The original article was serialized on the WeChat public account of "Zhongjin Photography Association" in September 2020.
I really believe that there are things in the world that no one will see if I don't photograph them - Zhou Guoxian talks about the creation of the documentary photography "Jiangcheng Water People".
It was purely by chance that this group of people on the Han River in Wuhan City caught my attention, and it was a new topic that was started in the course of the Hanzheng Street Thematic Photography Project.
At four or five o'clock in the morning on August 29 and September 22, 2009, when I climbed onto the Qingchuan Bridge to take a bird's-eye view of the busy logistics night scene of the Hanzheng Street Small Commodities Wholesale Market, the water people broke into my shot.
Later, when I was filming the Hanzheng Street feature, I wanted to take pictures of the people on the water many times, but I was blocked: the people who lived here thought I was a journalist and were worried that as soon as my photos were published, the government would ban them.
I don't give up, so I often go for a walk, make friends first, and don't rush to take pictures. Slowly people accepted me, I took some portraits and gave them them, and they knew that I didn't take pictures to get in the newspaper, so I slowly approached the group.
It was November 2010 that the actual shooting began. This feature began in August 2009 and ended in November 2016 when the water house was banned and cleaned up, and it was filmed intermittently for eight years, but the concentrated shooting was from 2010 to 2014, which lasted five years.
On February 2, 2011, Wuhan Qingchuan Bridge under the Hanjiang River water people. (Photo by Zhou Guoxian)
April 19, 2014, under the Qingchuan Bridge in Wuhan. (Photo by Zhou Guoxian)
On the surface of the Han River in Wuhan, from Qingchuan Bridge to Jianghan First Bridge, nearly 100 cement boats and wooden boats used for residential use were moored all year round, forming a special water community.
These non-powered cement or wooden boats are tied to the shore with a cable and a gangplank placed in the bow for families to disembark and disembark the boat. The length of the cable should be adjusted according to the level of the water level, and it should be harvested in winter and summer. These boats are in groups of three or five, and some of them are also chained together by cables to form a conjoined body to resist the wind and waves. Even so, there are accidents from time to time when the chain is broken and the anchor drifts on the river. Because the ship has no power, once the chain is broken and the anchor is lifted, it can only go with the current, which is very dangerous.
On December 24, 2011, Wuhan Qingchuan Bridge under the Han River water people. (Photo by Zhou Guoxian)
On February 19, 2011, the Han River water house near the Jianghan Bridge in Wuhan. (Photo by Zhou Guoxian)
On February 11, 2012, Wuhan Qingchuan Bridge under the Han River water people. (Photo by Zhou Guoxian)
On January 1, 2014, the water people on the Han River under the Qingchuan Bridge in Wuhan during the dry season. (Photo by Zhou Guoxian)
Only a few of these floating families are fishermen, and they are fishing nearby, and the harvest is not good.
Fishermen catch fish near a barge on December 18, 2011. (Photo by Zhou Guoxian)
Fishing boats on the Han River on November 20, 2010. (Photo by Zhou Guoxian)
According to the maritime department, in the early years, there was a fish market in Jijiazui on the Han River, where the fishing boats of foreign fishmongers drove to trade. Later, when the aquatic market was relocated to Baisha State, the fishmongers sold the boats to migrant workers around Hanzheng Street, some of which became homes, some became floating fish markets, and some were converted into small floating hotels. There are also some abandoned or scrapped operating ships converted into barges, which have been converted into rental houses or warehouses, docked in the area from Jijiazui to Jianghan Second Bridge.
The Hanjiang River Water Tribe is located in the management flower arrangement zone of the metropolis of Wuhan City, and there are many departments in charge, involving water affairs, urban management, port supervision, maritime affairs, safety supervision, fishery administration and other departments, which has been a management problem for many years. Due to the city's appearance, water pollution, flood navigation, and the safety of residents, this tribe will be banned sooner or later. Keenly feeling that this was a living landscape that was about to disappear, I included the Hangang River Water Tribe in my shooting plan in 2009.
On November 7, 2010, under the Qingchuan Bridge in Wuhan, the Hanjiang River water house, in the distance is a barge water rental house. (Photo by Zhou Guoxian)
▲ On November 7, 2010, a young girl asked if it was convenient to use the toilet on the barge of the water rental house. A makeshift toilet was built on the side of the boat, and the filth was discharged directly into the river behind the washerwoman. (Photo by Zhou Guoxian)
On May 8, 2011, Wuhan Qingchuan Bridge under the Han River water people. (Photo by Zhou Guoxian)
Some of these migrant workers who live on the boats work as waste pickers, some work as porters at the Hanzheng Street Small Commodity Wholesale Market, and some use the convenience of the river to do small businesses such as selling fish.
On May 28, 2011, fishmongers at a floating fish market near the Jianghan First Bridge in Wuhan picked fish and delivered them to designated restaurants. (Photo by Zhou Guoxian)
Most of the people who choose to live on a ship are because they can't afford to buy a house. Although the river-view houses on the banks of the Han River have reached tens of thousands of yuan per square meter, a cement boat generally costs only a few thousand yuan, and wooden boats are cheaper, and many families have lived here for ten years. They live in a small boat, continuing their dreams of life.
On May 28, 2011, the Han River water house near the Jianghan Bridge in Wuhan. (Photo by Zhou Guoxian)
On June 1, 2011, the Hanjiang River water house near the Jianghan Bridge in Wuhan. (Photo by Zhou Guoxian)
On May 28, 2011, a washerwoman in a family on the Han River near the Jianghan Bridge in Wuhan. (Photo by Zhou Guoxian)
Living on a boat is very inconvenient with water and electricity. Usually, domestic garbage is discharged directly into the river, and the river water can only be used for laundry and vegetables, and the water for eating and drinking has to be picked ashore. There is no electricity on board, no TV can be played, and it is common to go to bed at night. In order to make it easier for their children to do their homework, some boaters pay a high price to receive electricity from barges or docks.
In such a difficult living environment, Liu Degu and others often hummed songs while doing housework, and I was deeply impressed by the simplicity, kindness, optimism and open-mindedness of ordinary people.
On the morning of Chinese New Year's Eve, February 2, 2011, Gong Hengdao, a native of Xiantao, Hubei Province, went to the shore to pick drinking water. (Photo by Zhou Guoxian)
▲ On the morning of Chinese New Year's Eve, February 2, 2011, Liu Degu, the wife of the master of Xiantao Shuyang in Hubei, was cooking on a fire. Liu Degu loves to sing and hums songs while cooking. (Photo by Zhou Guoxian)
Although the conditions are difficult, many families are used to living on the ship, and many families are still reluctant to leave here. There is no electricity in the summer, but the gentle river breeze at night is a natural air conditioner; The income is low, but he can eat the ecological vegetables and free-range chickens grown by his own riverside; It doesn't cost much, but I live in a real waterfront "river view room......
On December 11, 2012, people on the Han River under the Qingchuan Bridge in Wuhan poured vegetables on the shore. (Photo by Zhou Guoxian)
On February 11, 2012, the ninth day of the first lunar month, a few young boys pulled weeds on the embankment of the Han River and roasted sweet potatoes. (Photo by Zhou Guoxian)
Xiao Chengli, from Honghu, Hubei Province, has two "river-view rooms" in Wuhan, where you can sit and watch the picturesque scenery, but the wind and rain are shaky.
These are two wooden boats moored on the banks of the Han River all year round, and it is located on the Han River under the Qingcheon Bridge in Hankow. The average price of the surrounding river-view houses has reached 20,000 yuan per square meter, but Lao Xiao's home is only a few thousand yuan.
▲ On the morning of Chinese New Year's Eve, February 2, 2011, Xiao Chengli, a native of Honghu, Hubei Province, was lighting a fire to boil water. Xiao Chengli was born in 1944 and began to live on a boat in the Jijiazui area in 2000, selling fish as a business. (Photo by Zhou Guoxian)
Despite the hardships of life, Lao Xiao's family still lived on the ship for 16 years. Mr. and Mrs. Xiao made a fish seller, and the purchased fish was hung in the Han River on the side of the boat in a net bag, and the next day they were picked up and picked up and sold at a vegetable market near the shore.
▲ On the morning of December 25, 2010, after the heavy snowfall, Xiao Chengli and his wife, who are from Honghu, Hubei Province, prepared to go ashore to sell fish. Xiao Chengli was born in 1944 and began to live on a boat in the Jijiazui area in 2000, selling fish as a business. (Photo by Zhou Guoxian)
▲ On the morning of December 25, 2010, after the heavy snowfall, Xiao Chengli, a native of Honghu, Hubei Province, carried a load of fish to the shore to sell. Xiao Chengli was born in 1944 and began to live on a boat in the Jijiazui area in 2000, selling fish as a business. (Photo by Zhou Guoxian)
After a few years of dating, I became good friends with Lao Xiao and other boatmen. In the Chinese New Year's Eve of 2011, Lao Xiao's daughter and granddaughter who worked in Shenzhen came back for the Chinese New Year, and I followed the photos for a few days, filming Lao Xiao's granddaughter digging mud and sand on the shore, photographing the granddaughter and her mother grabbing the only small chair on the boat, and taking pictures of breakfast on the first day of the Lunar New Year......
▲ On February 3, 2011, the first day of the Lunar New Year, Xiao Chengli, a native of Honghu, Hubei Province, came back for the New Year with his daughter and granddaughter who worked in Shenzhen, and the first bowl of rice on the morning of the Lunar New Year was his granddaughter's. (Photo by Zhou Guoxian)
▲ On Chinese New Year's Eve, February 2, 2011, Xiao Chengli, a native of Honghu, Hubei Province, returned to Shenzhen to celebrate the New Year and took a photo with her neighbor Liu Degu. (Photo by Zhou Guoxian)
Among the people on the water under the Qingchuan Bridge, Gong Jie's boat is relatively "luxurious". Gong Jie's cement boat was bought for 15,000 yuan, but because his daughter and son fell into the river many times, guardrails were installed and the gangplanks were widened.
Gong Jie, born in 1961, was originally an employee of Wuhan Glass Factory, and during the reform and opening up, he came out to work as an individual, and did more than a dozen small businesses, selling fish and fruits, opening restaurants, setting up stalls on Hanzheng Street, contracting buses, and ......, all of which did not improve.
Gong Jie, who has a one-bedroom apartment at No. 109 Yanhe Avenue, originally opened a restaurant in his own home, the room was too small, and the honeycomb coal was placed at the door, and he was required by the urban management to rectify, so he rented the house as a warehouse for 800 yuan per month. After renting out the house, buy a boat to live on the ship.
On the afternoon of December 24, 2011, Gong Jie lit a fire on the boat to cook. (Photo by Zhou Guoxian)
On the afternoon of December 24, 2011, Gong Jie lit a fire on the boat to cook. (Photo by Zhou Guoxian)
On December 25, 2010, Gong Jie was in the cabin bedroom under the Qingchuan Bridge. (Photo by Zhou Guoxian)
▲ On December 25, 2010, Gong Jie's youngest son Gong Zihao was in the cabin living room under the Qingchuan Bridge in Wuhan, which is where Gong Zihao did his homework. Gong Zihao is in the fourth grade of primary school. (Photo by Zhou Guoxian)
Another group of people on the water is the "flat dan" of Hanzheng Street, which I have been paying attention to.
Some of them live in rented houses on the ship, and some of them are bought by the owner of a logistics company to be used as a collective dormitory.
▲ On the afternoon of December 18, 2011, Feng Xinyun (first from left) from Qianjiang, Hubei Province, returned to the cement boat residence under the Qingchuan Bridge in Hanshui after work, and carried the trailer to the boat with his co-workers. This is a dormitory ship purchased by the owner of a logistics company for wage earners. (Photo by Zhou Guoxian)
▲ On the afternoon of December 18, 2011, Song Hongpeng (first from right), a post-80s porter from Qianjiang, Hubei Province, and other 6 people returned to the dormitory boat under the Qingchuan Bridge in Hanshui to rest, which is the home of 19 porters. (Photo by Zhou Guoxian)
▲ On the afternoon of December 18, 2011, Dong Jialiang, a native of Jiyukou Town, Qianjiang, Hubei Province, took a bath in the cabin of the logistics company's dormitory after finishing work. Dong Jialiang was born in 1962 and has been working in Hanzheng Street for two or three years. He has a daughter and a son, the daughter works in a garment factory in Nanjing, and the son is a graduate student in Nanjing. (Photo by Zhou Guoxian)
I have witnessed how people on the water survive in the heavy snow, and I have truly realized the difficulty of life.
In mid-December 2010, there was a heavy snowfall in Wuhan, and the whole area of water seemed to be covered in ice, and the gangplank connecting to the land was blown by the wind and snow, but the boaters seemed to be calm.
▲ At 9:46 on December 15, 2010, after the heavy snowfall, the people on the Hanjiang River under the Qingchuan Bridge in Wuhan were still asleep, and the springboard connecting to the land was blown by the wind and snow. (Photo by Zhou Guoxian)
On December 15, 2010, after the snow, Wuhan Qingchuan Bridge under the water people. (Photo by Zhou Guoxian)
On December 25, 2010, after a heavy snowfall, Wuhan Qingchuan Bridge was on the water. (Photo by Zhou Guoxian)
The inhabitants of the water people are hardworking and love life.
On the first day of the Lunar New Year, the citizens of Wuhan were immersed in the joy of the New Year, but the people on the water were adjusting the springboard and fixing the cables to build their nests, a home to live on.
On February 3, 2011, the first day of the Lunar New Year, the Hanjiang River water people under the Qingchuan Bridge in Wuhan strengthened their cables and springboards during the dry season. (Photo by Zhou Guoxian)
On February 3, 2011, the first day of the Lunar New Year, the neighbors were helping Ma Youcheng (first from left), a native of Xiantao, Hubei Province, to adjust the springboard. (Photo by Zhou Guoxian)
It's the New Year, I have to visit relatives, and some relatives come to visit.
▲ On February 11, 2012, the twentieth day of the first lunar month, the son and daughter-in-law of Ma Youcheng, a native of Xiantao, Hubei, came to visit their parents who lived on the ship. Since 1995, Ma Youcheng has lived on boats in the Jijiazui area, selling fish for a living, when the Qingchuan Bridge had not yet been built. (Photo by Zhou Guoxian)
Cut your hair, wash your hair, and invite your neighbors to dinner, just like a New Year's Day.
On the morning of Chinese New Year's Eve, February 2, 2011, Master Fang, a native of Huangpiwu Lake, asked his daughter to cut her hair for the New Year. (Photo by Zhou Guoxian)
On the morning of the first day of the Lunar New Year on February 3, 2011, a woman washed her hair on the side of the ship. (Photo by Zhou Guoxian)
From being rejected to being generally accepted, and later becoming good friends with Xiao Chengli, Gong Hengdao, Gong Jie, etc., I was very touched by the invitation to the ship for Chinese New Year's Eve dinner in the thirtieth of the Chinese New Year's Eve.
On the afternoon of Chinese New Year's Eve, February 2, 2011, Gong Hengdao (second from right), a native of Xiantao, Hubei Province, invited the author and his neighbors Xiao Chengli and Gong Jie to have a New Year's dinner. (Photo by Zhou Guoxian)
At that time, the focus of my shooting was Hanzheng Street, and every time I finished shooting Hanzheng Street, I would stop by to see the nearby water houses.
In order to reflect the particularity of the life of the people on the water and record their different living conditions, I also went to shoot on special days, which has now become a permanent memory.
On the afternoon of December 24, 2011, several teenagers celebrated Christmas Eve in their own way by playing mud on the Han River under the Qingchuan Bridge in Wuhan. (Photo by Zhou Guoxian)
On June 1, 2011, Children's Day, the children of the people on the Han River near the Jianghan Bridge in Wuhan. (Photo by Zhou Guoxian)
On the evening of the Mid-Autumn Festival on September 12, 2011, Ma Hao, a native of Xiantao, Hubei, took a bath on the boat. (Photo by Zhou Guoxian)
▲ On the evening of the Mid-Autumn Festival on September 12, 2011, Xiao Chengli and his wife, who are from Honghu, Hubei Province, enjoyed the shade on the deck, and the Qingchuan Bridge of the festival was shining with colorful decorative patterns. Xiao Chengli was born in 1944 and began to live on a boat in the Jijiazui area in 2000, selling fish as a business. (Photo by Zhou Guoxian)
In 2016, the comprehensive improvement of resources and environment along the coastline of ports along the river in Wuhan was fully launched, and all the "water people" within 15.4 kilometers from Qingchuan Bridge to Yongfeng Bridge abandoned their boats and went ashore, and 96 boats of 95 households were centrally disposed of. Xiao Chengli and others have bid farewell to the Han River and are looking for the next snail home. The former "Scene of the Han River" has disappeared since then, and the image of "Jiangcheng Water People" I took many years ago has become a swan song.
In September 2014, after "Jiangcheng Water People" was exhibited at the Pingyao International Photography Exhibition, my main focus was on photographing Hanzheng Street, the Red House of Gangcheng and Wuhan's industrial heritage. In November 2016, after the ban on water people, I went to take a set of photos and posted "Water tribes bid farewell to the Han River, and the images of water people become a swan song" on the media, using the old and new images to temporarily draw an end to this topic. (See ==": The water tribe bids farewell to the Han River, and the image of the water people becomes a swan song)
The thematic photographic work "Jiangcheng Water People" focuses on the images of water people in the area from Qingchuan Bridge to Jianghan First Bridge, but in fact, it is only the beginning of the humanistic images of the Han River. I have taken the confluence of the Han River and the Yangtze River as a starting point many times, and rode along the Han River for 10 kilometers, recording boatmen, wild swimmers, sand dredging boats, shipyards and old residential areas in the embankment along the way, and also made a special trip to Xiangyang, Shiyan, Qianjiang, Xiantao, Xiaogan and other places to take images of the Han River basin. This topic is far from over.
I really like what the American new documentary photographer Diane Arbus once said: "I really believe that there are things in the world that no one will see if I don't photograph them." Since I tried documentary photography in the 80s, I have deeply realized that if you don't shoot some things, you may not have the opportunity to shoot them again.
From 2008 to 2014, my documentary photography works have gone through the practice stage of traditional documentary photography (including "Biandan: The Legend of Hanzheng Street", "Jiangcheng Water People", "Jiqing Street Singing Artist", etc.) and the exploration period of new documentary photography and documentary photography after 2014 (including "Vending Machine", "Hanzheng Street Album", "Great Wuhan", "The Roar of the Distance: Jingchu Industrial Plant Typology Catalogue", "Exit", "Twilight", etc.), and the shooting concept has changed somewhat. But it has always continued to be a modest shooting style. I don't pursue a strong visual impact or trendy shooting techniques, I use a plain lens and take honest photos, trying to present the natural ecology of the subject.
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【Related Links】:
Zhou Guoxian's documentary photography "Jiangcheng Water People"
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A brief introduction to Zhou Guoxian's art
Zhou Guoxian, China Artron Image Contracted Photographer, Visual China Contracted Photographer.
Mr. Zhou Guoxian has been committed to the exploration of images in Wuhan and Hubei for many years, from traditional documentary photography to new documentary photography, he uses the method of thematic photography to focus on the local area and reflect the present with images. His photographic works have participated in solo exhibitions at international and domestic photography festivals such as the 2011/2015 Lishui Photography Festival, the 2013/2014/2023 Pingyao International Photography Exhibition, the 2017 Dali International Photography Festival, the 2016 Jinan International Photography Biennale, and the 2021/2023 Shenyang Contemporary Photography Academic Invitational Exhibition. He has won the Outstanding Photographer Award at the 13th China Pingyao International Photography Exhibition in 2013, the Nomination Award at the 6th Hou Dengke Documentary Photography Award in 2017, the Gold Award in the Documentary Category of the 3rd National Photography Exhibition in 2015 and 2017 in 2017, the Person of the Year of the China Financial Photographers Association in 2019, the 2014 Photographer of the Year Award in Hubei Province, and the Outstanding Literary and Artistic Works Award of the 3rd "Wuhan Literary and Art Award" in 2016. In 2019, his photographic works were selected into the large-scale epic album "China" (a key publication published by the Propaganda Department of the Central Committee in 2019); In 2018, the photography project ""Greater Wuhan" Wuhan Industrial Heritage Protection Special Photography Project" was funded by the Hubei Provincial Literary and Artistic Masterpiece Creation Support Fund Project; In August 2020, the China Industrial Heritage Big Data Center of the National Institute of Cultural Development of Wuhan University prepared to build the "Zhou Guoxian Industrial Heritage Image Archive Database". His works have been collected by Wuhan Museum, Liaoning Art Museum, Wuhan Archives, School of Art and Design of Xi'an University of Technology and Wuhan Hanzheng Street Museum; The photography collection "Hanzheng Street Expects the "Restart" is collected by the National Museum of China as one of Artron Culture Group's "Anti-epidemic Stories from the Lens of 100 Photographers".
【Major Exhibitions】
In November 2011, the photography solo exhibition of China Lishui International Photography Culture Festival "Hanzheng Street Biandan";
In May 2012, the 9th China Photography Art Festival photography solo exhibition "Enshi Qingyang Pavilion Street" and "People Watching the Exhibition";
In September 2013, the 13th China Pingyao International Photography Exhibition photography solo exhibition "Biandan: The Legend of Hanzheng Street";
From December 2013 to March 2014, Wuhan Museum solo exhibition "Into Hanzheng Street - Zhou Guoxian Hanzheng Street Documentary Photography Exhibition";
In September 2014, the 14th China Pingyao International Photography Exhibition photography solo exhibition "Jiangcheng Water People";
From January to February 2015, Wuhan Zall Art Museum solo exhibition "Four Stories of Floating Life - Zhou Guoxian Documentary Photography Exhibition";
From August to September 2015, Wuhan Hanjiang Bay No. 1 Double Solo Exhibition "Impression of Hanzheng Street - Zhou Guoxian and Yu Shengwen Photography Exhibition";
In November 2015, China Lishui Photography Festival photography solo exhibition "Vending Machine";
From April to May 2016, Wuhan Wuwai Bookstore solo exhibition "A Hundred Years Old Lane Divides Xian'an Fang - Zhou Guoxian Documentary Photography Exhibition";
In November 2016, the 6th Jinan International Photography Biennale solo exhibition "Hanzheng Street Album";
In August 2017, the 7th Dali International Film Festival photography solo exhibition "Great Wuhan";
July 2019, Wuhan Bund 1861 "Han • Hong Kong Reflections" group exhibition;
In August 2019, Wuhan Hanzheng Street Pedestrian Street "Image Witness 40 Years - Me and My Hanzheng Street Photography Exhibition" group exhibition;
In August 2019, Zhang Zhidong and Wuhan Museum "Imprints - "China • Hanyang Industrial Culture Image Journal" Photography Exhibition" group exhibition;
In October 2019, Beijing International Photography Week's "History of Chinese Images in 70x70 - Chinese Photographic Art since 1949 from the Perspective of 70 Artists" group exhibition;
From December 2019 to January 2020, the solo exhibition of Jianghan Customs Museum "Industrial Memory of Greater Wuhan - Zhou Guoxian Industrial Photography Exhibition";
From March to April 2021, Wuhan New World Department Store "Wuhan with Boards and Eyes" group exhibition;
From September to October 2021, the 2nd Shenyang Contemporary Photography Academic Invitational Exhibition solo exhibition "Exit";
In June 2022, Wuhan "Hanzheng Street Photography Exhibition" group exhibition;
In April 2023, the first photography art exhibition in Wuhan:
In September 2023, the 23rd China Pingyao International Photography Exhibition ""Green Clouds Straight Up" - Beyond the Narrative Thirteen Photography Exhibition";
In November 2023, the 3rd Shenyang Contemporary Photography Academic Invitational Exhibition ""Rising to the Clouds" - Beyond the Narrative Thirteen Photographers Exhibition";
In April 2024, Xi'an University of Technology's "Rising Clouds" - Beyond the Narrative Thirteen Photography Exhibition;
In May 2024, Wuhan Baoyuanli's "Beauty of Harmony, Light and Shadow: Wan Chaohong, Zhou Guoxian, Xu Zhenshan Photography Exhibition".
【Photography Collection】
November 2011: "Hanzheng Street Flat Dan"
2013.09: "The Legend of Hanzheng Street"
2014.09: "Jiangcheng Water People"
2015.08: "Impression of Hanzheng Street - Photography Works by Zhou Guoxian and Yu Shengwen"
November 2015: "Vending Machine"
November 2016: Hanzheng Street Album
2017.08: "Greater Wuhan"
December 2019: "The Roar of the Distance - Typology Catalogue of Jingchu Industrial Plants"
2020.04: "Hanzheng Street Looks Forward to "Restart"
2021.05: "Exit"
2021.05: "Jiangcheng Memory"
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Special statement: The pictures published by this headline "Black Lens", unless otherwise indicated, are all original works of Zhou Guoxian, please do not declare the originality for reprinting, and please indicate the source and retain the author's name.
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