Text: Humility talks about the style of writing
Editor|Humility talks about the style of writing
During the period of Zhenzong and Renzong in the Northern Song Dynasty, there were two famous lyricists active in the word circle, one was Zhang Xian, who was known as "Sanying Langzhong", and the other was Liu Yong, who had the nickname of "filling in words by order", and the two were called "Zhang Liu" at that time.
Zhang Xian (990 — 1078), a native of Wucheng (now Huzhou City, Zhejiang Province), was as famous as Liu Yong, but his poetry was more subtle and timeless.
Zhang Xian and Liu Yong are called "Zhang Liu", what kind of historical opportunity do they have? Why is "Zhang" in front of "willow", or is it just for the sake of phonology? These need to be revisited.
"Police policy": the real reason why Zhang Liu is famous
The record of Zhang Xian and Liu Yong's names, the records in the words of the Song Dynasty and the descendants. For example, "Zhang Ziye (Zhang Xian, Ziye) and Liu Qiqing (Liu Yong, Ziqing) are equally famous".
"Zhang Liu" has a common source, that is, the "Commentary on the Movement of the Dynasty" by Chao Buzhi, one of the four scholars of Sumen, which has been repeatedly cited because it "does not have all collections." So what is the real reason for the fame of "Zhang Liu"? This needs to be reverted to the context of the time.
In the early and middle Northern Song Dynasty, because the creation of slow words was far from mature, the lyricists could probably only create in the circle of Xiaoling, and the pursuit of "one hill and one gully is also romantic" The sentence of "warning policy" has become the general consensus of the lyricists.
Judging from the relationship between the words of the Northern Song Dynasty and the words of the Huajian and the Southern Tang Dynasty, such a phenomenon can be traced as far as the comments on the words and sentences of the Southern Tang Dynasty and Feng Yansi.
The so-called "police policy", also known as fine police or epigrams, has three interpretations: one is to spur the horse. For example, Cao Zhi's poem "Ying Zhao": "Looking at the city, but not traveling." The servant is vigilant, and the flat road is made of.
The second is to make it violent, and by extension, to make it violent. For example, Ye Shi's "Emperor Shangning Emperor Zazi" No. 2: "If the results entrusted today have already won people, it is especially advisable to be attentive to Xiaoxi, be vigilant in everything, and take care of everything." ”
Third, adjectives and sentences are moving, and the words are near and far. As the "Anthology of Writings" said: "The words of the essay are the key to the words, and it is the warning policy of an article." ”
The "cautionary measures" in this article should be interpreted in a third way, that is, condensing novel words and constructing vivid and expressive images, so that a single sentence or fragment in the words has a subtle and timeless beauty, and has become a famous sentence recited by the lyricist, and the lyricist has become famous and famous for a while.
Zhang Xian and Liu Yong are both admired in the world of poetry because of their subtle and expressive "warning" sentences. For example, Zhang Xian has the nickname of "Zhang Sanzhong", "Zhang Sanying", "Cloud Breaking Moon, Flower Shadow".
Liu Yong also has the reputation of "Revival Reflection Willow Tuntian" and "Three Changes of Dawn Wind and Wanyue Willow". Combined with the age of the two, Liu Yongchang and Zhang Xian were 6 years old, and died 24 years earlier than Zhang Xian, and they are famous all over the world for their "warning policy", and it is possible that they are "equally famous".
Here we can also cite a circumstantial evidence: In the early Qing Dynasty, when the Northern Song Dynasty was admired, the phrase of seeking "warning policy" was once prevalent, and it can be regarded as a reappearance of the romance of the Northern Song Dynasty.
The Qing people have made sufficient efforts in the sentence of "warning policy" and have always boasted of it. For example, Mao Xianshu, nicknamed "Mao San Thin", because of its words "I don't believe that I am really as thin as a shadow", "Shulai Mo Dan Zhi Yi thin", "Crane back mountainside with the same thin" three sentences and get the name.
The prevalence of the phrase "warning policy" in the early Qing Dynasty was praised as a manifestation of the prosperity of the literary world, and it was also a manifestation of the admiration of the Northern Song Dynasty style by the early Qing poets.
Zhang Liu's Theory of Superiority and Disadvantage: The Result of the Struggle of the Word School
The above discussed Zhang Xian and Liu Yong's "caution" sentences created by each other and became synonymous. Chao Buzhi's "Commenting on the Movement of the Dynasty": "And when Ziye is not as good as Qiqing. Ranzi has a high rhyme, which is what Qiqing lacks. ”
Chao Buzhi reviewed the previous statement that "Zhang is inferior to Liu" and concluded that "Zhang is better than Liu", and the reason is only the vague two words "rhyme high", which is probably very difficult to convince people.
When Mr. Zhu Dongrun introduced Mr. Zhang, he simply translated this sentence, saying: "His words are as famous as Liu Yong, and his talent is not as good as Liu Yong, but it is more subtle and has a timeless charm." Here we note that, first, Mr. Zhu thinks that Zhang Xian is slightly inferior to Liu Yong in terms of "talent", which Chao Buzhi did not explicitly say.
The second is to understand the "high rhyme" mentioned by Chao Wen as "the charm is timeless", which provides us with an excellent idea for a one-step interpretation. Liu Yong's influence on the Song Dynasty poetry was incomparable to anyone at that time, and Su Shi laughed at himself after composing a small poem for the first time, "Although it does not have the flavor of Liu Qilang, it is not a family", which is quite a bit of "influence anxiety".
At that time, Liu Yong's words were able to be "sung all over the world" and spread to the Li and Jin countries around the Song Dynasty, and "wherever there is a place to drink well water, you can sing willow words." The "time" in Chao Buzhi's text should be understood as the actual situation in the world of words at that time.
"Xueliu" and "Guanliu": the peculiar landscape of the Southern Song Dynasty
As mentioned above, the decadent lyricist founded by Liu Yong was ostracized by his peers in the lyric world at that time, but does this mean that the lyricists of the Liu School have been in a slump since then, and even disappeared?
In the Southern Song Dynasty, there were several lyricists who were similar to Liu Yong's style of words, such as Zuo and Yan. In the fifth volume of the Song Dynasty's Wang Mingqing's "Yuzhao Xinzhi", "at that time, all people had the right to 'Xiaofeng and the waning moon and willow three changes, and the left and the words were 'dripping powder and rubbing crispy'", and Zuo Yu (characters and words) at the end of the Northern Song Dynasty and the beginning of the Southern Song Dynasty had fallen in love with Zhang Qin, a famous prostitute in Qiantang, and made a lot of Liuyong-style fragrant words for it.
The lyricist who learns Liu also has Kang Boke. Mr. Liu Yangzhong believes that "Kang He (the character Boke) style followed Liu Yong and was the first master of Liu in the Southern Song Dynasty." … … The people of the Southern Song Dynasty often called 'Kang Liu' when they talked about it.
In addition to Zuo Heyan and Kang Boke, the toddler Liu Yong also wrote the lyrics of the Cao group. In addition, there are also lyricists who want to compete with Liu Yongyi, such as Wang Guan (Zitongsuo), which is named after "Guanliu" in the collection of words.
Wang Yiqing and others wrote "Words of the Past Dynasties" once quoted Huang Sheng's words: "Wang Tongsuo, Yuan Youzhongguan Hanlin, Xuanren Zhizhi, self-proclaimed expelling guests, and his name is Guanliu. The word "stepping on the green" is very romantic, and it is not only above the willow word. ”
Feng Jinbo's "Dictionary Garden": "Wang Tongsuo's view of the Qing Dynasty was slow to step into the green words, and the world thought that it was higher than Tuntian, and the collection was named Guanliu. ”
This is probably the Qing Dynasty's evaluation of Wang Guan, but Chen Zhizhai, a native of the Southern Song Dynasty, was not very flattering to Wang Guan's words: "The style of the words chasing guests is not high, and it can be seen that he is named after himself with the crown willow."
Chen Tingzhuo of the late Qing Dynasty had his own understanding of the phenomenon of "crown willow", he believed: "Wang Tongsu's word name is crown willow. There are many lyricists in the Northern Song Dynasty, and Duyun Guanliu is still shocked by the name of Qiqing, and it is in his middle ear.
Looking at its name, you can see that its words are not important. Later, the word Qingpingle was reprimanded, which is not appropriate. Chen Tingzhuo also believes that the "crown willow" is not enough to imitate.
If we sort out several lyricists of Xueliu in the Southern Song Dynasty, in addition to Shen Gongshu, Li Jingyuan, Kong Fangping, Kong Chudu, Chao Ciying, and Wan Qi Yayan, there should be four other people: Zuo Youyan, Kang He, Cao Group, and Wang Guan.
In the Southern Song Dynasty people's word theory, it is common to put Kang and Liu Yong together in the "joint theory", so the critics of the Southern Song Dynasty prefer to put "Kang Liu" together, why not others?
Kang and Liu's life experiences are similar
The life experiences of Kang and Liu are very similar, which is manifested in the following two points. First, both of them have written a large number of words in their lives. Because this kind of word is often easy to whitewash the peace and sycophancy, although it reflects the prosperity and wealth of the city to a certain extent, the intention is despicable, and it is difficult to call it high-profile, such as Liu Yong's "Pouring a Cup of Music", "Rui Partridge", Kang He's "Bao Ding Xian" and so on.
Second, both are politically and morally tainted. Kang's political morality has been criticized since the Song Dynasty. For example, when Chen Zhensun's "Zhizhai Shulu Solution" wrote Kang He's "Shun'an Yuefu", he thought that "this collection has a lot of good sayings," but at the same time pointed out: "It is insignificant that people do not love themselves." ”
The reason why Kang He is said to be "insignificant" is because Kang He has a close relationship with Qin Hui. After Qin Hui's death, Kang was also removed from Qinzhou. In the Qing Dynasty, this kind of criticism of Kang's political morality still came and went. Huang's criticism of Kang in Selected Words of Tateyuan is more subtle.
The words he criticized about Kang and his "Man Jianghong" (Du Juan) did not involve a relationship with Qin Hui, but Huang still used the topic to discuss Kang's character, and Huang's comment was obviously aimed at Kang's defect in political ethics of "being able to speak but not acting."
Chen Tingzhuo's "Commentary on the Collection of Yun Shao" also expressed the same view on Kang and the others, saying: "His words are not enough, and his words are sad and stubborn, and there are all the good ones." In interpreting it, he does not forget to relate it to his character.
From the statement in the tenth volume of Luo Dajing's "Helin Yulu", we can know that at that time, the Southern Song Dynasty compared Kang Boke, who was a vassal of Qin Hui, to Liu Yong's unpracticed literati, which made people confused.
Although Liu Yong "leaned on the red and leaned on the cui" and "filled in the words according to the order," he was at most a frustrated literati and had no entanglement with politics. Kang still has something to blame, so why is Liu Yong being implicated in a bad evaluation?
The author speculates that, first, the spread of Liu Yong's "Wanghai Tide" led to the invasion of the gold lord Wan Yan Liang, but the gold lord Wan Yan Liang arranged in advance for the painting work "Tu Lin'an Chengyi and the victory of Wushan Xihu", and this invasion was premeditated, and the responsibility did not lie with Liu Yong's "work of singing".
The ancients firmly believed in "red face and bad water", and they could also lose the country if they made glamorous words, and Liu Yong's natural sins were unforgivable. The Song people had a deep hidden pain about Jingkang's shame, and they learned from the pain, and many official eunuchs also underwent significant changes in their style of words before and after the Nandu.
However, the Song people were more inclined to emotional experience and lacked rational thinking, so there were many pedantic moves, such as blaming Wang Anshi's reform of the law.
In fact, the Northern Song Dynasty perished because of serious border problems and weak military factors, but the Song people simply believed that it was Liu Yong's "Wanghai Chao" that spread to the world that led to the invasion of the gold lord Wan Yanliang, which was as hateful as Kang's dependence on Qin Hui.
The second thing is that Liu Yong's "Drunken Penglai" offended Renzong. Originally, it was common for the ministers to write poems and writes, which was beyond reproach, but as a result, Liu Yong "only picked up good words, but did not refer to the source", which angered Renzong, which inevitably made the scholars laugh.
Rejection of Kang Liu: The Southern Song Dynasty's thoughts on the family and country
In the Southern Song Dynasty, Zhang Yan and Shen Yifu were the main theorists of "Kang Liu", and thus put forward the idea of Sao Ya. As Zhang Yan mentioned, "The Tears of Xizhou", the former refers to the Yanghu affair, and the latter refers to the Xie An affair.
The Qing dynasty Chen Tingzhuo's "Yun Shao Ji" has a lot of analysis and recommendation of Zhang Yanci, and Yu Qiyun's "Selected Interpretations of Yutian Words" is a testament to his sense of monarchy and sigh of life experience, especially many profound words.
From the above, it can be inferred that Zhang Yan and other theorists focused on the "vulgarity" of "Kang Liu" and advocated "Sao Ya," which to a certain extent actually pinned their thoughts on their own family and country.
epilogue
This paper mainly discusses the phenomenon of "combined theory" in the evaluation of Liu Yongci in the past dynasties. Through the relevant expositions of "Zhang Liu" and "Kang Liu", the following three conclusions are drawn:
First, the real reason for the fame of "Zhang Liu" lies in the aesthetic pursuit of the sentence of "caution" in the early Song Dynasty, while the so-called "Zhang Youliu is inferior" by Chao Buzhi, a disciple of Sumen, reflects to a certain extent the subtle results of the struggle between the word school.
Second, the "Kang Liu" theory is relatively common in the criticism of Southern Song Dynasty lexicology, and both of them have similar life experiences, both have written a large number of words that should be made, and both have contributed small words and interfered with the powerful, so they are both regarded as "literati without lines", which embodies the evaluation of moral factors in Song Dynasty lexical criticism.
Third, the "Zhou Liu" theory is a unique landscape in Qing Dynasty word criticism, especially after the rise of the Changzhou word school in the literary world, it has become a "sharp weapon" for its theoretical construction, and "respecting Liu" is for the purpose of "promoting Zhou".