Problems and countermeasures for the development of the Mandarin fish industry in Guichi
_ Jiang Xiaoba
Guichi mandarin fish industry development began in the mid-to-late 1990s, after more than 20 years of development, in terms of brand effect, industrial scale, breeding level and breeding benefits have made great progress, mandarin fish production, scale and breeding level in Anhui Province leading level, has become a business card and highlight of modern fishery development in Guichi District.
1 Development status
1.1 Status quo of the seed industry
Mandarin fish culture stocking in Guichi District is mainly based on 8-10 cm seed size, with an annual demand of more than 1 million fish. At present, the units engaged in mandarin fish fry breeding are mainly Chizhou Qiupu Special Aquatic Products Development Co., Ltd., which is a provincial agricultural industrialization leading enterprise, and in 2020, a total of more than 40 million mandarin fish fry such as Qiupu flower mandarin, Qiupu spotted mandarin, and Qiupu hybrid mandarin fish will be bred, and 30 million will be sold (of which 12 million mandarin fry species cultivated more than 3 cm will be cultivated, with sales of more than 10 million). The seedling sales area is mainly anhui, Suzhou, Luzhou, Hubei, Shanghai and the three eastern provinces. At present, Guichi District of Chizhou City has become the largest mandarin fish fry breeding and supply base in East China. Self-propagating and self-breeding seedlings in Guichi District accounted for 9.5% of the total, re-cultivated seedlings after introduction accounted for 90% of the total stocking of the city, and direct purchase of seedlings from other places accounted for 0.5% of the total stocking of the city. Due to the different sources of seedlings, in the actual production process, there are large differences in the survival rate of seedlings, among which the survival rate of self-propagating and self-breeding seedlings is more than 90%, the survival rate of seedlings introduced by cultivation is about 70%, and the survival rate of seedlings purchased from other places is about 50%.
1.2 Industry Status
In 2020, the main breeding areas of mandarin fish in Guichi District are Juanqiao Town, Niutoushan Town, Tangtian Town and Meilong, Qiujiang and Maya Street, and the main breeds are mandarin mandarin fish and a small number of Qiupu spotted mandarin fish and Qiupu hybrid mandarin; the main modes are large water surface (lakes, ditches, polders, etc.), pond culture, crab mandarin polyculture, etc.; mandarin fish culture area is about 4 000 hm 2, accounting for about 10% of the aquaculture area in Guichi District; mandarin fish aquaculture production has been maintained at about 1 200 t.
At present, the mandarin fish culture mode in Guichi District is mainly pond culture, adult fish (crayfish) pond culture, crayfish-mandarin fish continuous cropping and lake breeding. In addition, there is a pilot pond circulating water breeding model of Xanagi Katsumi Family Farm in Guichi District, which mainly feeds chilled fish and artificial compound feed. (1) Pond main culture model. Mandarin fish seed stocking was 12,000 to 45,000 fish/hm 2, with a size of 8 to 10 cm, and the proportion of supporting bait ponds was 1:2.0 to 3.5. Pond aeration equipment 15.0~22.5 kW/hm 2, high-density (≥30,000 /hm 2) culture is also equipped with bottom aeration equipment 2.25 kW/hm 2, mandarin fish production reached 7 500~22 500 kg/hm 2. (2) Adult fish (crayfish) pond culture mode. Mandarin fish fry are stocked with 300 to 450 fish/hm 2, with a size of 8 to 10 cm, and mandarin fish production can reach 300 kg/hm 2. (3) Crayfish-mandarin fish continuous cropping mode. Using a one-season crayfish-per-season mandarin fish pattern, mandarin fish fry of 1 800-3 000 /hm2 with a size of 8-10 cm were used, and mandarin fish production reached 1 200-1 800 kg/hm 2. (4) Lake breeding patterns. Mandarin fish seed size 8-10 cm, stocking 120-150 /hm2, yield 75 kg/hm2. (5) Experimental culture mode of circulating water in ponds. 5 000 to 10 000 mandarin fish fry per 110 m2 runway with a size of 8 to 10 cm and a yield of 2 500 kg of mandarin fish per runway.
2 Problems
2.1 Climatic constraints
Meteorological conditions have an important impact on the feeding, growth, development and behavior of aquaculture animals. In the process of mandarin fish farming, bait fish matching is an important part. Most of the bait fish used in mandarin fish farming in Guichi District are mandarin fish purchased from Guangdong, and farmers feed mandarin fish after breeding; some enterprises use regular fish such as tuantou bream and grass carp as mandarin fish bait fish. Mud carp is not hardy, the main production area in China's Pearl River Delta, Hainan and other regions, in the local 1 year can breed 4 seasons; water temperature below 7 °C when the mud carp will die, water temperature below 14 °C when the mud carp does not eat.
2.2 The division of labor of specialization has not been formed
Mandarin fish farming in developed areas such as Guangdong, Jiangsu and Zhejiang has a special division of labor in large-scale fry breeding, bait fish production, and commercial fish sales, forming an industrial chain. At present, the main breeding of mandarin fish and the supporting production of bait fish in Guichi District have not formed a specialized division of labor, which has greatly reduced the efficiency of breeding, it is difficult to make breakthroughs in production, and there is a waste of water resources.
2.3 Insufficient supply of large-sized seedlings
Due to climate and other reasons, the breeding time of local mandarin fish fry in Guichi District is delayed compared with that in Guangdong and other places, and the time for large-scale fry is also delayed. Years of production have found that mandarin fish large-sized fry, especially fry above 8 cm, have the advantages of high survival rate, strong disease resistance, fast growth rate, short breeding cycle, etc., and can reach the market specifications in the year of release. For many years, farmers in Guichi District have generally purchased 2-5 cm mandarin fish fry, and then cultivated into 8-10 cm or even larger fry in separate ponds, and then raised into commercial fish in separate ponds. Therefore, it is of great significance to establish a large-scale mandarin fish seed breeding base, and through the "fry + farmer" model, radiation drives farmers in the surrounding areas to develop mandarin fish farming.
2.4 The level of culture technology is low
There are fewer mandarin fish commercial fish breeding enterprises in Guichi District, and at present, there are mainly Chizhou Mingxiu Family Farm, Chizhou Yijie Ecological Aquaculture Co., Ltd., and Guichi District Xanadu Shengmei Family Farm. These aquaculture enterprises generally have problems such as low technical level, small scale of breeding, and self-sufficiency in the whole process of bait fish support. As a leading enterprise in the production of mandarin fish fry, Baisha Lake Joint Fishery and Chizhou Qiupu Special Aquatic Products Development Co., Ltd. have successively made bold explorations in the main culture of mandarin fish ponds, large surface cover culture, cage culture, and polyculture of mandarin fish and yellow jaw fish, but none of them have been successful.
2.5 Less investment in R&D
Compared with developed areas, Guichi District has invested less in mandarin fish research and development, and there is less forward-looking research and development on mandarin fish disease control and feed domestication.
3 Development responses
3.1 Promote industry-university-research cooperation
Establish a comprehensive strategic cooperative relationship with the Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, make full use of the talent advantages of the Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, set up the Guichi Workstation of the Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, and introduce mandarin fish industry technical experts to carry out experimental demonstration and technical guidance. Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute mandarin fish fry breeding, epidemic prevention technology and controllable ecological health mandarin fish breeding technology is at the forefront of the country, in Qiujiang Street, Guichi District, Chizhou Yijie Ecological Breeding Co., Ltd. and the research institute to establish a mandarin fish breeding and controllable ecological health breeding technology demonstration base, to create a mandarin fish ecological and healthy breeding demonstration area.
3.2 Strengthen technical exchanges
In Qiujiang Subdistrict and Niutoushan Town, two core demonstration areas for mandarin fish pond aquaculture will be built, and the mandarin fish breeding enterprises in the demonstration area will be guided and encouraged to establish a technical cooperation mechanism with the subordinate enterprises of the Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute to provide technical support for the development of the mandarin fish industry. Make full use of the resource advantages of mandarin fish associations and professional cooperatives and other non-governmental organizations, strengthen exchanges and cooperation with mandarin fish non-governmental organizations inside and outside Guangdong Province and other provinces, regularly send technical personnel to advanced areas in other places to study, invite mandarin fish research experts to Guichi District to hold training courses, and strive to improve the overall level of mandarin fish farming in Guichi District. Organize scientific and technological research to promote the production of mandarin fish in the core demonstration area to 15 t/hm 2.
3.3 Build Chizhou Mandarin Fish Industrial Park
In the region, we plan to build a mandarin fish industrial park, promote the integration of the primary, secondary and tertiary production of the mandarin fish industry, and create a complete industrial chain integrating technology research, mandarin fish seed breeding, bait fish matching, mandarin fish ecological health and controllable breeding, primary deep processing, cold chain logistics, etc. The area of fry breeding and adult fish breeding area in the park is about 133.3 hm 2, the road is smooth, the inlet and drainage is smooth, and the tailwater treatment facilities are complete; the construction of storage and processing enterprises of more than 100 million yuan is built to carry out the research and development of fresh mandarin fish, tea mandarin fish, stinky mandarin fish, mandarin fish leisure food and other products.
3.4 Establish a mandarin fish industry standard system
Give full play to the role of the Guichi District Aquatic Technology Extension Center and the Mandarin Fish Association, with the help of the technical strength of the China Fisheries Association and the Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, organize (revise) the formulation of enterprise standards, group standards and local standards with strong applicability, and gradually improve the technical standard system covering the whole process of mandarin fish breeding, processing and circulation, providing strong support for the rapid development of the mandarin fish industry.
3.5 Strengthen brand publicity
Make full use of various media, agricultural fairs, fishery fairs, foreign chambers of commerce and other ways to publicize and promote the "China Mandarin Fish Town" regional public brand, it is recommended that the district government hold a Guichi Mandarin Fish Tourism Culture and Food Festival and Guichi Mandarin Fish Industry Development Summit Forum once a year in September or October, and cooperate with relevant media in depth, comprehensively report and expand the brand awareness of Guichi Mandarin Fish.
3.6 Expand investment in the mandarin fish industry
Broaden investment and financing channels, establish a diversified input mechanism, and establish a multi-channel and multi-level mandarin fish industry investment system such as government input, credit support, enterprise self-financing, farmers and social participation, etc., to provide financial guarantee for the development of the mandarin fish industry in Guichi District.
3.7 Increase the intensity of investment promotion
Focusing on the construction of mandarin fish industrial park, organize the preparation of mandarin fish industry projects, especially pond main breeding, processing, cold chain logistics and other projects, and use the "Agricultural Fair" and "Fishery Expo" and other promotion meetings, government portal networks, agricultural information networks and other network investment, as well as door-to-door investment and other means to increase investment attraction, docking the introduction of Tongwei and other companies to build mandarin fish processing projects, accelerate the development of mandarin fish processing and cold chain logistics industry.