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Source: Brother Yin talks about genes
Author: Brother Yin talks about genes
At about 17:45 on October 8, Beijing time, the 2024 Nobel Prize in Physics was announced at the Royal Academy of Sciences of Sweden. The award was presented to John J. Hopfield and Geoffrey E. Hinton for their foundational discoveries and inventions of machine learning through artificial neural networks.
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A review of the Nobel Prize in Physics in the past five years
The Nobel Prize in Physics is one of the most prestigious physics research awards, and on the occasion of the release of the Nobel Prize this year, Brother Yin also took you to review the Physics Prize awards in the past five years (2019~2023).
★ In ★ 2023
Winners: Pierre Agostini, Anne L'Huillier and Ferenc Krausz. Reason for the award: They developed an experimental method for generating attosecond pulses for the study of electron dynamics in matter. Fast-moving events flow to each other in human perception, just as a movie composed of still images is perceived as a continuous motion. If we want to investigate very ephemeral events, special techniques are needed. In the electronic world, changes occur within a few tenths of a second – attoseconds are so brief that there are as many changes in one second as there have been since the dawn of the universe. Their experiments produced very short pulses of light in attoseconds, thus demonstrating that these pulses can be used to provide images of the internal processes of atoms and molecules. Lulier discovered that when an infrared laser passes through an inert gas, it produces many different light overtones, each of which is a light wave, and each cycle of the laser has a given number of periods, which are produced by the interaction of the laser with atoms in the gas, and these phenomena laid the foundation for later breakthroughs. Agostini successfully fabricated and studied a series of continuous pulses of light, each of which lasted only 250 attoseconds. Klaus's experiment can isolate a single pulse of light with a duration of 650 attoseconds. Their contributions have made it possible to study rapid processes that were previously impossible to track.
★ In ★ 2022
Winners: Alain Aspect· John · Francis· John F. Clauser, and Anton Zeilinger · Anton Zeilinger. Awarded for their contributions to entangled photon experiments, the proof of Bell's inequality violation, and groundbreaking quantum information science. For a long time, the application of quantum mechanics was plagued by the correlation of quantum entanglement because the particles in the entangled pair contained hidden variables, i.e., instructions that told them which outcome they should give in an experiment. In the 60s of the 20th century, John Stewart Bell proposed the famous Bell inequality, which showed that if there were hidden variables, the correlation between a large number of measurements would never exceed a certain value. However, quantum mechanics predicts that a certain type of experiment will violate Bell's inequality, resulting in stronger correlations than in other cases. John · Francis · Krauser developed Bell's idea and carried out an actual experiment. When he made measurements, they clearly violated Bell's inequality, thus supporting quantum mechanics. This means that quantum mechanics cannot be replaced by theories that use hidden variables, but there are still some loopholes. Alain · Aspe developed this setup and used it to plug an important loophole. He is able to switch measurement settings after an entangled pair leaves its source, so the settings that exist when they are emitted do not affect the results. Through sophisticated tools and a series of experiments, Anton · Salinger began to use entangled quantum states. Moreover, his group also demonstrated a phenomenon known as quantum teleportation, which makes it possible for quantum states to move from one particle to another over a certain distance. Their work pioneered quantum information science and gave rise to a wide range of research fields, including quantum computers, quantum networks, and more secure quantum-encrypted communications.
★ In ★ 2021
Winners: Japanese-American scientist Syukuro Manabe, Germany scientist Klaus Hasselmann·· and Italy scientist Giorgio Parisi. Reason for the award: They have made groundbreaking contributions to the understanding of complex physical systems. Earth's climate is a crucially complex system for humans, characterized by randomness and disorder that is difficult to understand, but the three laureates have developed new ways to describe and predict their long-term behavior. Manabe led the development of a physical model of the Earth's climate, showing how an increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere can lead to an increase in the temperature of the Earth's surface. Klaus · Hasselmann created a model linking weather and climate to answer why climate models remain reliable in the face of volatile and chaotic weather, and his method has been used to prove that rising atmospheric temperatures are caused by carbon dioxide emissions from human activities. George · Parisi's discovery of hidden patterns in disordered complex materials made it possible to understand and describe many different, apparently completely random materials and phenomena, and was applied to many fields such as mathematics, biology, neuroscience, and machine learning.
★ In ★ 2020
Winners: United Kingdom scientist Roger Penrose, ·Germany scientist Reinhard · Genzel and United States ·scientist Andrea Ghez. Reason for the award: They have pioneered a new field of research on dense and supermassive celestial bodies. Roger · Penrose used ingenious mathematical methods to prove that black holes were a direct result of Einstein's general theory of relativity, and his seminal paper is considered Einstein's most important contribution to general relativity since then. Reinhard · Genzel and Andrea · Gaz, each leading a team of researchers using various advanced telescopes to observe a region in the center of the galaxy called Sagittarius A*, both discovered a very massive and invisible object that gathered about 4 million suns in space no larger than the solar system, causing the surrounding stars to spin rapidly, a pioneering work that provides the most convincing evidence to date that there is a supermassive black hole in the center of the Milky Way.
★ In ★ 2019
Winners: United States scientist James ·Peebles, Switzerland scientist Michel · Mayor and Didier Queloz · Didier Queloz. Reason for the award: They have contributed to the understanding of the evolution of the universe and the place of the Earth in the universe. James · Peebles' insights into cosmology have enriched the field, and his theoretical framework, developed since the mid-60s, has become the basis of contemporary cosmology, using his theory to deduce that 95% of the universe is mysterious dark matter and dark energy. Michel · Mayor and Didier · Queloz announced in 1995 the first discovery of a planet outside the solar system orbiting a sun-like star in the constellation Pegasus in the Milky Way. This discovery sparked an astronomical revolution that has since led to the discovery of more than 4,000 planets in the Milky Way.
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Other awards will be announced
★ Chemistry Prize ★
It will be announced as early as Wednesday, October 9, at 11:45 local time (17:45 Beijing time).
★ Other awards ★
In addition, the Literature Prize, the Peace Prize, and the Sweden National Bank Memorial Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences were announced on October 10, 11, and 14 respectively, and interested partners can continue to pay attention.