This evening Beijing time,
The 2021 Nobel Prize in Physics is announced,
This year's Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded
"A pioneering contribution to our understanding of complex systems"
Half by American scientist Syukuro Manabe
and the German scientist Klaus Hasselmann obtained,
In recognition of their "physical modeling of the Earth's climate,
Quantify variability and reliably predict global warming";
The other half was acquired by the Italian scientist Giorgio Parisi,
In recognition of his "discovery from the atomic to planetary scales."
interaction between disorder and fluctuations in physical systems".
Complex systems are characterized by randomness and disorder and are difficult to understand. This year's award recognizes new ways to describe them and predict their long-term behavior.
Earth's climate is a complex system that is vital to humanity. Makoto shows how an increase in carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere can lead to an increase in the Earth's surface temperature. In the 1960s, he led the development of physical models of the Earth's climate and was the first to explore the interaction between the radiation balance and the vertical transport of air masses. His work laid the foundation for the development of current climate models.
About a decade later, Klaus Hasselmann created a model that linked weather and climate, answering the question of why climate models remain reliable in the face of varied and chaotic weather. He also developed methods for identifying specific signals, fingerprints, and natural phenomena and human activities that leave their mark on the climate. His method has been used to show that the rise in atmospheric temperatures is due to carbon dioxide emissions from humans.
Around 1980, George Parisi discovered hidden patterns in disordered complex materials. His discovery is one of the most important contributions to the theory of complex systems. They make it possible to understand and describe many different, apparently completely random materials and phenomena, not only in physics, but also in other very different fields, such as mathematics, biology, neuroscience, and machine learning.
"The discoveries that have been recognized this year show that our understanding of the climate is based on solid scientific foundations, based on rigorous analysis of observations. This year's laureates have all contributed to our deeper understanding of the properties and evolution of complex physical systems. Tols Hans Hansen, chairman of the Nobel Committee on Physics, said.
About the Nobel Prize in Physics
Nobel Prizes in Physics are selected and awarded once a year, six of which are discontinued for reasons (1916, 1931, 1934, 1940-1942). As of 2020, the Nobel Prize in Physics has been awarded 114 times, and a total of 215 people have won the prize. American physicist John Bardeen, who won two awards in 1956 and 1972 for his BCS theory of transistor effects and superconductivity, was the only scientist to be "two-degree".
In 2020, half of the Nobel Prize in Physics was won by Roger Penrose, and the other half was jointly won by Reinhard Genzel and Andrea Gertz. The three scientists won the prize for discovering a supermassive compact object at the center of the Milky Way. Baristas also learned from the World's Top Scientists Forum (WLF) that Reinhard Genzel has been invited to attend the Fourth World Top Scientists Forum in early November and share his black hole research in the master's lecture hall.
The data show that the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to only 1 person, which appeared 47 times; the award to two people appeared a total of 32 times; and the award of three people appeared 35 times. The frequency of two or three winners has increased dramatically in recent years, with the last physicist to win the Nobel Prize in Physics dating back to George Schappak, who won the prize in 1992.
To date, the youngest Nobel laureate in physics is William Lawrence Bragg, who was 25 years old when he won the prize. In 1915, he and his father, William Henry Bragg, won the prize at the same time; in 2018, Arthur Askin won the prize at the age of 96, the oldest of the Nobel laureates in physics.
Statistics show that among the Nobel Prize winners in physics, only 1 person is 20-29 years old; 23 people are 30-39 years old; the number of winners is the largest number of winners aged 40-49, reaching 55; 50-59 years old is also the "peak period" of winning the Nobel Prize in Physics, there are 52 people; 43 people aged 60-69; 26 people aged 70-79; 15 winners have appeared at 80-89 years old; and only 1 person aged 90-99 is also only 1.
There have been four women in history who have won the Nobel Prize in Physics, marie Curie, the "Marie Curie" we know, the German-American physicist Maria GuepetEr Meyer, the 2018 winner Donna Strickland, and last year's winner Andrea Gertz. Among them, Marie Curie has twice won the Nobel Prize. In 1903, the Curies and Becquerel were jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for their research on radioactivity. In 1911, Marie Curie won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry again for her discovery of the elements polonium and radium, becoming the first person in the world to win two Nobel Prizes.
Some scholars said that compared with other natural science awards, the regularity of the Nobel Prize in Physics is more obvious: the four major fields of cosmic astrophysics, particle physics, atomic and molecular and photophysics and condensed matter physics have appeared in turn. However, in recent years, astrophysics has been on the stage more frequently - 2015 was the award for the achievements in particle physics;
In 2016, the condensed matter physics achievement was awarded;
2017 is the award for the astrophysical achievements of the universe;
The 2018 award was in the field of atomic molecules and photophysics;
2019 is the category of cosmic astrophysics;
The 2020 awards fell into the field of cosmic astrophysics.
PS. Tomorrow (6th) at 17:45 Beijing time, this year's Nobel Prize in Chemistry will be announced, and baristas will continue to pay attention to ~
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Photo | Nobel Prize official website Oriental IC
Edited | Gao Yang