Under the historical circumstances of those years, the Sino-Soviet struggle was inevitable and a polemic was inevitable.
In order to engage in a great debate with the Soviet Union on the international communist movement, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China mobilized a group of "talented people" to form a writing team, and their place of work at that time was located at the Diaoyutai State Guesthouse.
This "team" consisted of only five people at that time, and it concentrated the main responsible persons in the ideological field at that time. They are Kang Sheng, member of the Secretariat of the CPC Central Committee, Wu Lengxi, director of the Xinhua News Agency and People's Daily, Wang Li, deputy director of the International Liaison Department of the CPC Central Committee, Yao Qin, deputy director of the Propaganda Department of the CPC Central Committee, and Fan Ruoyu, deputy editor-in-chief of the "Red Flag" magazine. In addition, Qiao Guanhua, vice minister of foreign affairs, and Zhao Yimin, vice minister of the International Liaison Department of the CPC Central Committee, are also nominal members, but they have not participated in much specific work. Kang Sheng is the leader of the "Xiucai Team".
According to insiders, this "talent team" has a group of capable assistants, such as Jia Yiqiu, Zhu Tingguang, Cui Qi, Liu Kelin, Sun Yiqing, Fan Ge, and Qian Taiqian.
The Policy Research Office of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the research institutes of the Chinese Faculty of Social Sciences provide all kinds of materials for the "talent team" and provide full support.
As a matter of fact, before the formal formation of the "Xiucai Group," the "Red Flag" magazine, a theoretical journal of the CPC Central Committee, successively published a number of articles on polemics with the Soviet Union. For example, "Comrade Togliatti's Differences with Us," "Leninism and Modern Revisionism," and "On Comrade Togliatti's Differences with Us Again," and seven other articles.
The publication of these articles further angered Khrushchev. On March 30, 1963, the Central Committee of the CPSU sent a letter to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, in which they systematically put forward their views on the international communist movement. The main point of view of the CPSU is "three harmony and two perfections", "three harmony" means peaceful coexistence, peaceful competition, and peaceful transition, and "two perfections" refers to the state of the whole people and the party of the whole people.
The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China should give an open reply to the letter from the Central Committee of the CPSU. The Diaoyutai "Xiucai team" drafted a draft of 10,000 words, comprehensively and systematically refuting the various viewpoints put forward by the Central Committee of the CPSU in its letter. After the article was written, it was sent to Mao Zedong's desk, and the next day, the manuscript was returned to Diaoyutai, and Mao Zedong was not satisfied with the draft.
It is said that Mao Zedong said a very vivid sentence: "I want Zhang Xielin style, not Zhuang Zedong style!" ”
Mao Zedong is talking about the playing style of Chinese table tennis national players Zhuang Zedong and Zhang Xielin, Zhuang Zedong uses a fast attack near Taiwan, bold slashing, and is an offensive type. Zhang Xielin is a chipper, known as the "unbreakable Great Wall", good at defense, and defensive.
It's a bit confusing for the people in the writing team. In order to complete the drafting task, the "theorist" Chen Boda joined. He worked beside Mao Zedong for many years and had a relatively in-depth understanding of Mao Zedong's meaning. Together with Wang Li, Fan Ruoyu and others, he consulted the records of Mao Zedong's speeches on the international communist movement, and repeatedly studied that the lights of Diaoyutai were often lit until dawn in those days.
After more than ten days of hard fighting, they wrote tens of thousands of words.
At this time, Mao Zedong was inspecting in the field. After the article was sent to Wuhan, Mao Zedong quickly read it and decided to hold a meeting in Wuhan to study the article on a special topic.
Liu Shaoqi, Deng Xiaoping, Peng Zhen, Kang Sheng, Chen Boda, Wu Lengxi, Wang Li, Yao Qin, Fan Ruoyu and others were summoned to Wuhan, and after repeated discussions and revisions, the article was finalized in Wuhan's East Lake.
Mao Zedong also made a special statement that he must invite comrades from fraternal parties such as Kim Il Sung of the Workers' Party of Korea and Ho Chi Minh of Viet Nam to take a look at them and listen to their opinions.
On June 14, 1963, the People's Daily published this long article entitled "Suggestions on the General Line of the International Communist Movement," subtitled "The Reply of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China to the Letter of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union dated March 30, 1963."
For a time, this article became the focus of people's discussions. Because it expounds the CCP's 25 opinions on international communism, it is often referred to simply as the "25 Points". In addition to positively expounding the polemical viewpoint of the CCP, the "25 Articles" also comprehensively criticized the viewpoint of the CPSU.
On July 14, 1963, the Central Committee of the CPSU published an "Open Letter to the Party Organizations at All Levels and All Communist Party Members of the Soviet Union" in Pravda in response to the "25 Articles" of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, refuting the "25 Articles" one by one. At the same time as the Central Committee of the CPSU published the "Open Letter," it also published the "25 Articles" of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China as an "annex."
On July 20, 1963, China's major newspapers reacted by republishing the "Twenty-Five Articles" and at the same time publishing the "Open Letter" of the Central Committee of the CPSU.
The word war is intensifying, and the two sides are facing each other.
In response to the "25 Articles" of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the newspapers and periodicals of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union successively published editorials -- "The CPSU Holds High the Great Banner of Leninism", "The Unbreakable Unanimity of the Party and the People", "We Are Loyal to Leninism", and so on.
In the name of the editorial offices of the People's Daily and the Red Flag, the Communist Party of China published nine articles commenting on the "Open Letter" of the Central Committee of the CPSU. These full-page articles, which once covered almost all the major newspapers in China, also had a huge impact on Chinese society at that time. In some large and medium-sized cities, it has reached the point where everyone reads the "Nine Commentaries" and everyone says the "Nine Commentaries."
The "Nine Commentaries" written by the Diaoyutai "Xiucai Team" are as follows:
"The Origin and Development of the Differences between the CPSU Leadership and Us -- An Open Letter from the Central Committee of the CPSU" (September 6, 1963)
"On the Stalin Question: An Open Letter from the Central Committee of the CPSU (September 13, 1963)"
Was Yugoslavia a Socialist State? -- Three Commentaries on the Open Letter of the Central Committee of the CPSU (September 26, 1963)
"The Apologists of Neocolonialism: Four Commentaries on the Open Letter of the Central Committee of the CPSU" (October 22, 1963)
"Two Lines on the Question of War and Peace: Five Commentaries on the Open Letter of the Central Committee of the CPSU" (November 19, 1963)
"Two Fundamentally Opposed Policies of Peaceful Coexistence: Six Commentaries on the Open Letter of the Central Committee of the CPSU" (December 12, 1963)
"The CPSU Leadership Is the Greatest Separatist of Our Time: An Open Letter from the Central Committee of the CPSU on Seven Commentaries" (February 4, 1964)
"The Proletarian Revolution and Khrushchev's Revisionism: Eight Commentaries on the Separate Letter of the Central Committee of the CPSU" (March 31, 1964)
"On Khrushchev's False Communism and Its Lessons in World History: An Open Letter from the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union" (July 14, 1964)
Originally, the "Ten Commentaries" had already been written, but because Khrushchev stepped down on October 14, 1964, the "Ten Commentaries" was not issued in time, and it was changed to Peng Zhen's speech and published publicly.
There are two theories among the Chinese people about Khrushchev's resignation. The first is that our "Nine Commentaries" ousted him from power, and this is a victory for Mao Zedong Thought. Another theory is that China itself built the atomic bomb and knocked Khrushchev out of power.
In fact, these claims are just legends. There are deeper reasons for Khrushchev's downfall. But history sometimes happens like that. Just as a mushroom cloud appeared over western China, Khrushchev handed over a "resignation letter" at a meeting of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union - in fact, it was a palace coup plot within the Communist Party of the Soviet Union that forced him to do so, and the once invincible Khrushchev was finally ousted by his companions.
In November 1964, Red Flag magazine published an editorial entitled "How Khrushchev Stepped Down", marking the end of the polemic between the Chinese and Soviet parties.
From today's vantage point, we can look at the movement under the leadership of Mao Zedong to criticize "modern revisionism," which contains correct contents such as criticizing the chauvinism of the Soviet Union and insisting on independence and self-determination, but there are also many "leftist" contents. For example, the criticism of personal superstition by the CPSU at that time was criticized as "modern revisionism" and so on.
The two "theoreticians" Kang Sheng and Chen Boda also had some "creations" in their polemics criticizing "modern revisionism." For example, Chen Boda "clearly pointed out" in the early 1960s: "Mao Zedong inherited, defended and developed Marxism-Leninism. Later, this sentence was added with 3 adverbs and was written into the "Preface to the Reprint" of "Chairman Mao's Quotations" published in the name of Lin Biao:
"Comrade Mao Zedong geniusly, creatively, and comprehensively inherited, defended, and developed Marxism-Leninism and raised Marxism-Leninism to a brand-new stage."
The resignation of Khrushchev does not mean that the matter between Mao Zedong and Khrushchev has come to an end, and Mao Zedong still remembers him. Mao Zedong has always been worried about whether there will be a Khrushchev-like figure in his 100 years, so he has repeatedly reminded the whole party that we must be wary of China's "Khrushchev".
Taken from "Diaoyutai Past Tracking Report", the author is kept by Dong