Drink Huang JuLin under the set of seeds under the key technology of efficient cultivation
In recent years, imperial chrysanthemums have become famous in the tea market with their "fragrant, sweet and moist" characteristics and have become an important drink. Chrysanthemum is a multitude of chrysanthemums (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. One of them, the petal color is golden, according to the flower type, it is divided into "golden silk imperial chrysanthemum" and "hydrangea type imperial chrysanthemum". Chrysanthemum is one of the traditional and commonly used Chinese herbal medicines in China, sweet, bitter, slightly cold, with the effect of dispersing wind and clearing heat, calming the liver and eyesight, clearing heat and detoxification, and is used for wind fever colds, headaches and dizziness, red swelling and pain, dizziness, sores and carbuncles. Imperial chrysanthemum flowers are rich in flavonoids, zinc, selenium, lutein, amino acids and other ingredients beneficial to the human body; Imperial chrysanthemums have an aromatic odor and are sweet in the mouth, making them more suitable for drinking than other chrysanthemums.
With the improvement of people's living standards and health care awareness, imperial chrysanthemums have been gradually developed and utilized, with high planting benefits and broad market prospects; According to reports, in recent years, the cultivation efficiency of huangju field is 10 times that of ordinary grain crops. Songyang Xuyang Family Farm introduced imperial chrysanthemums from Jiangxi and planted them under the fragrant forest, which can harvest dried imperial chrysanthemums 480 kg·hm-2, and the yield is 34. 65 million yuan · hm -2, while saving the cost of fragrant care 1. 5 million yuan · hm-2, but also promoted the growth of young trees, the growth of new shoots of incense trees in the year 28. 5 cm, an increase of 7. 3 cm; The use of mountain air is fresh, the soil and water quality are good, there is no source of pollution, and the imperial chrysanthemum planted with ecological measures is pure in quality, ecological green, the price remains high, and the market prospect is promising. Cheng Qun et al., Leng Congxue, etc. have studied the cultivation of imperial chrysanthemum fields, but mountain ecological cultivation has not yet been reported; The ecological and efficient cultivation technology of Huangju Mountain is summarized as follows for the reference of growers.
1 Ecological habits of chrysanthemums
Imperial chrysanthemum is a perennial herbaceous root plant, which prefers a cool climate and a sunny environment, can be hardy and afraid of waterlogging, but can not lack water at the seedling and flowering stages. Imperial chrysanthemum is a short-day plant, which is very sensitive to the length of insolation, and does not exceed 10 h of light per day before buds can bloom. In Songyang County, the imperial chrysanthemum is generally transplanted from mid-to-late March to the end of May, buds begin in late September, buds appear yellow in mid-October, and bloom fully in early November, with a flowering period of about 20 d, but after flowering, the aboveground part of the year will die, retaining only the vitality of the roots.
2 Imperial chrysanthemum seedling technology
Imperial chrysanthemum is a root-prone plant, reproduction mostly uses asexual propagation, including cuttings, plant splitting, grafting, pressing and tissue culture, etc., the most commonly used in production is the cuttings method and the splitting method, the splitting method is easier than the cuttings method, but the cuttings are less diseased and insecticidal than the separated seedlings, not degraded, good growth, and high yield, so it is recommended to use cuttings for planting.
2. 1 Mother plant treatment and panicle cultivation
After the harvest of the imperial chrysanthemums in November, the plants with robust growth and no disease are selected, the chrysanthemum stems are cut off on the flat ground, the underground part is dug out and transplanted into the nursery field, and a layer of decomposed farm manure is applied to keep warm and winter. From February to March of the second year, the foot buds will grow from the roots, and when the foot buds grow to 15 to 20 cm, they can be used for cuttings or planting separate plants.
2. 2 Eligible seedling standards
Plant height 15 ~20 cm, root diameter 0. 3 cm or more, with many roots, stout, no pests and diseases.
3 Mountain cultivation techniques
3.1 Cultivation site selection
Imperial chrysanthemums do not have strict soil requirements, and can be planted in mountains with a slope of less than 25 °, but it is preferable to have fertile, loose, humus-rich sandy loam soils; Avoid sticky, low-lying wet land. You can choose newly reclaimed mountainous land or wasteland, or you can plant in the young woodland of fragrant trees and oil tea. Imperial chrysanthemums avoid continuous cropping, implement rotation to improve the quality of imperial chrysanthemums, dig out all the imperial chrysanthemums of that year in winter, leave no stubble, plough and turn the sun, and plant beans, green manure, rapeseed and other rotational crops.
3. 2 Preparation of the land
Comprehensively clear the mountainous land, fully reclaimed, blocky or horizontal striped land, dig 20 cm deep, dig deep and sunbathe for 30 days, and then finely make the soil rake into ridges, the ridge width is 60 to 110 cm, the ridge height is 20 to 30 cm, and the operating bandwidth is 30 cm. The operating belt is also used for drainage, and it should be connected to each other to keep the flowing water unobstructed, but it should not form a flush to avoid soil erosion.
3. 3 Apply sufficient base fertilizer
Imperial chrysanthemum is a fertilizer-loving plant, mountain manure is deficient, should be in accordance with the green food fertilizer use guidelines to apply sufficient base fertilizer, such as vegetable cake, tong cake, cattle and sheep manure and other decomposed substances, the dosage 0. 75 ~ 1 kg · hole-1, do not use all kinds of hazardous garbage, sludge, etc., buried in the hole when preparing the ground, and mixed well with the soil.
3.4 Colonization and mulching
Planted according to the row spacing of 50 ~ 60 cm, single row planting with a ridge width of 60 ~ 80 cm, and double row planting with a ridge width of 90 ~ 110 cm, planting density 1. 8 ～2. 40,000 ·hm-2; The needle of the understory set of seeds is not planted within the drip line range of fragrant and oil tea. From March to May, choose to plant in the evening on a cloudy or sunny day after the rain. Plant 1 seedling per hole, plant 1 to 2 seedlings per hole, cover the soil after planting, and pour enough root water. Planting ridges can be covered with green substances such as lees, straw, green manure, waste fungus sticks, tea branches, etc., which can not only keep the soil warm, wet, loose and conducive to crop growth, but also supplement soil organic matter, inhibit weed growth, and reduce watering and weeding costs.
3. 5 Weeding in medium tillage
It is a shallow-rooted plant that enters normal growth after transplanting after a slow seedling period of 7 to 10 days. At this time, it should be cultivated in time to weed, the cultivation should not be too deep, only the shallow pine topsoil should be 3 to 5 cm, promote the root to dig down, the aboveground part of the growth is slow, commonly known as "squat seedlings", which is conducive to the growth of chrysanthemum seedlings. Weeding needs to be cultivated 4 to 5 times a year. In the later stage of growth, combined with cultivation and weeding, the base of the root neck of the plant was cultivated to promote root growth and prevent lodging. Weeding can not be used to use herbicides, weeds on ridges are manually eradicated or pulled, and weeds in the operating belt are removed with hoes; Weeds between horizontal bands are weeded by lawn mowers.
3.6 Moisture management
Huangju is afraid of waterlogging, pay attention to clearing ditches and draining water in the rainy season, and do a good job of drainage in mountainous areas, and generally will not be waterlogged. Imperial chrysanthemums need a certain amount of water during the budding and flowering period, watering when the weather is very dry, and in areas with abundant rainfall, the general year can ensure the water required for flowering, without watering.
3. 7 Shear the seedlings to the top
Cutting seedlings and topping is an important part of the production management of imperial chrysanthemum, which can inhibit the growth of the top, increase the crown width, and increase the yield. Cut the seedlings first, then top them. The cutting time is from mid-May to early June, no later than the middle of June, when the imperial chrysanthemum grows to 20 ~ 25 cm, select on a sunny day to cut off all the branches and leaves above the ground 2 ~ 3 cm to promote the tillering of the plant, and then retain 3 to 5 strong branches, too many branches, malnutrition, flower head becomes small, will affect the yield and quality of the chrysanthemum. Topping is 30 d after the first shearing, that is, mid-June to mid-July, at this time the branches of the imperial chrysanthemum have grown to about 20 cm, according to the tillering of the imperial chrysanthemum seedlings, the top core is generally removed 1 ~ 2 cm, the tillers are good, the growth is vigorous, and the top is weak and the tillers are less; If planting is late, only 1 topping is required.
3.8 Pest control
The mountain is ventilated and transparent, and there are fewer pests and diseases than in the field; The pests that harm the imperial chrysanthemum mainly include leafminer moths, aphids, red spiders, chrysanthemum leaf mites, chrysanthemum tianniu (chrysanthemum tiger), borers, cotton bollworms, whiteflies, grubs, etc., and the main diseases are gray mold, powdery mildew, leaf spot disease, rust and so on. The pest control method is the most important part of deciding whether the imperial chrysanthemum is ecologically green, and the principle of "prevention first, treatment as a supplement" should be adhered to, and the use of green food pesticide use guidelines for prevention and control, fragrant and oil tea under the forest, in the pest control of fragrant and oil tea should also be used in accordance with the green food pesticide use guidelines. The first is to control the occurrence of diseases and insects by reducing the source of diseases and insects, and to prevent the prevention of seedling carrier bacteria by spraying carbendazim at the time of seedling transplantation; In the rainy season, remove diseased leaves, diseased plants and leaves with insect eggs in time, and concentrate on deep burial or burning to reduce pathogens and insect eggs; During the peak breeding period of beneficial insects from April to May, pay attention to protecting ladybirds, grasshoppers, aphids, aphids, small flower aphids, aphids, birds and other insect predators, and use light traps and yellow plates to trap adult insects to control the number of pests during the adult pest outbreak period; When the disease occurs, the prevention and control of Bordeaux liquid, stone sulfur compound and so on are used in the initial stage of the disease, and when there is an outbreak trend, the biological fungicide compound trichoderma is used for prevention and control; When insect pests break out, biopesticides such as avermectin are used for control.
3. 9 Timely harvesting
The harvest period for imperial chrysanthemums in Songyang County is in early to mid-November, when the petals of the chrysanthemums are flattened and the buds are nearly 70% expanded. Use clean and well-ventilated bamboo woven, baskets and other containers to hold flowers, pay attention to keeping the flower type intact; When picking, pay attention to picking large and small, picking unfolded and unexplored, picking in batches, rainy days, morning petal dew is not dry when not picked, which can reduce the baking time and improve the quality of flowers; After harvesting, it is selected to remove mud flowers, insect flowers, diseased flowers and other debris. After picking, bake and process in time to prevent rot and discoloration, and if it cannot be processed immediately, it should be spread out in a cool place and spread evenly.