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1. Origin
I was fortunate to have the guidance of a certain master to understand the issues related to the origin of human beings, and compiled some articles and short videos on the origin of mankind to share knowledge, evidence and scientific research discoveries about the origin of mankind and the origin theory of East Asia with the majority of netizens.
I believe that these articles and short videos will help everyone broaden their understanding of the origin of human beings, but there are also some netizens who turn a blind eye to the knowledge, evidence, logic and new scientific research discoveries provided by the clear text of history, and have a firm belief in the African origin of human beings.
These people firmly believe that the African origin theory is based on scientific conclusions drawn on the basis of science, is the consensus of the scientific community in the academic community, and is an indestructible truth, they believe that both ancient humans and modern humans (i.e. Homo sapiens) originated in Africa, and that the descendants of ancient humans and modern humans in Africa formed the current population, and that ancient humans in China were replaced by modern African humans and became extinct, and that we are all descendants of modern African humans, and that we do not have the genes of ancient humans in China. Ancient humans in China are not the ancestors of modern Chinese, etc., etc.
But is that really the case?
2. The 26th Annual Meeting of the China Association for Science and Technology released major scientific issues in 2024
Recently, Xinhua News Agency, People's Daily, Global Times, China Youth Daily, Guangming Daily, China News Network, Observer Network and many other media have released such a news: The 26th Annual Meeting of the China Association for Science and Technology will be held in Nanning, Guangxi on July 2, 2024.
According to the China Association for Science and Technology, the 2024 solicitation and release activities have received a total of 597 problems recommended by 102 national societies, societies and associations, enterprise associations for science and technology and university associations, and further through a group of well-known academicians and experts and international organizations to participate in the condensed recommendation of the problems, 129 academicians and experts have been strictly evaluated and checked in the primary and final selections, and finally selected the top ten frontier scientific problems, top ten engineering and technical problems and top ten industrial technology problems in 2024. In the future, the China Association for Science and Technology will continue to pay attention to the problems and problems released, guide the majority of scientific and technological workers to focus on the problems and problems, gather strong scientific and technological forces for cultivating new quality productivity, and continuously consolidate the scientific and technological support for high-quality development.
One of these scientific problems related to the origin of mankind is the question of whether the ancient humans found in China are the ancestors of modern Chinese.
Those who firmly believe in the theory of African origin do not say that all human beings originated in Africa, that all human beings came out of Africa, that we are all descendants of modern African humans, that we do not have the genes of ancient humans in China, and that ancient humans in China are not the ancestors of modern Chinese, is this the general consensus of the academic and scientific circles? Why is one of the top ten scientific questions of the China Association for Science and Technology this year actually "Are the ancient humans found in China the ancestors of modern Chinese?" ”
This is a major scientific issue that was selected only after "a group of well-known academicians and experts and international organizations participated in the condensed recommendation of the problem, and 129 academicians and experts were selected after strict evaluation and control in the primary and final selections", which shows that whether the ancient humans found in China are the ancestors of modern Chinese and where human beings originated has not been determined in the academic and scientific circles, and it is still a major issue that is controversial in research.
Those who believe that humanity must have originated in Africa, where did your delusional self-confidence and belief come from? Have you been deceived and brainwashed by the overwhelming propaganda of those bad media?
3. Research on the origin of mankind
With regard to human origins, before the sixties of the twentieth century, it was generally believed that human beings originated in East Asia. After the emergence of the modern theory of molecular biology in the eighties of the twentieth century, many people believed that human beings originated in Africa.
In 1983, Professor Cavalli-Sforza, an anthropologist at Stanford University in the United States, was the first to put forward the models of "African origins" and "East Asian origins" for modern people, and believed that the "African origins" was not as reasonable as the "East Asian origins" model, which determined the place of origin according to the central haplotype of mitochondria, and constructed a phylogenetic tree model with Asian populations as the place of origin. But then, for a variety of reasons, the "out-of-Africa theory" of single African origin became dominant in academic circles.
Pääbo, who won the Nobel Prize, detected the ancient DNA of Neanderthals and Denisovans, proving that there are genes of Neanderthals and Denisovans, breaking the hypothesis that modern humans are single from Africa, and proving that the ancestors of modern people are not only modern humans from only one region, but may have come from multiple regions.
At present, there are three main theories about the origin of modern humans: the theory of East Asia, the theory of assimilation, and the theory of multi-region continuous evolution with hybridization by Academician Wu Xinzhi.
The Out of East Asia theory holds that modern humans were formed in East Asia and migrated and spread throughout the world.
The theory of multi-region continuous evolution with hybridization asserts that the indigenous peoples of Asia, Africa, and Europe all contributed to the origin of modern humans, and that the contributions of each region are different, which can be called multi-region and multi-mode evolution. In Western Europe, indigenous peoples did not contribute much to the formation of modern man; In East Asia, the contribution of local archaic groups to the origin of local modern humans is major, and the contribution of foreign populations is also significant, but it is all secondary.
The assimilation theory asserts that there was genetic exchange between ancient humans on all continents, that archaic humans in Asia and Europe also contributed to the origin of modern humans, and that Africa is not the only place of origin of modern humans, which is consistent with the theory of multi-regional evolution. However, it argues that the contribution of Africa is large, while that of Asia and Europe is small, which is different from the multi-region theory of continuous evolution with hybridization, and close to the theory of complete substitution. The assimilation theory has similarities and differences with the multi-regional evolution theory and the substitution theory, which is a manifestation of the coordination of the latter two.
In any case, the earliest modern human origin determined by molecular biology is based on the molecular clock hypothesis, and the origin of modern humans is calculated to be 200,000 years ago; Based on the theory of genetic diversity, the theory of East Asia was created, and modern humans originated 50,000 years ago. So far, ancient DNA testing has been concentrated within 3 to 40,000 years.
According to the molecular clock hypothesis, human origin was 4.5 million years ago, which was later revised to 7 million years based on fossil analysis. According to the theory of the upper limit of genetic diversity, humans originated 17.6 million years ago.
Therefore, human beings originated at least 7 million years ago, and 200,000 years ago, there was very little ancient DNA available for detection, and it was also outside the time of origin of modern humans calculated by molecular biology. Where did humans originate 200,000 years ago, and the relationship between human origin, evolution and inheritance, can only rely on fossil analysis, and have nothing to do with molecular biology and DNA genes.
Fourth, on the origin of modern man
The theory of modern humans out of Africa holds that a group of ancestral groups that are closest to living populations, modern humans or Homo sapiens, first evolved in Africa, and have exhibited the physical characteristics of all or at least most of the living populations. Modern humans originated in Africa about 200,000 years ago, initially with African regional characteristics, and then spread out from Africa 5 to 60,000 years ago, and finally formed the different characteristics of the people in various regions of Eurasia today.
In the process, these African-born modern humans completely replaced Homo erectus and Homo sapiens living on Eurasia, with very little genetic exchange taking place. None of the ancient human races in Eurasia succeeded in evolving into living populations, and their descendants either became naturally extinct or were replaced by modern humans who migrated from Africa, contributing at most a small part of their genes to the local living population.
So how did scientists determine that modern humans originated in Africa? It is based on the premise that the molecular clock hypothesis and neutral theory are correct. According to the molecular clock hypothesis and the neutral theory, the African origin theory considers the type A and Y chromosomes of the San people in southern Africa, which has the highest genetic diversity and is closest to the DNA sequence of the "human close relative" chimpanzee, as the root haplotype, that is, the Y chromosome of the ancestral type of our contemporaries, and constructs the DNA evolutionary tree map of the African theory.
The African theory is actually a hypothesis, and a hypothesis cannot be established without being verified by independent evidence.
The molecular clock hypothesis and the neutral theory suggest that there is no upper limit to genetic distance, and that gene sequences can be varied endlessly. That is, the genetic sequence changes indefinitely, but does not change into a new species. Thinking about it, this is a theory that does not conform to the basic cognition of human beings, how can any species change indefinitely linearly, but still the same species, and not change into other species?
With the development of biology, more and more biologists have found that the molecular clock hypothesis and neutral theory are inconsistent with the actual situation, and the DNA evolutionary tree map of the African theory is contradictory to the DNA sequencing results of actual ancient human fossils.
Out of Africa it is said that the DNA evolutionary tree map is a hypothesis that must be verified by the fossil DNA of ancient humans to be valid. Explain the relationship between the DNA evolutionary tree map and ancient DNA detection: the DNA evolutionary tree is a DNA evolutionary map inferred from certain hypothetical premises and the DNA of living populations, and there is a sequential evolutionary relationship between these haplotypes, the first is the advanced haplotype, and the last is the post-evolved haplotype, but these are speculations and do not necessarily represent the actual evolutionary order of modern humans; According to the DNA test results of ancient fossils, we can verify whether the haplotype relationship on the DNA evolutionary tree is correct by analyzing their haplotypes and their chronological relationship.
If haplotype A precedes haplotype B on the DNA phylogenetic tree map, and fossils with A haplotype are often dated later than those with B haplotype in actual ancient DNA detection, it means that the DNA phylogenetic tree map may be incorrectly designed. The so-called theories need to be tested by practice, and this is the truth.
It has been nearly 40 years since the development of ancient DNA research began in 1984 when ancient DNA was extracted and tested. As of June 2021, more than 6,000 hominin genomes have been published, and more than 30,000 years of hominin genomes have been obtained from Eurasia. The current results of ancient DNA testing are concentrated in the period of 3 to 40,000 years. In recent years, despite the rapid development of ancient DNA sequencing technology, it is difficult for scientists to extract DNA from 300,000-year-old African hominin fossils due to the hot conditions that are not conducive to DNA preservation, and 20,000-year-old complete modern human fossils have not yet been found in Africa. Therefore, the African theory has not been verified by the results of ancient DNA testing.
At present, the three oldest modern human ancestors have been discovered, namely Ust-Ishim, which was excavated in Siberia at 45,000 years ago, Tianyuandong Man from northern China, which was discovered in northern China at 40,328 years ago, and Fumane2, which was found in Riparo Bombrini, Italy, which was found in Riparo Bombrini, Italy, which is 39,805 years old. The mitochondria of all three humans belong to haplogroup R, where Tianyuandong belongs to subhaplogroup B downstream of haplogroup R, and Fumane2 is closer to subhaplogroup HV or H downstream of haplogroup R, or modern human KP34013 and KF523402 in NCBI. Only the oldest Ust-Ishim, unsurprisingly behaves as the least primitive haplogroup R0. Analysis of relatively young ancient samples dating from 39,500 to 30,000 years ago revealed that only two individuals belonging to haplogroup N were Oase19 in Romania from 39,500 years ago and Salkhit4 from 34,425 years ago in Mongolia.
The oldest fossils of modern humans found so far are found in Eurasia, about 40,000 years ago, and the mitochondrial haplogroups are R and N, and R and N are at the bottom of the DNA atlas of Africa, indicating that this evolutionary tree is an inverted order, and this DNA evolution is wrong for the atlas ordering.
The current generation of North Africans is basically white and more characteristic than black. Ancient DNA shows that the Taforalt homage of Morocco 15,000 years ago was also a Eurasian DNA majority, clearly indicating that the entry of Eurasians into Africa was a more common thing. In addition, the 45,000-year-old European ancients Ust-Ishim and Bacho Bira Cave did not carry African genes, but East Asian or South Asian genes. According to the African theory, early European modern people should be mainly African genes. In fact, paleo-North Africans have Eurasian genes, and ancient Europeans have Asian genes. This also shows that it was Asians who entered Europe and Europeans who entered North Africa. Instead of the current Atlas of the DNA Evolutionary Tree of Africa, Africans entered Europe and Asia.
The oldest fully modern human fossil found so far is located in Dao County, southern China. In 2015, 47 tooth fossils unearthed from Fuyan Cave in Hunan Province, rigorous geological dating showed that they were 8-120,000 years ago, and the tooth shape was the same as today. In the same year, a paper entitled "The Earliest Unsuspicious Modern Man in South China" was published in the British journal Nature, pointing out that the people of Daoxian County were "unsuspicious modern people". This is the world's earliest complete modern human fossil remains discovered so far, which also verifies the scientific nature of the East Asian origin theory of modern Homo sapiens.
Huang Shi, a professor at the State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics at Central South University, pioneered the theory of the upper limit of genetic diversity, arguing that the genetic sequence of a species mutates to a certain extent, and it is impossible to mutate linearly without limit, and may mutate back and forth, that is, revert mutations can occur frequently (A becomes B, and B later becomes A), so genetic mutation will keep the species within the same species and not become a new species. Genes can be mutated or reverted, and there are at least 1180 reverting mutations in the African model mitochondrial evolutionary tree, so the genetic diversity is the highest and indicates that the genes are the oldest, and there is no evidence that there is a certain mutated gene that is not where humans originated.
The Yellowstone team's approach to determining the oldest populations is not to assume in advance whether the rate of evolution is the same among the various ethnic groups, but to first assume that the oldest or central type of mtDNA should be based on high frequency, presence in multiple different races, or presence in other primates.
It was found that there were more than 30 mtDNA haplotypes in the entire population, and only type 1 was found not only in Europeans but also in Asians and Africans, so it was considered that the prevalent type 1 was an ancestral haplotype. Type 1 has the highest frequency among Asians (69.6% Asians, 58% Europeans, and 14.9% Africans), indicating that Asians are the oldest, and it can be concluded that modern humans are from Asia, and these Asian samples are all from East Asia, indicating that modern humans are from East Asia.
The DNA evolutionary tree model of the East Asian origin theory constructed by the Huangshi team locates both the mitochondrial and Y-chromosome evolutionary tree roots in Asian populations, re-independently confirming the 1983 claim that mitochondrial roots are in Asia. The tree root determination of the new model comes from the derivation of common sense, which believes that the original haplotype should be the most present in the modern population, because the gene mutation is a small probability event, very rare, and will only occur in a few individuals in the ancestral population, so the judgment of the original ancestor type can be derived from the wide distribution characteristics of a certain haplotype, and the group with the highest frequency should be the ancestral group, and the rationality of this reasoning can also be verified from the fact that it was independently made by two different research groups.
The East Asian origin theory model considers the mitochondrial haplogroup R0 to be the ancestor of all mitochondrial haplogroups, which is contrary to the African origin theory that the R haplogroup is located downstream of the N haplogroup. By studying data from the 1000-Genome Project, it was found that haplogroup R0 was most prevalent in present-day southern China, suggesting that the origin of modern human mitochondria may be in southern China. The modern mitochondrial model of East Asia is also supported by ancient DNA analysis. The new Y-chromosome evolutionary tree, derived from the same principle, also pinpoints the roots in East Asia, and considers the haplotype F to be the ancestor, and F is most common in the Lakun ethnic group in southern China.
The East Asian origin theory of the Y-chromosome evolutionary tree is similarly supported by ancient DNA analysis. British scholars have also identified the origin of the F haplotype in East Asia through independent research, because the common haplotypes of Europeans and Asians are downstream of F, which means that Europeans come from East Asia.
Starting from the ancestral haplogroup, the DNA evolution tree of the East Asian origin theory can be established according to the upstream and downstream kinship relationships with similar DNA sequences. The predominantly distributed DNA sequences are the opposite of the African origin theory. See the figure below for details.
出东亚说线粒体（mtDNA)进化树
Out of East Asia says the Y chromosome (DNA) evolutionary tree
The theory of the origin of East Asia, which is based on the theory of the upper limit of genetic diversity, and the DNA evolution map constructed by it, are more in line with the verification of DNA sequencing results of ancient human fossils, and can scientifically prove the theory of the origin of modern humans in East Asia.
Based on the DNA map of the East Asian theory, it is possible to depict the migration route of modern people in East Asia, from which modern people have migrated and spread to the whole world.
Out of East Asia said the roadmap of modern human migration
Seven independent approaches and perspectives over the past four decades have come to the same conclusion that modern humans originated in East Asia, including:
(1) The chain of fossil evidence of Academician Wu Xinzhi's team
(2)Horses-Sforza团队的线粒体结论
(3) The conclusions of the Yellowstone team's molecular research on current DNA under the guidance of the upper limit theory of genetic diversity
(4) The Huangshi team used ancient DNA uniparental chromosome data to verify the East Asian theory
(5) Pääbo's team concluded that the early European Bulgarian ancients were predominantly East Asian genes
(6) The conclusion of the Tyler-Smith team that the Y chromosomes of Europe and West Asia are from southern East Asia
(7) Munch's team's conclusion that the X chromosomes of Europe and West Asia may have originated from East Asia
So many independent findings all point to the same conclusion, which shows that the East Asian theory is a scientific conclusion.
Professor Huang Shi of Genetics of Central South University's "Theory of the Upper Limit of Genetic Diversity" and "Talking about DNA Evolutionary Trees Out of East Asia" have been written into two foreign and domestic textbooks respectively: one is the English monograph "Phylogenetic Tree and Molecular Evolution" written by American professor David Bickel; The other is "Systems Biology" co-authored by Professor Zhu Zuobin and other scholars in China.
To this day, some people still use the theory that East Asia was very cold for 100,000-40,000 years, and that ancient humans in China froze to death. If the theory that modern humans came out of Africa is true, then modern African humans will replace the ancient humans of East Asia, and the racial and cultural outlook of the ancient humans of East Asia will inevitably undergo major changes. But there is no evidence of such substitution or change in East Asia, so how can modern Africans replace ancient humans in East Asia?
Su Bing, Jin Li and others published in the "Science Bulletin" in 2001 05 issue of the article "Y chromosome genetic evidence supports the origin of modern Chinese in Africa" said that China has not found 50,000 ~ 100,000 years of human fossils, because 60,000 ~ 100,000 years ago between the Quaternary glacial period caused the extinction of biological species, after the end of the glacial period African Homo sapiens from Southeast Asia from south to north into Chinese mainland, replacing the pre-glacial period of ancient humans, becoming the ancestors of modern Chinese.
This finds evidence for modern people to say that they came out of Africa in East Asia: East Asia had a cold climate for 10-60,000 years, because no human fossils and human activity relics were found at that time, indicating that the ancient humans in East Asia were extinct at that time, and African Homo sapiens directly occupied East Asia.
This view is obviously untenable, because there are too many relics of ancient human activities and ancient human fossils from 100,000 to 40,000 years ago in China. There are 2 million to 7,000 years of continuous ancient human relics in the Nihewan site group in Hebei, 200,000~70,000 years of human activity relics in the Luoyang Beiyao site, 60,000 years of human activity relics in the Dadiwan site in Qin'an, Gansu Province, 6~23,000 years of ancient human activity relics found in the Xujiacheng site in Gansu, 14~70,000 years of ancient human activity remains found in the Sarawusu site in Inner Mongolia, 7~30,000 years of ancient human activity relics found in the Wulan Mulun site in Inner Mongolia, and 7~~35,000 years of ancient human activity relics, 7~30,000 years of ancient human activity relics found in the Qinling Mountains, 70,000 years ago ancient human activity relics found in Jingshuiwan site in Fengdu County, Chongqing, 10~77,000 years old ancient human activity relics found in Huanglongdong site in Yunxi County, Hubei Province.
The above archaeological evidence shows that there was a series of evidence of human existence in China 10~40,000 years ago. From the perspective of climatic and environmental characteristics and biological evolution, the theory that the last glacial ice caused the local population to become extinct is untenable.
The academic community generally believes that the last glacial period covers a long period of 7.4~10,000 years ago, during which the world generally cooled, but there were many fluctuations in the middle, and supercooling-warm, dry-wet alternated. During the last glacial period, most of China and East Asia did not have extreme climatic conditions sufficient to cause mass extinction of humans and other organisms, and even during the coldest LGM periods, there were still large areas suitable for humans and other organisms.
Needless to say, South China was home to the giant panda-sabertooth fauna throughout the Pleistocene, and its members were all moisture-loving species. Even in northern China, which is more sensitive to environmental changes, large mammals such as woolly rhinoceros, mammoths, wild horses, bison, wild boars, bears, hyenas, and wolves survived most of the Pleistocene, while mammoths and woolly rhinoceros became extinct in the early Holocene, and many more species have survived to the present.
These large animals, which can only passively adapt to changes in the environment, can survive the last glacial period, and humans with higher intelligence and technical means - can skillfully make and use tools, can carry out a high degree of organization and coordination and social division of labor, can build and change the environment of the settlement, can use fire in a controlled way, can migrate effectively, can sew warm clothing, but cannot adapt, and will be extinct in the face of lower temperatures and less food, which is contrary to common sense.
Since the beginning of the Pleistocene, the Earth has experienced many glacial-interglacial cycles, and the last glacial period was not the worst. It is not logical that people living in China and even East Asia did not go extinct in the harsher cold environment of the glacial period before, but they could not adapt to the last ice age, when the technology and survival capacity were stronger.
It is contrary to common sense that indigenous peoples who have experienced long-term adaptation to a colder ecological environment are going extinct, while African migrants from hot and humid regions are surviving in the cold new environment.
Why do some people who hold the "Out of Africa" theory make such inferences that are contrary to facts and logic? Perhaps to simplify the relationship between people who migrated from Africa and indigenous populations, and to avoid discussing whether there had been genetic exchanges or war killings between new immigrants and indigenous peoples.
If there is a situation of gene exchange, then the native population is not extinct, and complete substitution cannot be established; And if it is a case of war killings, there is no evidence. In terms of cold climate extinction, the fact that East Asian humans and foreign humans had no chance to meet each other has been relieved of this embarrassment.
Gao Xing, Peng Fei, Fu Qiaomei, and Li Feng pointed out in "Research Progress on the Origin of Modern Humans in China" published in Science China: Earth Science No. 1, 2018: "Archaeological evidence shows that the stone tool technology in China and even East Asia and the way of living of the people it reflects are in the same line, and there has been no interruption or substitution, and there has been no mass extinction of the native ancient population in 10~50,000 years ago." ”
Academician Wu Xinzhi, a paleoanthropologist, clearly pointed out in the "The Dispute over the Origin of Modern Humans Will Gradually Move to Harmony" published in the 36th issue of "Science Review" in 2018 and "Where Did Modern Chinese Humans Come From" published in the 05th issue of Science World in 2019 that the view that modern humans originated in Africa and migrated to replace other ancient humans around the world is not valid, not only is the archaeological evidence in China not supported, but also the fact that the living population has Neanderthal and Denisovan genes also overturns the Eve theory of Africa.
For the above details, please refer to the article "Subverting the DNA Evolutionary Tree of the "Out of Africa" Theory - Ancient Human Fossil DNA to Testify", "Without Ancient DNA Evidence, How to Determine Whether Human Beings Originated in Africa or East Asia?" "What does ancient DNA genetic testing overturn the idea that "modern people are out of Africa"? etc.
5. On the origin of ancient humans
The theory of the diffusion of the African origin of Homo erectus and the theory of the emergence of modern Homo sapiens out of Africa constitute the theory of the African origin of mankind.
The theory of the diffusion of Homo erectus African origin believes that the earliest human beings originated in Africa, and at first according to molecular biological calculations, it was believed that African humans originated more than 4.5 million years ago, and later revised to more than 7 million years ago according to fossil discoveries, and evolved into the Homo erectus race 2 million years ago, and went out of Africa to all parts of the world, and came to East Asia 1.7 million years ago, and Homo erectus went out of Africa three times, and there were ancient humans all over the world.
So before African Homo erectus came out of Africa, there were no Homo erectus in the world? In fact, there are many, and the main Homo erectus and early Homo sapiens found in China are as follows:
Found in the cave of people on the southern slope of Leprosy Mountain, Suncun Town, Fanchang District, Wuhu, Anhui Province, about 200-2.59 million years ago;
Oriental people found in a small river area of Zhupeng in Yuanmou County, Yunnan Province, about 2.5 million years ago;
The founder of a small hillside cave in Mazhaping Village, Gaoping Town, Jianshi County, Enshi Autonomous Prefecture, Hubei Province, is about 2.5 million years old;
It was found in the Xihoudu people near Xihoudu Village, Fenglingdu Town, Ruicheng County, Yuncheng, Shanxi, about 2.43 million years ago;
The Wushan people found in the dragon bone slope of Longping Village, Wushan, Chongqing, are about 2.14 million years old;
The Mohuidong people found in the Bubing Basin of Tiandong County, Baise City, Guangxi Province, are about 2 million years old;
The Nihewan people found in the Nihewan ruins group in Yangyuan County, Hebei Province, are 2 million years old ~ 7530 years ago;
The Yuanmou people found in the village of Shangnabang in Yuanmou, Yunnan, about 1.7 million years ago;
A variety of ancient humans found in the Qinling Mountains range from 1.2 million to 15,000 years ago;
The Yunyang people found in the Liangzi site of Yunyang School in Shiyan, Hubei Province, are about 1.1 million to 800,000 years old;
The Lantian people found in Gongwangling, Lantian in Shaanxi Province are about 1.15 million to 70 years ago;
The Lantian people found in Chenjiawo, Lantian, Shaanxi, are more than 50 million years old;
The Pekingese found in Zhoukoudian, Beijing, about 700,000-200,000 years ago;
Discovered in Nanzhao Xinghua Mountain, Nanzhao, Henan, about 500,000 years ago;
The Yiyuan people found in Jiuhui Village, Tumen Town, Yiyuan, Shandong Province, about 400,000 years ago;
The dragon man found in the Songhua River in Harbin is about 309,000-146,000 years old;
Discovered in Longtan Cave in Hexian County, Anhui Province, the people of Hexian County are 28-240,000 years old;
The Jinniu Mountain Man found in Jinniu Mountain, Yingkou, Liaoning, is about 280,000 years old;
The Bijie people found in Guanyindong Village, Guanyindong Town, Qianxi City, Bijie City, are 240,000 to 40,000 years old;
It was found in the Dali people near Tianshuigou in Jiefang Village, Duanjia County, Shaanxi Province, about 200,000 years ago.
2.5 million years ago, Homo erectus in Africa had not yet been formed, and the ancient humans in China could already make stone tools, bone tools, and fire, and the stone tools made by the African ancient humans at that time were simple and could not use fire, and the ancient humans in China during the same period were more advanced than the ancient humans in Africa.
In order to explain the African origin theory, scholars have had to advance the time when African hominens left Africa and migrated to East Asia, but they still cannot explain the fossil finds of ancient humans around the world. In China, there were 2 million years ago, the cave people, the Oriental people, the founder people, the Xihoudu people, the Wushan people, and the Mohui cave people, and the ancient humans in East Asia would make stone tools at that time. Is it possible to bring hominage out of Africa back to 2.5 million years? At that time, Africans did not know how to make stone tools, they could not use fire, and no capable man was formed, let alone Homo erectus. Whenever African hominens came out of Africa, it was contradictory to fossil discoveries.
It can be seen that the fossil age of Homo erectus in China is older and more advanced than that of Homo erectus in Africa. The fossils of ancient humans in China since 14 million years are very abundant, and there are obvious characteristics of continuous evolution in terms of cultural appearance and ethnicity, and there is no sign of being replaced by foreign races and cultures. There is a wealth of paleoanthropological arguments in this regard.
According to the theory of genetic diversity, humans originated 17.6 million years ago. Judging from the fossil materials of ancient apes and early humans unearthed in the central Yunnan Plateau and its adjacent areas, there are representatives of various evolutionary links from apes to humans, and the basic series are:
1. 14 million years ago: From 1956 to 1957, the fossils of Kaiyuan Rama australopithecus were found in the Tertiary lignite seam of Xiaolongtan, Kaiyuan County, Yunnan.
2. 8 million years ago, Lufeng Rama australopithecus: found in the Tertiary lignite strata of Liba Coal Yard in Lufeng County, Yunnan Province from 1975 to 1980. Its morphology is more advanced than that of Australopithecus kaiyuan, which is closer to the early form of humans, and has the typical characteristics of developing along the main trunk of human evolution.
3. 4 million-year-old Butterfly Rama Australopithecus: It is a Miocene fossil produced in Yuanmou County, Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province. In the excavation site of Butterfly Rama Australopithecus, a large number of stone tools have been found, some resembling pointed tools, some resembling scrapers, but there are no traces of being made. There are many similarities between Butterfly Rama and Lufeng Rama Australopithecus, which indicates that there is an intrinsic and direct inheritance and development relationship between the two.
4. Oriental people 2.5 million years ago: "The Oriental people found it less than 2 kilometers away from the discovery site of "Butterfly Rama Australopithecus". The morphological characteristics of the tooth fossils of "Oriental Man" are between "Butterfly Rama Australopithecus" and "Yuanmou Man", but they are closer to "Yuanmou Man". Some stone tools have been excavated in the same stratum, indicating that the "Oriental people" began to make stone tools.
5. Yuanmou Man 1.7 million years ago: In the Yuanmou Man fossil production area, a large number of mammal fossils, stone tools, charcoal chips and other cultural relics have been unearthed. The main types of stone tools include stone chips, scrapers, pointed tools, discs, and choppers, which indicate that the "Yuanmou people" have been able to use and make stone tools. The excavation of charcoal chips and burnt bones shows that the "Yuanmou people" already knew the use of fire. The "Yuanmou people" have a well-developed spade-shaped tongue socket, which is similar to the characteristics of the later Peking people and modern Mongolian races.
Yunnan is indeed a magical place that hides the code of the evolution of life. Kaiyuan Rama Australopithecus (14 million years ago) - Lufeng Rama Australopithecus (8 million years ago) - Yuanmou butterfly Rama Australopithecus (4 million years ago) - Oriental Man (2.5 million years ago) - Yuanmou Man (1.7 million years ago); In addition, the "Zhaotong Man", which may have belonged to the early Homo sapiens, and the "Xichou Man" and "Lijiang Man", which may have belonged to the late Homo sapiens, constitute a complete system of human evolution.
Archaeologists and anthropologists have found that the yellow race has three distinctive physiological imprints that distinguish them from other peoples in the world, one of which is the shovel-shaped incisors, and the other two are the peculiar spots and the medial canthal folds.
Chinese ancient humans have a series of common morphological characteristics, such as all Chinese human upper door tooth fossils found so far are shovel-shaped, and the vast majority of modern Chinese are the same, accounting for 90% of yellow people, while shovel-shaped incisors account for only 5% in white people and only 10% in black people; The flattening of the faces of all fossil humans and modern humans in China is the same, and the zygomatic and maxillary ridges are curved; The vast majority of fossils have rectangular eye sockets and a flattened nose bridge.
By comparing and analyzing the morphological characteristics of 51 Pleistocene and 180 Holocene human inner ear labyrinths around the world, the researchers found that the morphology of inner ear labyrinth in the Pleistocene of ancient humans in China showed two types: "ancestral inner ear labyrinth mode" and "Ni human inner ear labyrinth pattern": the morphology of inner ear labyrinth in Lantian Homo erectus, Hexian Homo erectus and Liujiang man was basically the same as that of modern humans, showing an obvious "ancestral inner ear labyrinth pattern"; The inner ear labyrinth of Xujiayao people is very similar to that of Neanderthals, showing a typical "Ni inner ear labyrinth pattern".
In the 300,000 years of 950,000-650,000 years in Africa, almost no ancient human fossils have been found, and the subsequent human race is completely different from the previous ones, which means that there was a fault in African ancient humans during this time. In contrast, Chinese hominin fossils show that Chinese hominins evolved in an orderly manner, which is the most complete and oldest chain of hominins in the world.
Ancient humans have evolved continuously in China for millions of years, and the cultural outlook has been inherited in the same vein, which is obviously contrary to the theory of "Homo erectus out of Africa", can it be said that Homo erectus originated in Africa and spread to East Asia, so that there was Homo erectus in East Asia? On the contrary, the origin of ancient humans in East Asia and the spread of the whole world is a more reasonable human origin.
For the question of the origin of ancient humans, please refer to the article "Who is older than the fossils of ancient humans in Central Africa?" A Comprehensive Comparison of Chinese and Foreign Fossils", "Can Chinese Archaeological Results Overturn the Theory of "Homo Erectus Out of Africa"? etc.
VI. Conclusion
Some people still believe in modern science, as soon as we say that China has an ancient and continuous chain of ancient human fossil evidence, they say that DNA evidence and molecular biology prove that modern humans came from Africa; As soon as we say that the logical chain of modern people out of Africa is flawed and cannot be verified by ancient DNA testing, they say that there are ancient human fossils in Africa and that humans originated in Africa. In short, the African origin theory is like a religious belief, no matter who the people, modern people, Neanderthals, Denisovans, Peking Man, Yunnan Yuanmou Man, all became from Africa, and I don't know where to get the material evidence, or my own groundless speculation. Unable to accept new knowledge, evidence, logic, and scientific discoveries, they have become what we call "Scientology."
Human understanding is changing, scientific conclusions are changing, and truth is also changing. There is no absolute truth in the world, only relative truth. "Scientology" is a new superstition and religion, which is a blind worship and belief that seems to be scientific but is actually unscientific, and is a manifestation of no detachment from divinity and no rationality.
Only by getting rid of blind trust in the authority of any expert, absolute trust in any viewpoint and theory, believing in credible evidence and logic, and the so-called "Scientology" can we get rid of "Scientology" and become truly rational people.
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