Portrait of Yang Jisheng
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Yang Jisheng (杨 Jisheng), courtesy name Zhongfang ( ) , was a native of Rongcheng ( present-day Beihezhao Village , Rongcheng County , Xiong'an New District ) . In the twenty-sixth year of Jiajing (1547), he ascended to the rank of Jinshidi, and initially served as the chief of the Nanjing bureaucracy, and then became a military officer and a foreign lang. Because of Shangshu's proposal to impeach Qiu Luan kaima city, he was demoted to di Daodian history, and was later used as Zhucheng Zhi County, moved to Nanjing, the head of the household department, the member of the punishment department Wailang, and the military selection division of the military mobilization department Wailang.
In the thirty-second year of Jiajing (1553), Yang Jisheng was imprisoned for impeaching The Powerful Minister Yan Song for "Five Adultery and Ten Major Crimes" without fear of the powerful shangshu. He was tortured in prison and still preferred to die to fight the corrupt forces. Jiajing was killed in 1555 at the age of forty.
After Emperor Mingmuzong ascended the throne, he posthumously honored Yang Jisheng as the head of the zhizhi ministers, and posthumously awarded the title of Taichang Shaoqing (太常少卿), with the courtesy name "Zhongcheng", the world's name "Yang Zhongxuan", and the honorific title of "City God Master" in Beijing.
He has left behind the ancient famous association "iron shoulders to bear morality, hot hands to write articles" and the famous "Jiaoshan family training".
"You Tianhua Mountain Illustration" was written by Jiaoshan on September 9, 1551, the thirtieth year of Ming Jiajing (1551), and the original picture is now in the National Library of New York, USA, and this photocopy was donated by Han Muken, an expert in ming history at New Mexico State University, when he arrived in Rongcheng, the hometown of Jiaoshan, in 2002.
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Bitter cold students High school students
Born in a poor farming family, Yang Jisheng was gifted from an early age and loved to read. He lost his mother at the age of seven, his father at the age of eleven, and his sister-in-law treated him with affection. At the age of eight, he argued with his brother: "Young people can herd cattle, but they can't read." "Reluctantly bought myself the opportunity to study."
"Old student - little jinshi", "hidden shadow - prominent surname and fame", "no wine is the poor lord - there are children as famous subjects"... When the children of the same age were still running and playing on the street, Yang Jisheng was able to stark at the old man who gave up the private school, and the old man Shen Xuan could not help but stroke his whiskers and sigh: "This child will be listed in the future." ”
At the age of fourteen, Yang Jisheng began a journey of sleeping in the wind, studying with teachers, and studying hard. He constantly changed his identity between the cattleherd and the students of the Cold Gate, and went to Rongcheng, Dingxing, Anxin, and Qingyuan to study with teachers, half cultivating and half reading.
Yang Jisheng had many legends and stories when he was studying. Among them, the legend of "butcher offering" is clearly recorded in the history. In the Ming Dynasty Bai Deyou's "Collected Poems of Bath Crane Temple", there is a poem "Posthumously Gift to the Drum Knife Butcher in Front of Rongcheng Ningguo Temple", which records the story of a butcher who gave him three years of worship only because of a magical dream during Yang Jisheng's painstaking reading of Rongcheng Ningguo Temple. "When Yang Jiaoshan Zhongcheng was a showman, he read Rongcheng Ningguo Temple, there were butchers at the temple gate, and the dream god said: Yang Mou's former loyal subjects, poor mechanics, Ruhe offerings. When the butcher enters the temple to visit him, he meets the public at first sight. If you don't give up the offerings at night, you will stop them, you won't listen, you won't slack off for three years..."
Yang Jisheng was eighteen years old, and when he was nineteen years old, he studied at the Ningguo Temple in Rongcheng, "tasting lack of oil at night, reading every month." At night, the legs and stomach are often frozen, and they get up and walk around the room to heal." At the age of twenty-three, because he took his two nephews to study, he "used the degree to see less than enough" in front of him. At the age of twenty-five, the silver of the arch was taken away by his brother, so that "the test was still very poor."
In the twenty-sixth year of Jiajing (1547), the ill-fated Yang Jisheng finally entered high school and ushered in the spring of his life, when he was thirty-two years old.
The Biography of Ming Shi Yang Jisheng says: "In the twenty-sixth year of Jiajing, Dengjinshi, the chief of the Nanjing bureaucracy, from the Shangshu Han Bang Qiyou, Qin SiLulu's Learning, Handmade Twelve Laws, Blowing It, Sound Bihe, Bang Qi Daxi, all he learned, and continued to write famous works." ”
When it comes to Zhang Juzheng, a scholar of Ming Wanli University, and Hai Rui, a Qing official who carries a coffin to advise, everyone is familiar with it, but few people know: Zhang Juzheng and Yang Jisheng were soldiers in the same year, and Hai Rui and Yang Jisheng were officials of the same dynasty.
In the twenty-sixth year of Jiajing, the examiner Zheng Yuye sent someone to send a letter: "Yang Jisheng is a first-class soldier!" This news quickly boiled over Beihezhao Village and even the entire Rongcheng County, and when the official unveiling, Yang Jisheng ranked eleventh in the second rank of Jinshi. Why false positives?
With this question, Yang Jisheng entered the dynasty as an official. At this time, the Ming Dynasty was already in ruins, the Jiajing Emperor hid in Xiyuan obsessed with alchemy and ignored the government, and the minister of power, Yan Song, took the opportunity to recruit henchmen and control the power of the dynasty. Yang Jisheng is full of talent, such a talent is exactly Yan Song's prey, and Yang Jisheng's personality gengjie will never be inflammatory and adulterous. The prey that Yan Song aimed at could not be eradicated for his own use. Zheng Yuye, a man of great integrity, and Xu Jie, the overseer of the State Zi, weighed it up again and again, and decided to hide Yang Jisheng's sharpness and talent, secretly including him in the second class of the Jinshi First Division, and letting him go to the capital Nanjing to take up the post of chief of the official department.
Jiaoshan Minglian
2
For the sake of the official for one term for the benefit of one party
With the entrustment of his mentor Xu Jie, Yang Jisheng went to Nanjing, and first went to meet Xu Jie's good friend Zheng Xiao in the Examination Gong Silang, and when Zheng Xiao saw Yang Jisheng, he was surprised and said to his colleagues: "This person's heart, integrity, and career will be unspeakable in the future." Yang Jisheng and Zheng Xiao soon became friends of the year, and from then on, they befriended benevolent people. It was at this time that he studied the study of Lulu, Huangji, Heluo, astronomy, geography, and military formation under the guidance of Han Bangqi, Shangshu of the Nanjing Military Department.
Yang Jisheng commented at the end of his three-year term as an official in Nanjing: "The instrument is deep and ambitious, the learning is fierce and strict, the Confucian practice occupies it, and the dream becomes a strong man, and it can be taught." Yang Jisheng was promoted to the Beijing Division, and he was full of ambition to take up the post of military department, but what he saw was the slack administration and laziness of people.
At this time, after the "change of Gengzhi", Li Da once again harassed the Daming border to force the imperial court to achieve the purpose of mutual market, the courtiers were divided into the main war faction and the mutual market peace faction, and Yan Song, who held the power of the imperial government, advocated mutual market peace, and many courtiers remained silent. Yang Jisheng, who was full of enthusiasm to serve the imperial court, believed that seeking peace was an insult to the prestige of Daming, and Shangshu's "On Mutual Market Neglect" opposed the mutual market, and his words were earnest, proposing "ten no's, five fallacies" and impeaching Yan Song's henchman Marquis Qiuluan of Xianning.
Yang Jisheng knew himself: "The subject is a lonely cold soldier, the first to enter the career, the parents died early, the wife is helpless, not knowing that the silence is enough to protect himself, and the words and deeds are enough to take disasters..." But due to his personality and mission, Yang Jisheng could not choose silence, and he bravely stood up to confront the Yan Dang clique, and the results could be imagined. He was imprisoned and tortured, but fortunately his life was spared, and he was relegated to the canonical history of Di Dao (present-day Lintao, Gansu).
Before leaving, Li Keyou sent Zhang Wanji and his colleagues such as the Palace Painting Home Festival to send him off, Zhang Wanji was a Di Dao person, he repaired the book and asked Li Yuquan to pay more attention to the unhealed Jiaoshan, and Ju Jie, with admiration for Jiaoshan, left him the only portrait in his life.
Yang Jisheng trekked through the poor mountains and bad waters with the pain of physical and mental injury, and when he saw that the suffering of the people of Di Dao was worse than his own suffering, a mission was born on his shoulders: "Establish a heart for heaven and earth, establish a destiny for the people, continue to learn from the saints, and open up peace for all the worlds." Isn't the "four for" famous sentence of the Northern Song Dynasty Confucian Zhang Zai exactly the mission of the Confucians? He lifted his spirits and was determined to take the original intention of "serving as an official for one term and benefiting one party", and in this small border county, he would continue to learn from Taiping, even if the history of the classic history was only a micro-official who did not enter the grade.
Yang Jisheng first opened a Confucian academy in Yuantong Temple, and then took out his own meager Feng Lu, sold the dowry jewelry of the horse and his wife to build the Transcendent Academy, and founded the "Jiaoshan Xuetian", the spread of Confucianism effectively improved the folk customs of Di Dao, and the people sighed: "Yang Gong is late!" The students affectionately called him "Master of Kansai."
He and the people of Didao went to the fields to cultivate and work, helped the people dredge the river, invented agricultural tools to achieve water-saving irrigation, and the people named the agricultural tools "Yang Pole", which is still used in Lintao County.
He saw the people running hundreds of miles away to buy firewood for the winter, and there was a coal mountain seventy miles west of the city. Why hold a golden bowl and beg for food? It turned out that fan people sold firewood to make a profit, worried that the coal mountain would be unprofitable, so they tried to block the opening of the coal mountain, and even the government could not do anything. Yang Jisheng brought a few Fanmin students to negotiate with Fanmin, adhered to the distribution principle of "the county opens the coal mountain, and the people profit", does not use a soldier and a pawn, and solves the accumulated shortcomings for many years. Fan Minfu said: "Yang Gong immediately needs me Cao Qiong's tent, and also gives it up, and the coal mountain is ye!" "Fan min believe in love, and call "Father Yang". Yang Jisheng said in "Remembering the Opening of coal mountains", "I don't like the opening of coal profits, but I like the service of the people." ”
Most of the border people of Didao made a living from "weaving brown", and Lady Yang Zhang Zhen taught the people textile skills free of charge. The brown fabrics that the people of Didao had painstakingly woven were exploited by merchants holding the "card tickets" of the higher-level governments, or bought at low prices, or bartered for miscellaneous goods, and the people were miserable.
Yang Jisheng straightened out the brown city and benefited the people, the people clapped their hands and applauded, but cut off some people's financial roads, Yang Jisheng was twice transferred to Shaanxi to inspect the "Liu Tuo Academy", and he resolutely resigned on the grounds that the people of Di Dao needed it. Yang Jisheng was only thirteen months in Didao, and his image of a public servant and the simple feeling of loving the people like a son won the praise of the people of Didao.
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Iron shoulders and moral heritage
Yang Jisheng was belittled by Di Dao, who promised to break the cross-market treaty and invaded Daming many times. Qiu Luan's adulterous attempt failed, Yan Song put all the blame on Qiu Luan, Qiu Luan was imprisoned and died of an anticle, and the Jiajing Emperor ordered his corpse to be killed to vent his hatred, and remembered Yang Jisheng, who opposed the mutual market. Yan Song pondered the holy will, pushed the boat along the water, and took the opportunity to win over Yang Jisheng, who impeached Qiu Luan. As a result, Yang Jisheng was promoted one after another, from Zhucheng County, Shandong, to Nanjing Household Department Chief, Punishment Department Member Wailang, to the Military Department Martial Selection Department, this unprecedented rapid promotion shocked the government and the public, historians called it "one year and four moves".
Yan Song was sure: Yang Jisheng was demoted to Di Dao for more than a year, and he should always know whose hands the promotion and demotion of Daming officials was in! However, Yan Song's calculations were once again frustrated.
Yang Jisheng's "Self-Book Chronology" records: "The Netherlands is generous, wants to sacrifice himself to repay, and has no place to do it." Wife: The adulterous minister Yan Ge is in power, how can he allow his direct subjects to report to the country? To hear his words is to know the basis of his service to the country. Yang Jisheng, reminded by his wife Zhang Zhen, finally found the basis for repaying the country: impeaching Yan Song and returning the court to a clean and upright atmosphere. Yang Jisheng carved at the bottom of the Yantai: "Three more five points, fight hard to hit the big death." Things are done in the same way, not in the same way as ru depreciation. ”
Yan Song never dreamed that Yang Jisheng had a hard time seeking fame, but he didn't know how to be "grateful", and he even ignored the high-ranking official Houlu, dared to hit the stone with a pebble, and dared to impeach him in the past month after taking office!
A righteous sonata, "Please Curse the Thief and The Minister," shocked the government and the opposition. The song chapter counts the "five adulterous and ten major sins" of yan song, a traitorous thief. "Shouldering morality with iron shoulders and writing articles with hot hands", he must use the pen in his hand to fight against the corrupt winds of the imperial court, awaken the silent justice with his life, and hoe adultery for the imperial court and ask for the people's life!
Yang Jisheng was soon thrown into prison. Yan Song had already snared a tight network of connections within the imperial court, and dozens of his righteous sons were spread all over the important positions in the imperial court, and they wanted to put Yang Jisheng to death.
Before the execution, a well-meaning colleague secretly sent snake bile, which can relieve pain and relieve blood poison, yang Jisheng refused: "Jiaoshan has its own guts, why should it be a snake!" "In the Ming Dynasty, the scepter punishment was the most severe punishment, and the average person who was beaten with seventy or eighty sticks would undoubtedly die. Yang Jisheng was sentenced to one hundred and forty sticks for three days, and was thrown into the death row of the civil prison by cutting off the doctor and cutting off the medicine, but a super strong desire to seek business supported his life.
The "Chronicle of the Self-Book" records: "Because the tea thought of 'people beating the cold with the tip of the tile', he broke the bell, and those who took the tip of the tile and sharpened it, broke the bamboo spoon, clamped the tip of the tile inside, tied it with a thread, put the sore on the tip, and beat it with a drum hammer into the flesh for five or six points." The blood came out of the legs, with fifty or sixty holes, and the bleeding first sprayed, and then flowed down the legs to the ground, about a dozen bowls at a time. Yang Jisheng used tiles to cut three pounds of rotten flesh, broke two tendons, dragged the stumps and broken bodies, and survived with super strong ideas.
The struggle between Yang Jisheng and Yan Song is actually a life-and-death game between the Wenchen clique and the Quanchen clique of the imperial court, and Yang Jisheng is a strong spiritual pillar supporting the Wenchen clique. Therefore, Yan Song designed in the thirty-fourth year of Jiajing (1555) to write Yang Jisheng's name behind the list of death row prisoners, and the Jiajing Emperor, who was obsessed with alchemy, waved his royal pen, and Yang Jisheng was wrongfully killed at the age of forty.
Yang Jisheng chose to be martyred with the bones of a Confucian, and his residence in Beijing was called "Songjun'an". In the last years of the Qing Dynasty, when peng Yulin, a general of the Xiang Army, went to Beijing to pay respects to the great wedding ceremony of the Guangxu Emperor, he admired the name of staying at the "Songjun Nunnery"; more than 1,300 people such as Kang Youwei and Tan Si gathered at the "Songjun Nunnery" and wrote the famous "Book on the Bus"; Li Dazhao, the founder of our party, changed the "spicy" of Jiaoshan Minglian to "Miao" as the motto of life; "When things happen, they are humble and have a view of the first thing, and they talk with people and qi", Mao Zedong commented on this poem, saying: "Poetry and speech, Mr. Jiaoshan has this aspiration, but he has this poem." (Zheng Jiandang)
The pictures are all provided by Zheng Jiandang
■Related
The tenderness of the "tough guy" in the two suicide notes
Yang Jisheng, known as the "first tough man of Daming", was iron-boned, loyal and righteous, awe-inspiring in righteousness, and generous to death. However, this tough guy also has a tender and watery, affectionate side, which is fully reflected in the suicide note he wrote.
October 30, 34, Ming Jiajing was the day of execution. Yang Jisheng, who was in prison, was calm and relaxed, and meticulously rushed to write a suicide note to his wife and children: one to his wife ("Yu Xian's wife Zhang Zhen"), and one to his two sons ("Father Pepper Mountain Yu YingWei Ying Ji Two Sons").
Since the wife was illiterate and the two sons were still young, the two suicide notes were written in plain vernacular as much as possible. In the face of difficulties, the strokes are clear, the handwriting is beautiful and dignified, and it has become a calligraphy work of later generations and is admired by the world.
In his will to his wife, Yang Jisheng was most concerned about her life and death. He advised his wife to live a good life from both the aspects of affection and reason, and not to seek short-sightedness. He wrote: "The ancients are cloudy: death is heavier than Mount Tai, and there is lighter than Hong Mao. When Gaidang dies, he dies heavier than Tarzan; if he dies inappropriately, he dies uselessly, especially lighter than Hong Mao. "You are a fierce and rough character, but I am afraid that you do not know that death is lighter than hong mao, and I am very worried, so I will persuade you to say this... If the husband dies, and there are still young girls and orphans who have not been adopted, then the woman's body is the lifeblood of the husband's main sect and the cause of her life. If he dies here, then he abandons the patriarch of the husband, the cause of the lord, the heavy trust of the husband, and the infinite worries behind the husband, then death is not only lighter than the hair, but also scolded by everyone, and is a woman who does not know reason. ”
So, what about Yang Jisheng's wife's life and death? Traditionally, after Yang Jisheng's death, his wife Zhang Zhen was martyred. The real situation is that Mrs. Yang heeded her husband's advice and raised her young son to adulthood, more than seventy years old, and died of death.
The reason why people believe that Lady Yang was martyred should be related to the performance of the opera "Ming Feng". In 1567, in the first year of Longqing, Yang Jisheng was able to rehabilitate Zhaoxue. The following year, the opera "Ming Feng Ji" with Dou Yansong as the main content came out. Probably in order to increase the effect of dramatic conflict, Lady Yang in the play was martyred heroically. For hundreds of years, people believed in this ending. It was not until the 1970s, when the epitaph of Yang's wife Zhang Zhen was excavated, that the truth was revealed.
Another suicide note was written to the two sons, focusing on issues such as aspirations, being a person, reading, making friends, kinship, and the need to stay at home. Speaking eloquently, yin yin's feelings penetrate between the lines. Among them, some passages have become famous sentences throughout the ages, and the suicide note has been used as a godson famous article by posterity.
"If you are angry and determined to be a gentleman, you will not be an official or an official, and everyone respects you, so I want you to be the first to set up your ambition." "The way to get along with people is first of all to be humble and honest." "If a person is kind to me, he will never forget it; if he complains about me, he will lose it immediately." "If a man is victorious over you, he shall respect him and shall not be proud of him; if he is inferior to you, he shall be humble and shall not be contemptuous."
There is another thing worth mentioning: Yang Jisheng's arrangement of concubines in his suicide note. Yang Jishengna had a concubine, named Erzhen. In his will to his wife, he made the following arrangements for her: "Erzhen is young and childless, and after I die, I will marry her, and send her all her clothes and jewelry... She must not be widowed at home. (Text/Yang Chenguang)