microwave exciters

63. 1965: Shinichiro Asahaga (Japan), Schwenger, and Feinman (USA) have achieved research results in quantum electrodynamics that have a profound impact on particle physics

64. 1966: Castelle (France) invents and develops a dual resonance method for studying light and magnetic resonance within atoms

65. 1967: Betty (USA) contributes to the theory of nuclear reactions, particularly the discovery of stellar energy

66, 1968: Alvarez (USA) develops hydrogen bubble chamber technology and data analysis, and finds a large number of resonance states

67. 1969: Gell-Mann (USA) discovery of elementary particle classification and their interactions

68. 1970: Basic research and discovery of magnetohydrodynamics in Alvin (Sweden) and its fruitful application in plasma physics; Nell (France) basic research and discovery of antimagnetism and ferromagnetism

69. 1971: Gabor (UK) invents and develops holographic photography

70. 1972: Bardeen, Cooper, and Schliefer (USA) founded the BCS superconductivity microscopic theory

71, 1973: Rei Ezaki discovered the semiconductor tunneling effect in Nai (Japan); Jaefer (USA) discovered the superconductor tunneling effect; Josephson (Uk) proposed and discovered the properties of supercurrents through tunnel barriers, that is, the Josephson effect

72. 1974: Martin Ryle (UK) invents the synthetic aperture radio astronomy telescope for pioneering research in radio astrophysics; Herwiss (UK) discovers pulsars

73, 1975: Ag N. Bohr, Mortelsen (Denmark), and Rainwater (USA) discovered the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and proposed a theory of nuclear structure based on this connection

74. 1976: Ding Zhaozhong and Richter (USA) independently discover new J/ψ elementary particles

75. 1977: Anderson, Van Flake (USA), Mott (UK) fundamental research on the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems

76, 1978: Basic invention and discovery in the field of cryogenic physics in Kapitsa (USSR); Penzias, R. W. Wilson (USA) discovers cosmic microwave background radiation

77. 1979: Contribution of Sheldon Lee Glashow, Steven Weinberg (USA), Abdus Salam (Pakistan) to a unified theory of weak interactions and electromagnetic interactions between elementary particles, and predicts the existence of weak neutral streams

78, 1980: Cronin and Fitch (USA) discover that charge conjugate is not conserved

79. 1981: Siegbarn (Sweden) develops high-resolution measuring instruments and quantitative analysis of optoelectronics and light elements; Blombergen (USA) pioneered work in nonlinear optics and laser spectroscopy; Scholo (USA) invents high-resolution laser spectrometers

80, 1982: K. G. Wilson (USA) proposed the theory of regroups to elucidate the critical phenomenon of phase transitions

81, 1983: Sarmanian Jonderán (USA) proposed the Strong De la Seca limit, a theoretical study of physical processes of great significance for the structure and evolution of stars; Fowler (USA) conducted theoretical and experimental research on nuclear reactions of great significance for the formation of chemical elements in the universe

82. 1984: Carlo Rubia (Italy) confirms the existence of intermediate vector bosons [[W+]]] that transmit weak interactions, W- and Zc; van der Meer (Netherlands) invents the random cooling method of particle beams, making possible experiments with the collision of proton-antiproton beams to produce W and Z particles

83, 1985: Von Krizin (Germany) discovers the quantum Hall effect and develops techniques for determining physical constants

84. 1986: Ruska (Germany) designs the first transmission electron microscope; Biniger (Germany), Roller (Switzerland) designs the first scanning tunneling electron microscope

85, 1987: Patnoz (Germany), Müller (Switzerland) discovered oxide high-temperature superconducting materials

86, 1988: Lederman, Schwartz, and Steinberg (USA) produce the first laboratory-created beam of neutrinos and discover neutrinos, thus demonstrating the dual structure of leptons

87, 1989: Ramsey (USA) invents the method of separating oscillating fields and its application in atomic clocks; Demert (USA) and Paul (Germany) develop atomic precision spectroscopy and develop ion trap technology

88, 1990: Friedman, Kendall (USA), and Richard Taylor (Canada) first demonstrated the existence of quarks experimentally

89, 1991: Pierre Gilled-Gené (France) generalizes the method of studying ordered phenomena in simple systems to more complex forms of matter, especially liquid crystals and polymers

90, 1992: Schappuck (France) invents and develops the polyfilament proportional chamber for high-energy physics

91, 1993: Hulse, J. H. Taylor (USA) discovered pulsating binary stars, which indirectly confirmed the existence of gravitational waves predicted by Einstein

92, 1994: Brockhouse (Canada) and Schalder (USA) developed neutron diffraction technology in the study of condensed matter matter

93, 1995: Pell (USA) discovers τ leptons; Lanes (USA) discovers neutrinos

94, 1996: D· M. Lee, Osherov, R. Lee C. Richardson (USA) discovered helium isotopes that can flow frictionlessly at low temperatures

95, 1997: Steven Chu, W. Lee D. Phillips (USA) and Tanuji (France) invented the method of cooling and trapping atoms with lasers

96, 1998: Laughlin, Horst Ludwig Stemer, and Cui Qi (USA) discover and study the fractional quantum Hall effect of electrons

97, 1999: H. Hooter and Weltmann (Netherlands) elucidate the quantum structure of weak-current interactions

98, 2000: Alfirov (Russia), Cromer (Germany) proposed the theory of heterogeneous structure, and developed heterogeneous structure of fast transistors, laser diodes; Jack Kilby (USA) invented integrated circuits

99, 2001: Ketler (Germany), Cornell, Carl M. E. Wiemann (USA) has made achievements in "Bose-Einstein condensed matter of thin gases in alkali metal atoms" and "Study of the early fundamental properties of condensed matter properties"

100, 2002: Raymond Davis, Riccardo Giaccone (USA), and Masatoshi Koshiba (Japan) "recognize their pioneering contributions in the field of astrophysics, including their achievements in "detecting cosmic neutrinos" and "discovering cosmic X-ray sources." ”

101, 2003: Alexei Abikosov, Anthony Leggett (USA), Vitaly Günzburg (Russia) "recognizes the pioneering contributions made by the three in the field of superconductors and superfluidics." ”

102, 2004: David Gross (USA), David Pulitzer (USA), and Frank Wielzek (USA) in recognition of their "discovery of quark progressive freedom in quantum fields." ”

103, 2005: Roy Graubber (USA) for his contributions to the quantum theory of optical coherence; John L. Hall (USA) and Theodor Hensch (Germany) for their contributions to the development of laser-based precision spectroscopy.

104, 2006: John Mather (USA) and George Smoot (USA) for their discovery of blackbody patterns and perturbations of cosmic microwave background radiation.

105, 2007: French scientist Elber Fair and German scientist Pete Kreperberg for their contribution to the discovery of the magnetoresistance effect.

106, 2008: Japanese scientist Yoichiro Nambu for discovering the mechanism of spontaneous defication of symmetry in subatomic physics. Japanese physicists Makoto Kobayashi and Toshihide Masakawa proposed the physical mechanism of symmetrical destruction and successfully predicted the existence of at least three classes of quarks in nature.

107, 2009: Chinese-American physicist Kao Kun was awarded for "a pioneering achievement in the transmission of light in optical communication"; American physicists Willard S. Boyle and George E. Smith were awarded the award for "inventing an imaging semiconductor circuit - charge coupling device image sensor CCD".

108, 2010: The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences announced in Stockholm that the 2010 Nobel Prize in Physics will be awarded to scientists Andrei Heim and Konstantin Novoshowlov of the University of Manchester in the United Kingdom, in recognition of their outstanding research in graphene materials.

109, 2011: Astrophysicist Sal Polmatt at the University of California, Berkeley, Brian Schmidt, American/Australian physicist, and American scientist Adam Reess won the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics for "Discovering the Accelerating Expansion of the Universe by Observing Distant Supernovae."

110. 2012: Serge Arroche, professor at the École Normale Supérieure in Paris, France, and David Wienlander, professor at the National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Colorado bordeaux, were awarded the 2012 Nobel Prize in Physics for "discovering a breakthrough experimental method for measuring and manipulating individual quantum systems."

111, 2013: Belgian theoretical physicist François Engler and British theoretical physicist Peter Higgs won the 2013 Nobel Prize in Physics for the theoretical prediction of the Higgs boson (God particle).

112, 2014: Japanese scientists Isamu Akasaki and Hiroshi Amano and Japanese-American scientist Shuji Nakamura won the 2014 Nobel Prize in Physics for inventing the blue light-emitting diode (LED).

113, 2015: Japanese scientist Takaaki Kajita and Canadian scientist Arthur B. McDonald share the 2015 Nobel Prize in Physics for their contributions to the discovery of neutrino oscillations.

114, 2016: Three American scientists, David Solis, Duncan Haldane, and Michael Kosterlitz, share the 2016 Nobel Prize in Physics for their theoretical discovery of topological phase transitions of matter and their theoretical contributions to topological phase transitions.

115, 2017: Three American scientists, Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash, and Michael W. Young, won the 2017 Nobel Prize in Physics for discovering the mechanisms that control circadian rhythms