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In the 20th century, human beings carried out in-depth exploration and research of the universe, and the starry sky was filled with countless human explorations.
In the starry sky, we can see the stars in the sky every day, these are an indispensable part of the universe, the infinite extension of the universe, so that people always feel that it contains almost everything.
Human beings are full of curiosity and enthusiasm for everything in the universe, hoping to uncover the mystery of the universe through their own efforts.
However, as the exploration continues, some researchers have realized that there are some unusual phenomena in the universe.
During this period, a number of phenomena that were considered to be incomparably huge were discovered, their movements and forms were carefully studied, and various cosmological theories were proposed, including the familiar "Big Bang" theory and the "boundless universe" theory.
Of the two widely circulated views of the universe, one holds that the universe arose from a state that suddenly "exploded" for some reason, while the other holds that the universe is infinitely expanding and forever expanding.
However, a physicist in United Kingdom has proposed a new idea that is not exactly the same as these two widely circulated cosmological views, arguing that the universe may cycle in a huge cycle from large to small, and that each universe was created after the destruction of the previous universe.
The physicist, Roger · Penrose, is known as the "Conformal Recurrent Universe" (CCC), which is different from the traditional view of the universe that the universe is forever expanding and will eventually be destroyed because the universe is too much to bear.
So, how did Penrose arrive at this point?
What are the differences between the "conformal cycle" and the "Big Bang" view?
The difference between the "Big Bang" view and the "conformal cycle" view
After the birth of the theory of relativity, the question of where the universe came from has become a hot topic, and both Einstein and Gamow have had many ideas about the development of the universe.
However, it was not until 1931 that the Belgium physicist Lemtnik discovered that when he studied the speed of galaxies in different directions in the universe, he discovered the astonishing fact that all galaxies were moving away from the Earth at an extremely high speed.
This led him to believe that the universe could not exist in this state forever, but began with a "unified state", and when this "unified state" was broken, it came into being in its present state.
It was like the result of an explosion, so Lemtnik called his finding the "exploding universe".
Since then, this term has gradually become accepted, and some people have also taken its name "The Big Bang".
And what Lemtnik refers to as a "unified initial state" is the concept of the "singularity" that is very widely circulated today.
Today, we have determined the development of the universe after the Big Bang, but there is still no recognized view of the origin of the universe.
Even though the Big Bang theory is still supported by many people, it is still impossible to say exactly how the universe came into being, let alone make accurate predictions about the fate of the universe.
In this context, it is perfectly understandable that a physicist would want to propose a new cosmology that is different from the Big Bang theory, which is one of Penrose's motivations.
Influenced by the United Kingdom physicist Roger · Penrose, born in 1931, who studied physics, Penrose developed new ideas in the 80s.
In his paper, Penrose proposed a theorem based on the Abelian rule, which he proposed on the basis of his in-depth study of general relativity and the physics of black holes.
Penrose found that if the space of an infinitely expanding universe could be mapped, the universe would become finite, which would bring the opportunity to become infinitely finite.
Therefore, Penrose compared the infinitely expanding universe with the finitely mapped universe, and finally concluded that the infinite universe is a deformation of the finite universe, and the infinite universe is the radiating universe.
In other words, an infinitely expanding universe is like a giant ball, while a finite universe is like a cylinder, and the sphere is more easily turned into a ring than a cylinder, just as an infinitely expanding universe becomes a finite universe.
The phenomenon of infinite expansion of the universe discovered by Lemtek and other scientists is manifested in front of people by this ring-shaped universe.
Through his observation of the radiating universe, Penrose suggested that the universe as it appears before people's eyes may be moving in a huge conformal cycle, which takes about 100 billion years.
This means that Penrose believed that the Big Bang was not the beginning of time and space, but the end of the previous cosmic cycle and the beginning of a new one.
Penrose believed that the beginning of every universe was a mapped "Big Bang" and that the end of each cosmic cycle was every black hole created in the universe.
Black holes, which Penrose called the mark of the end of every cosmic cycle, are because he discovered in his research that black holes are spherical in shape, no matter what direction they are viewed from.
Penrose believed that this spherical black hole was a feature of the mirrored universe, and when a black hole was created, it would gradually burst out with a light called "Hansing light", and then the existence of the black hole would slowly weaken and eventually disappear.
This process is like the process of an infinitely expanding universe becoming a finite universe, so Penrose argues that black holes are themselves a phenomenon of cosmogenesis, and that their emergence and disappearance are both marks of the end and beginning of a cosmic cycle.
Penrose also gave a new interpretation of the "singularity" theory, arguing that the current state of the universe, that is, everything that exists in the universe, is the result of the black hole and the universe before the final disappearance of the last cosmic cycle.
The reason why the end state of the universe cannot be observed is that the microwaves formed by the black hole during the generation of "Hansing light" will envelop the universe, making it impossible to observe the end state of the universe, so the singularity of the universe is not the beginning of the universe, but a stage in the evolution of the universe.
Penrose's view differs from the traditional cosmology.
Penrose's view of the universe is very different from the previous Big Bang view of the universe, which holds that the universe is forever expanding infinitely, and that the universe will become infinitely large at the same time as it expands infinitely, and then after 10 to the 40th power, the universe will become a state that disappears due to the approaching temperature of all things.
Penrose's view is that the universe is in eternal motion in a finite cycle, and each cosmic cycle will go through seven phases, and finally return to the universe to produce black holes, thus creating new cosmic cycles.
In Penrose's cosmic cycle, the idea that the Big Bang was no longer the starting point of time and space, but was replaced by black holes, made people rethink the nature of time and space.
In the past, the Big Bang was the starting point of the universe from nothing, and after the "explosion" of the universe, time and space were created, and everything changed over time, and eventually it would not be able to withstand the expansion of the universe to infinity, and the universe would go to extinction.
This is a very scary future, and in Penrose's view, the creation of each universe represents a new beginning, and the universe does not perish because of infinite expansion.
Although the black hole belongs to the destruction of the universe, after the black hole disappears, a new universe will be created, and no matter what cycle it goes through, the universe will remain forever.
Penrose's ideas also open up a new frontier for human understanding of the mysteries of the universe, challenging the traditional view of the universe, while also providing reflection and inspiration for us to explore the future of the universe and the place of humanity in the universe.
Implications of the conformal cycle.
Despite Penrose's radical and innovative views, it does have some problems that need to be addressed.
For example, if our universe arises from another universe, what is the mechanism that produced the universe?
Although Penrose's view proposes black holes, it still lacks a clear mechanism, which will be the focus of the next step in studying the cosmic cycle.
In addition, we currently have no way of observing the universe that is more than 13.7 billion years old, let alone a cycle that is well beyond the 100 billion years of human lifespan, so if we want to test Penrose's claim, we must find a new method of observation, which will require more scientists to devote themselves to research in this area.
However, while Penrose's ideas need further confirmation and research, they inspire the imagination of the cosmic cycle, which is where its value lies.
The exploration of the cosmic cycle may allow us to realize the limitations of existing cosmological theories, open up new research directions and fields, and lay a broader vision for human understanding of the universe.
At the same time, the exploration of the cosmic cycle may also help us re-examine the nature of time and space, as well as the role and meaning of human beings in this universe.
When the universe can come out of the infinite expansion and truly enter a finite and eternal cycle, time will no longer be a one-way flow as we know it, it will become an eternal stream that is forever changing and unchanging, and its mysteries will even exceed human imagination.
Therefore, Penrose's view may be a key to reshaping our conception of the universe and re-understanding its nature, as he puts it: "This is both the end of eternity and the eternal spring."
epilogue
Whether it is the Big Bang theory or the conformal cycle theory, the emergence of these cosmological views is the result of people's continuous thinking and summarization on the road of exploring the universe.
Just as Newton's classical notions of physics have ruptured in the theory of relativity, and the theory of relativity has arisen new problems in cosmology, we may need more open-mindedness and new ideas of thinking, rather than just holding on to immutable knowledge and opposing ideas.
In this way, we can truly recognize our own limitations, break the shackles of traditional cosmology, and thus bring about a broader understanding.
Therefore, it is a great work of Penrose to open up to Penrose's ideas and learn more about the universe with a new direction of thinking.