Through three consecutive articles (see related articles for details), we detail the problems of the reign of Emperor Huizong of Yuan (Emperor Yuanshun), who in general spent his whole life in the coercion and surveillance of the clan, the courtiers, the harem, the prince, and the eunuchs, and had a relatively short period of power. However, from 1340 to 1350, this decade should be the decade in which he really became emperor. With the assistance of Detachment, Emperor Yuanhuizong began the "Zhizheng Reformation" (Zhizheng New Deal, Detachment and Transformation).
The Zhizheng New Deal could not be without the credit of Emperor Yuanshun
The foundation of the Zhizheng New Deal is the continuation of the "Han Law" and the continuation of Confucianism. For example, the imperial examination system, which was abandoned by the powerful minister Boyan, was restored, the Guozijian and Xuanwen Pavilion were established, the system of sacrifice at the Taimiao Temple was restored, the Confucian education of the prince was strengthened, and discrimination against the people in the former Southern Song Dynasty was broken; the history of the Liao and Song Dynasties was compiled; the people were allowed to raise horses; tax cuts were reduced; the unjust imprisonment was rehabilitated, and the officials were rectified.
People who know a little about Yuan history know about the "Supreme New Deal", but many experts and enthusiasts often think that it is the credit for detachment. The question cannot be seen in this way, just like the "Shang Martingale Transformation Method", "Wang Anshi Transformation Law" and many other variations, without the support of Qin Xiaogong and Song Shenzong, how could there be such a change and such a change? Qin Xiaogong is a person who can be met but not sought, and the only change method that has achieved great success in Chinese history is the "Shang Martingale Transformation Law", and the Shang Martingale cannot implement the change without the support of Qin Xiaogong.
In the same way, the failure of Wang Anshi's transformation of the law was also due to the problem of Song Shenzong.
No matter what kind of change the law, as long as it is a relatively large-scale and long-term reform, its essence is that there is a high degree of consistency between the supreme ruler and the enforcer of the change in some issues. Whether it is the Zhizheng New Deal or the de-orthodox or the more eclectic Zhizheng Reformation, Yuan Huizong and the Detachment are highly consistent on the issue of "attaching the Han law". This policy has continued at the level of imperial power since Kublai Khan, the ancestor of the Yuan Dynasty, and the continuation is the mainstream for the emperor himself.
Before and after Emperor Yuanshun took the throne, there were already changes in the world, and as an emperor who supported "Confucianism", Yuan Huizong, Detuo and others also realized that they must do a good job in the "people's livelihood" problem. At that time, because of the failure of the paper money policy, the inflation problem of the Yuan Dynasty was very serious. Above" Why was Emperor Yuan shun's life miserable? The kings, the courtiers, the harems, the princes, and the traitors all "have already discussed the issue of the price of grain."
In addition to grain prices, salt, as one of the important sources of taxation in the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties, also had a large depreciation experience. For example, in the thirteenth year of the Yuan Dynasty, the nine consecutive purchases and one introduction rose to the point of 10,800 consecutive introductions in the twelfth year of the solstice.
The price of food and the price of salt are among the necessities, and they all have severe inflation, then the same is true of other related products. This has led to the inevitable emergence of the problem of displaced persons, and the peasant revolt is inevitable.
Boyan (Film and Television Drama)
A peasant revolt around the birth of Emperor Yuanshun
In 1294, there were frequent rebellions in the Huguang and Liaoyang regions, thus opening the prelude to the turmoil of the Yuan Dynasty.
In 1295, uprisings broke out in Shandong, Jiangxi and other places. Women Liu Jinlian of Pingyin County, Liu Gui of Ganzhou, and Jiangnan regions also broke out successively.
In 1296, the Liu Sixty Rebellion in Ganzhou was the largest peasant uprising in the middle of the period. These uprisings were relatively small in scale and were quickly suppressed under the powerful military blows of the Yuan Dynasty. For the Yuan Shun Emperor and the Yuan Dynasty, the most fatal was the flooding of the Yellow River and the great uprising of the Red Turban Army that it led to.
In the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, the river problems on the ground caused by the impact of river sand, in fact, the officials at all levels of the Yuan Dynasty were not decorations. As early as 1310, the Lian visiting department of Henan Province, Hebei Province, warned of the inevitability of possible flooding of the Yellow River, and the Yuan court also made repairs, but with little success. After he left power, he began to pay more attention to the Yellow River issue. However, due to the failure of water control, the Yellow River erupted in a massive flood in 1344.
As a result, the economic lifeblood of the Yuan Dynasty, Beijing and the Grand Canal, were cut off. As a result, a large amount of grain, daily necessities silk, luxury goods, etc. can not go north, especially five million stones of rice per year. In addition, the salt farms for daily necessities were flooded, the revenue of the Yuan Dynasty was greatly reduced, and inflation was more serious. These problems, coupled with the problems of corruption everywhere, the expansion of military spending, Buddhist pleasures, large-scale rewards, and redundant officials and redundant personnel, are even more serious problems.
The officials do not repair everything in vain
At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, many people believe that the Great Uprising of the Red Turban Army was caused by Jia Luzhi Huang, and Jia Lu's river control policy was remarkable from the perspective of the means and ideology of river control at that time. This is just like the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal, which was not handled well in the process of repair, but the result of the repair was correct.
This tells us that the implementation process is very important, and the view of history, policy, and problem solving only "results" is problematic. But when you don't pay attention to the execution, tell others what to do and then go to sleep, and when you wake up, you will find that the goal is very clear, but the process has caused the goal to be crooked to eight thousand miles away.
The outbreak of the Yellow River flood was not caused by Jia Luzhi Huang, but the negative nature of the problem of governance in the process of governance was exerted to the extreme. "Crowd gathering" itself is easy to have accidents, and you are no longer well managed and tough management, and it is not strange that there is no problem. Liu Bang's uprising because of this, and the great peasant uprising at the end of the Sui Dynasty were also the same.
At the same time, the failure of the "Zhizheng New Deal" was also an important reason for the outbreak of the Red Turban Army Uprising (1351-1363).
The failure of the "Supreme New Deal" was also caused by the death of the greatest hero. In 1355, the executors of the "detachment and reformation" were replaced by the generals and deposed and exiled. In 1356, he was wrongfully killed. The death of Detachment also made some Hanchen who still had a little loyalty to the Yuan Dynasty gradually move towards the anti-Yuan road.
All this is due to the lack of unity in the inherent cultural ideology of the Yuan Dynasty, resulting in infighting and civil strife, as well as the reasons for the failure of the officials to cultivate.
Or that sentence: The official does not repair everything in vain!
Desolate Yuan Shun Emperor: Praying mantis cicada catchers, yellow finches and slingshots, the imperial power can not rest
The Confucianization of the Yuan Dynasty forever on the road: from Kublai Khan to the Yuan Shun Emperor
Why was Emperor Yuanshun's life miserable? Kings, courtiers, harems, princes, and traitors are all in line