Ye Dehui (1864-1927), known as Huanbin, was born in Xiangtan, Hunan. In the eighteenth year of Guangxu, he was awarded the director of the Department of History, and soon returned to the country, collecting books, carving books, writing books, and engaging in the study of edition bibliography, historiography and philology. Although Ye Dehui is relatively conservative in politics, he is quite successful academically. Miao Quansun pointed out in the "Preface to Shulin Qinghua" that Ye Dehui "studied the scriptures, characters, public opinion, and dictionaries, and next to the stars, medical skills, Kanyu, and Sanskrit, all of which are connected." Ye Dehui was also a famous bibliophile, bibliographer and engraver in the late Qing Dynasty. He used his rich collection of books to engage in catalogs, editions, references, and compilations, and wrote a lot. The main bibliographic works include "Ten Testaments of the Collection of Books", "Shulin Qinghua" and "Bibliography of the Collection of Guangutang" and "Reading Chronicles of the Yuan", and 15 kinds of rare ancient bibliographies have been engraved and "The Bibliography of the Guangutang Collection".
1 Bibliography
1.1 Bibliography works
1.1.1 The Ten Testaments of the Book Collection[2]. The Ten Testaments of the Book Collection is a work about book collection. In this work of "Identification". The article emphasizes the importance of bibliography knowledge: "The way to identify must first notify the catalog", "If you don't know the catalog, you don't know the survival of ancient books, you don't know the survival of ancient books, and all the books of forgery and plagiarism, Zhang Guan and Li Dai's books are mixed and indiscriminate, confusing the ears and eyes." This directory of learning, so it is necessary to take the test from time to time". In the chapter of "Inscriptions", the style of writing inscriptions (actually synopsis) is discussed, one is declarative, on the main points of his writings, the origin of the examination and engraving, as well as the era of the author, the age of the official and the completion of the book, and the general outline of the book; One is argumentative, analyzing the rights and wrongs of a book and the author's gains and losses. The "Guan Gu Tang Bibliography" and the "Reading Records of the Xuan Yuan" are a compilation of his collection of books and inscriptions. The former recorded more than 4,000 kinds of books and more than 100,000 volumes collected by him in the "three and fourth generations of the upper and lower dynasties, the north and the south for thirty years"; The latter is "rigid and detailed in the author's purpose". His representative work is "Shulin Qinghua".
1.1.2 Shulin Qinghua [3]. Shulin Qinghua is his work on bibliographic theory. He believed that bibliography is not only the key to scholarship, but also a unique and rich treasure trove of historical materials, so he took the public and private catalogs of the mainland as the main historical materials, took the history of books as the research object, and made bold innovations for the use and research of classical catalogs. It is the first systematic bibliography monograph in mainland China that summarizes the results of the research on the bibliography of the Qing Dynasty in China, and can collect a wide range of materials and describe the original story in detail on the book system, the origin of engraving, the engraving of the past dynasties, the evolution of editions, and even the engraving materials, wages, binding, sales, collection, and description. Miao Quansun said that it "in the source of book engraving, especially through, up to Li Tang, down to the present, seeking overseas, the old engraving fine copy, the collector's name seal, what is the first, what is the most prepared, such as exploring the princes, such as pointing to the palms" "So the book of Shao to the philosopher, the faction of the post-learning, are all here." Of course, Shulin Qinghua also has many shortcomings and mistakes, but it has an important position in the history of modern Chinese bibliography and should be affirmed.
1.1.3 Catalogue of the Guangutang Collection[4]. "Catalogue of the Collection of Guangutang" counts the twelve categories of scriptures: Yi, books, poems, rites, music, Spring and Autumn, Analects, Filial Piety, Erya, Stone Classics, Interpretations, Primary Schools, and Weft Weather; 12 categories of the Department of History: Official History, Chronicles, Annotated Calendars, Hegemony History, Miscellaneous History, Miscellaneous Biographies, Political Documents, Geography, Genealogy, Bolu, Jinshi, and Historical Commentary; Fifteen categories of sub-sections: Confucianism, Taoism, Yin-Yang Scholars, Legalists, Famous Scholars, Mohists, Vertical and Horizontal Scholars, Miscellaneous Scholars, Novelists, Novels, Military Books, Mathematics, Fangji, Art, (In the preface, it is called 15 categories, but it is actually 14 categories.) Only under the category of novelists, it is divided into: the genus of novelists' records, and the genus of novelists); There are six categories of collections: Chu Ci, other collections, and general collections of poems, words, and songs. Compared with the "General Catalogue of the Four Libraries", Ye Dehui's book not only has changed the category, but also dares to criticize, and it does not follow the ancient system and does not mud the tradition, which is unique among scholars in the late Qing Dynasty.
1.2 Bibliography of Editions
Ye Dehui's bibliography is quite profound, and his far-reaching works are also quite rich, including "Ten Testaments of the Collection of Books", "Shulin Qinghua", "Shulin Yuhua", "Guangutang Collection Bibliography", "Yunyuan Reading Journal" and so on. Ye Dehui's disciple Yang Shuda commented on his master's status in the bibliography of editions, saying: "It is also in history, flooding through the catalogue and identifying the editions. Where the carving source, the true and fake, all are listed in the chest, and the index is picturesque. Today, the first chronicle of "Reading", the sound is heavy, and the two words of "Shulin" are all over the world, and its clear signs are also. "Yang Shuda is from Ye Dehui's disciples, and his words are inherently overrated, but they are also quite appropriate. Commenting on the achievements of Ye Dehui's bibliography, Xie Guozhen pointed out that he was "proficient in the study of bibliography, and was able to make a unique approach to the study of historical materials in addition to the canonical history, so as to open the door for future generations to study"[5]. Xie Guozhen's brief comment is pertinent and fair. Through Ye Dehui's bibliography of the Guangutang Collection, the Reading Chronicles of the Yuanyuan, and the Shulin Qinghua, we find that Ye Dehui was not a Yuan dynasty in the Song Dynasty. Through the Bibliography of the Guangutang Collection and the Reading Records of the Yuanyuan, we find that most of the Ming and Qing carvings in the Guangutang are collected, which is contrary to the tendency of Qing bibliophiles to draw on the pursuit of the Song and Yuan dynasties [6]. In Ye Dehui's view, there are many treasures in the Ming and Qing engravings, which have always been ignored by Qing Dynasty bibliophiles and catalogue editionists.
Ye Dehui pointed out in the fifth volume of Shulin Qinghua "The Fine Book of Ming Engraving" and the ninth volume of "Many Handwritten Records of Engraved Books in the National Dynasty", and pointed out that Ming and Qing engraving will not be inferior to Song and Yuan engravings in terms of content and book quality, and some even surpass Song and Yuan engravings. He also pointed out in the "Reading Chronicles of the Yuan Garden" that the Qing carving is not inferior to the Song and Yuan Dynasty engravings in terms of content and book quality, because since Kang Yongqianjia, "tired of Ye Chengping, rich in people, scholars and doctors have traveled for years, his books are very brave, his engraving books are fine, not only subservient to Zhu Ming, but can go up to chase the heavens and waters." Although Ye Dehui attaches great importance to the collection of good carvings in the Ming and Qing dynasties, he is not disgusted with the old Song and Yuan dynasties, and he attaches great importance to its artistic value and has reservations about the "authority" of its contents. Based on this understanding, Ye Dehui still maintains an attitude of not believing in ancient books in school books. For example, Ye Dehui compared the small character book engraved by Yanzhou in the Song Dynasty and the seventeen volumes of the "Rites" engraved by Jiajing Xu of the Ming Dynasty and found that the two engravings were "eight or nine out of ten", but "Yanzhou had many false characters", and the latter was "none". Ye Dehui listed the errors of Yan Zhouben one by one in the book, and finally came to the conclusion that Xu Ben was better than Yan Zhouben.
1.3 Proofreading
Ye Dehui said: There are eight good things to do in the work of proofreading: Xi Jing nourishes the heart, removes annoyance and desires, lives alone without slang, dissolves all worries, and is good; Meritorious ancients, learned after Jincau, strange people are rewarded, doubts are suddenly opened, and two goodness are also; Check every day, no damp mold, silverfish and moths, should be brushed away, three goodness; The school is a book, passed on to future generations, my name, attached to the four virtues; Middle-aged people are good at forgetting, if they are constantly searching, once they have passed through the school, they can read for several years, and the five virtues are also; Classics and famous things, the number of questions is increasing, and similar things are written, and the six virtues are also; Sleep in the long summer, keep out the cold in the harsh winter, forget to sleep and eat, the difficult situation is easy to pass, and the seven virtues are also; There are many school books, and the source is beneficial to learning, and going out to interview, such as horses know the way, and the eight virtues are also. Due to the correct understanding of the importance and benefits of proofreading, Ye Dehui attaches great importance to the proofreading of the collection. Therefore, when Ye Dehui "gets a book every time", "he must seek all the books and examine their similarities and differences", and "after the comparison, there must be a description of the inscription", it can be seen that he has never slackened in the work of book collection and proofreading. There are two methods of proofreading: "Let's try to talk about the method, say dead school, say live school." The dead school, according to this book to the school, a few words in a line, hook B like its book, a little bit of a painting, according to the record and not changed, although there are mistakes, must seek the original, Gu Qianli Guangqi, Huang Xuanpu Pilie engraved the book is also. For those who live in school, correct their mistakes and make up for their missing texts with the quotations of the group books; Or mistakenly engrave him, choose the good and follow, don't be a series of books, the board is one, Lu Bao's scriptures, Sun Yuan's books engraved by Xingyan are also". Some people call the "dead school" "seeking the ancients", such as the old books of the Song and Yuan dynasties, one by one, although there are fallacies, they must also be followed in order to preserve their truth. The books engraved by Gu Guangqi and Huang Pilie are proofread by using this method to preserve their authenticity. "Living school" is the so-called "truth-seeking" method, "to correct the wrong words cited by the group book, and to make up for its missing text; Or mistakenly cite other carvings, choose the good and follow, don't be a series of books, and the board is one", the books engraved by Lu Wen and Sun Xingyan are proofread by this method in order to seek their truth. Ye Dehui thought that "not only the miracle of school books, but also the shortcut to books."
However, some scholars believe that if the "living school" is not used properly, it is very likely to turn into an indiscriminate alteration of ancient books, which not only fails to "seek truth", but leads to "seeking errors", and users should not be careless. It is more appropriate to keep the original text and write a note and a proofreading to explain the reasons, so that it is more thoughtful and reasonable. Ye Dehui's ability to collate ancient books is not inferior to his edition bibliography. In the inscription he wrote, there are many places that involve the proofreading, which can be used for future generations. Ye Dehui pointed out in the ten volumes of the "Yutai New Song" of the imitation Song engraving of Baming Chongzhen and Zhao Huanguang: "All the precious ones who imitate the Song engraving are valuable and the old Song version is also preserved. The Song version of the book is valuable, and it is expensive to be educated by many people, and it is not rash to change the ancient book. Through this paragraph, it shows that Ye Dehui adheres to the principle of not lightly changing the ancient books when he proofreads, which is the concrete embodiment of Ye Dehui's "dead school" method. From Ye Dehui's school notes, it can be found that the "living school" method is also often used by him. For example, the seventeenth volume of the school's "Rites": "This is one of the three rites engraved by Jiajing in the Ming Dynasty, eight lines per half leaf, seventeen characters, Shiliju has engraved a kind of "Zhou Rites", which is quite a lot of falsification, because it is mainly based on the ancient hall of the Song Dong family, and it is corrected by various Song books. "Ye Dehui is here to use the Song book "Etiquette" to proofread the seventeen volumes of Jiajing Xu's Song Engraved Three Rites "Etiquette". Because the "Zhou Li" engraved in Shili's residence is a kind of "quite a lot of falsification", it is "based on the ancient hall of the Song Dong family, and corrected with various Song books", which is the specific practice of Ye Dehui's "living school" method. Because Ye Dehui has a correct understanding of the benefits of proofreading, he can be diligent in the work of proofreading the collection, which has also indirectly improved the quality of his collection, and his methods and attitudes of proofreading are still worthy of our reference.
2 Bibliography innovations
Regarding the achievements of Ye Dehui's bibliography, just as his protégé Wang Xiaosu said: "Mr. has a hundred cities, his hands are covered with thousands of volumes, and his private reserve is the most booked. Fu "Kumu" and "Qing Words", born in Shulin, thoughtful, is in the reading of Zhihe two money, for a one-handed search, by Luo chest Jin Kui Zhu Tao, Xi poor Tan Ao, this Mr. specialized in the directory also. ”
2.1 Revision and verification of the bibliography of the predecessors
Ye Dehui has carried out research and revision of the bibliography of his predecessors, including "Bibliography Q&A", "Summary of the Siku Quanshu General Catalogue" and "Seeking the Bibliography of the Ancient Residence and Song Dynasty", among which the research and revision of the "Bibliography Q&A" is the most important. "Bibliography Q&A" is a catalogue compiled by Zhang Zhidong that guides the way of learning, which is very useful in indicating the way to read books and understanding the editions of ancient books. Ye Dehui found that there are many mistakes in this purpose:
(1) Most of the editions contained therein are out of print;
(2) The inscriptions of the original or popular versions of the books are common words, and it is not known when and by whom they were published;
(3) Occasional Yuan number, and do not record the year, month and year name;
(4) The version description is unknown. Ye Dehui spent the second half of his life on the work of correcting and correcting this bibliography. The results of this are the "Bibliography Q&A Correction" and the "Bibliography Q&A Preface". Ye Dehui's correction work on the "Bibliography Q&A" is mainly two: one is to correct the time of engraving or the name of the engraver; The second is to add rare books, identify the advantages and disadvantages of the editions, or point out the similarities and differences in the layout. It reflects Ye Dehui's unique insights on bibliography.
2.2 Catalog Classification
In terms of the classification of the catalog, Ye Dehui has improved according to the "General Catalogue of the Four Libraries". The Bibliography of the Guangutang Collection is a representative work of Ye Dehui's bibliographic research. Ye Dehui's idea of book classification is roughly similar to that of the "General Catalogue of the Four Libraries", but it is modeled on Zhang Zhidong's "Bibliography Q&A" in the "History Department". According to the prosperity of the study of gold and stone in the Qing Dynasty, under the category of "gold and stone", it was divided into sub-headings such as "catalog", "image", "text", "interpretation" and "righteous example".
2.3 Private Directory
Classical bibliography in mainland China includes three types of bibliographies: official, historian and private. Yip has a special interest in private catalogues. This kind of catalogue is different from other catalogues in that it is in a variety of forms, such as inscriptions, notes, explanations, notes, prefaces, etc., detailing the beginning and end of its editions and distribution, describing the process of obtaining the book, and distinguishing its academic gains and losses. In addition, such as the history of the middle field of the Department of History, foreign history, novels and other categories of novels, operas, romances, legends and other content documents, neither into the Tianfu Pavilion, nor into the official records, and private collections, by virtue of their interests and hobbies, are not bound, so there is a unique phenomenon of private collections that are not available in the government. For example, Chao's "Baowentang Bibliography" and Xu's "Hongyulou Bibliography" have recorded many novels, operas and other documents that are not included in the "official record". Ye Dehui believes that "since the Tang Dynasty, ancient literary meaning and law have been practiced, and dialect slang has not been found in the books recorded by literati, but sometimes in the novels of the Tang and Song dynasties, but it cannot be detailed." The details are only legends, miscellaneous dramas, and Jin Yuanren Beiqu", and said that "if there were still many such novels circulating at that time, I don't know how many sayings there were"[3]. This emphasis on private catalogues reflects Yip's unique insight.
3 Conclusion
Ye Dehui's bibliography thought had a great influence on later generations. For example, Yu Jiaxi quoted the book Shulin Qinghua [7] by the sage Ye Dehui in many places in his book "Bibliography Fa Wei", such as "Shulin Qinghua", Volume 1 "The Name of the Edition", Volume 1 "Ancient and Modern Bibliophile Editions", Volume 7 "Jigu Pavilion Carved Books" No. 4 and many other texts, which shows the importance that Yu attaches to Ye's book. Sun Qinshan's Compendium of the History of Chinese Philology, which was recommended by the Office of Graduate Studies of the Ministry of Education as a teaching book for graduate students, also mentions Ye Dehui's Shulin Qinghua in the section "Other Special Catalogues" in terms of catalogue editions, and briefly comments that his book is "a special account of the history of engraved books"[8]. (Liu Huixia)
[References]
[1] Du Maizhi, Zhang Chengzong. Changsha:Yuelu Publishing House,1986.
[2] Shen Chang. Biography of Chinese bibliographers[M].Zhengzhou:Zhongzhou Ancient Books Publishing House,1987.
[3] Qiao Haoqin. History of Chinese Bibliography[M].Wuhan:Wuhan University Press,1992:36.
[4] Ye Dehui. Shulin Qinghua Shulin Yuhua[M].Changsha:Yuelu Book Society,1999.
[5] Xie Guozhen. Ming and Qing Dynasty Notes Talk Series[M].Shanghai:Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House,1981.
[6] Shen Junping. Library Theory & Practice,2000(6):47-50.
[7] Yu Jiaxi. Beijing:Chinese University Press,2004.
[8] Sun Qinshan. Compendium of the History of Chinese Ancient Philology[M].Beijing:Higher Education Press,1999.
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