This is the 4948th article of Da Yi Xiao Nu
In the emergency room of the hospital, you can see patients who come to the hospital with various "allergic" reactions, such as rashes after taking drugs, redness and itching of the skin and dizziness after eating seafood, shock after being bitten by insects, sneezing and wheezing after inhaling pollen.
"Allergy", as the name suggests, is excessive sensitivity, when the human body comes into contact with some specific foreign substances, it will cause the body's immune system to produce some specific antibodies, these antibodies will be harmless substances, mistaken for harmful things, causing the human body to overreact. Because there are many causes of allergies, there are various manifestations, and sometimes it is difficult to judge when it comes and when it goes, which is quite inscrutable, so we will talk about this changeable "allergy" here.
1. Allergens are diverse
Allergens are necessary conditions for the occurrence of allergies, there are 2000~3000 kinds of antigenic substances that cause allergic reactions, and nearly 20,000 kinds are recorded in the medical literature, and the most effective measure for the treatment of recalcitrant allergies is to find out the allergy-inducing factors (allergens), but it is still difficult to accurately find the causative factors in so many inducing factors.
According to the way the human body is exposed, we introduce the common allergens in real life as follows:
1. Inhaled allergens
Such as pollen, catkins, dust, animal dander, etc.
2. Ingestion allergens
Such as seafood (especially shellfish), fish and shrimp, fruits, shiitake mushrooms, beef and mutton, some medicines, etc., but sometimes it is not the food itself that causes allergies, but the additives in the food (such as disinfectants, preservatives, etc.).
3. Contact allergens
Such as cold air, hot air, ultraviolet rays, cosmetics, shampoos, hair dyes, dish soaps, mites, etc.
4. Injectable allergens
Such as penicillin, streptomycin, xenogeneic serum, etc.
5. Self-tissue antigen
Mental stress, fatigue, work stress, microbial infection, etc.
Second, the clinical manifestations are diverse
May manifest in the respiratory tract
Such as wheezing, chest tightness, nasal congestion, runny nose, etc.; Skin: such as rash, erythema, itching, etc.; Digestive tract: such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, stomach heat, colic, flatulence, etc.; Microcirculation and central nervous system, such as paleness, irritability, weak pulse, decreased blood pressure, loss of consciousness, etc.
3. There are various types of diseases
Such as allergic asthma, allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, urticaria, drug allergy, food allergy, solar dermatitis, allergic gastroenteritis, etc.
Although allergies are changeable in many aspects, and different allergens act on the human body in different manifestations, their mechanism is the same, and they all have sensitization stages, arousal stages, and effect stages, as shown in the figure below.
4. What are the anti-allergy medications?
1. Antihistamines
For example, the second-generation antihistamines cetirizine hydrochloride and loratadine can prevent histamine from binding to the corresponding receptors and exert anti-allergic effects.
2. Allergic reaction medium inhibitor
For example, ketotifen is a strong allergic mediator inhibitor, which is suitable for the prevention and treatment of various types of bronchial asthma, and can also be used for the treatment of allergic rhinitis and allergic dermatitis.
3. Regulate immunity
For example, vitamin C can help the body scavenge free radicals, protect human tissue cells from free radical damage and damage, and when the human body is exposed to allergenic substances, vitamin C can exert its antihistamine effect.
4. Special drug treatment
For example, glucocorticoids, calcium gluconate, epinephrine, etc., are mostly used for severe allergic reactions or anaphylactic shock caused by penicillin, and are used in hospitals.
5. How to prevent allergies?
1. Keep away from allergens.
2. Pay attention to daily life, proper diet and appropriate physical exercise.
3. Improve the body's immunity.
4. It has been reported that traditional Chinese medicine methods, honey eating methods, cold water nasal lavage methods, and dietary therapies (such as white radish and carrot) have a certain effect on the prevention and treatment of pollen allergies.
Author: Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University
Zhang Xuemin is the chief doctor
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