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The new theory of tribute in the past dynasties
Written by丨Qi Wen'e, Zhou Songfang
Qi Wen'e, Professor, School of Economics and Management, South China Agricultural University;
Zhou Songfang is a researcher at the Institute of Ancient Chinese Literature at Sun Yat-sen University.
Lychee tribute began in the Han Dynasty and ended in the Qing Dynasty, and continued in all major dynasties. However, what people talk about today is focused on the Tang Dynasty, and the controversy is over whether Gongyou Bashu or Lingnan. In fact, if we broaden our horizons and discover new materials, the controversy will subside. At the beginning of the Han Dynasty, it began to pay tribute from Lingnan, which still existed in the Qing Dynasty, and then joined Fujian; Emperor He of the Han Dynasty began to pay tribute to fresh lychees from Lingnan, which also extended to the Qing Dynasty, and later joined Fujian, but in the Qing Dynasty, there was a difference between potted fresh lychees and honey-soaked lychees. Since Jiaqing, the tribute has gradually decreased, and in the ninth year of Daoguang, the supply of potted fresh lychees was stopped, and only a small amount of honey-stained lychees were left for the needs of the sacrifice, and the history of tribute li, which lasted for more than 1,000 years, gradually came to an end. In parallel with the official tribute, it is the Jia people who buy it from the production area and sell it from the northern cities. The data show that the Tang purchased from Shu, and the Song from Fujian; After the Opium War, steam-powered ships were introduced to China, and the fresh lily of Guangdong and Fujian was able to become popular in the city. It is of great significance to systematically sort out the history and changes of Gongli by using the newly excavated historical materials to study agricultural history and cultural history.
[Keywords] Gongli, Guangdong-Fujian, Bashu, dried fruits, fresh fruits
Regarding the history of lychee's tribute, scholars have discussed the situation of the Tang Dynasty a lot, and the Tang Dynasty focused on details such as Yuegong or Shugong, as well as the roads traveled and the way of presentation, so that there has been a lawsuit for thousands of years, and there is still no conclusion. However, in ancient times, the relevant discussion was a critical type or even only mentioned in the creation of poetry, and basically no argumentation was made; In modern times, it has been mostly limited to the public level, and academic discussion has been very lacking. The author comprehensively reviewed CNKI, and found only one article of Yang Baolin's "A Small Examination of Lingnan Tribute Litchi in the Tang Dynasty",[1] in addition, Zhang Sheng's "The Geographical Distribution of Lychees in Ancient China and Their Contribution Land Changes"[2] and Lan Yong's "Historical Research on the Cultivation and Distribution of Lychees in Southwest China",[3] both focused on the research of the distribution of production areas, and the tribute to lychees was only involved, and there was little analysis and argumentation. In fact, if we broaden our historical horizons, devote ourselves to the discovery and use of new materials, and examine the transformation from dried fruit tribute to fresh fruit, to the large amount of fresh fruit tribute, and finally to the disappearance of tribute due to the progress of science and technology, many problems can be solved. For example, the tribute of fresh fruits began in the Eastern Han Dynasty and went out of western Guangdong, and the Tang Dynasty followed the Han Road, which was logical; There was nothing to say before Shu Dao. After the Song Dynasty, dried fruits, fresh lychees, and from Fujian, Guangdong. The most noteworthy thing is that it should be from the Tang Dynasty, there was a city by merchants to buy and sell, Tang by Shu, and Song by Fujian, and after the Opium War, with the introduction of new steam engine ships and other modes of transportation, the city of Li, Gong Li gradually withdrew from the historical stage.
1. Early Gongli: from dried fruits to fresh fruits
The early accounts of lychees all point to Nanyue: Nanyue Wang Gongganli points to Nanyue, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty transplants lychees to Nanyue, Han He Emperor Gongsheng Li points to Nanyue, and the early accounts of the Tang Dynasty also point to Nanyue, otherwise there would be no Zhang Jiuling's "Lychee Fu" lamenting that Lingnan lychees are not known to the world: "Yu Xiang is in Xiye, taste it, and the princes do not know it, and they do not believe it." [4] Later, because Bai Juyi was an official of Zhongzhou, he wrote many famous poems about lychees, and Sichuan lychees gradually became widely known; With its land close to Chang'an, so every guess tribute from Shu.
The earliest tribute historical materials of lychee can be found in Sima Xiangru's "Shanglin Fu": "The □ of the is separated from the branch, the harem is Luohu, and the North Park is listed."
Hills, lower plains, green leaves, purple stems, red flowers, show Zhu Rong, Huanghuang Huhu, shine on the giant field. [5] It is given an exaggerated color, and it should not be taken seriously; This also refers to transplanting lychee trees, rather than paying tribute to fresh lychees. The heart of transplanting should be due to the delicacy of lychees told by people who have returned from the south and the north, as well as the beauty of fresh lychees that have tasted the tribute dried lychees. Dry litchi tribute, began in Nanyue Wang Wei Tuo, Cai Xiang "Lychee Spectrum" said: "Lychee in the world, only Fujian, Vietnam, Guangdong, Bashu have." At the beginning of the Han Dynasty, the king of Nanyue, Wei Tuo, prepared prescriptions, so he began to pass through China. [6] The earlier "Xijing Miscellaneous Records" also said: "Wei Tuo tasted Gaozu mackerel and lychee, and Gaozu rewarded him with four peach brocades." ”[７]
The earliest mention of paying tribute to fresh litchi is the Jin Dynasty Ji Han's "Southern Grass and Trees", whose "lychee" article was cited in the late Han Dynasty's "Sanfu Huangtu": "In the sixth year of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, he broke Nanyue and built the Fuzhu Palace. The one who helps the stalker is also named after the stalk. Self-toe transplantation is 100 plants in the court, and there is no one who has a lifetime. The transplantation continued year after year, and after a few years, even a little luxuriant, but there was no Huashi, and the emperor also cherished it. Once they suddenly withered and died, the guards sat and punished dozens of the dead, and then they did not recover. In fact, the years are tribute, and the poster is tired of the Tao, which is extremely troublesome to the people. [8] If it is a dried fruit, there is no need to send it to death. However, this is an isolated evidence, which cannot fully explain that Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty actually paid tribute to fresh fruits, so Cai Xiang's "Lychee Spectrum" also said: "Sima Xiangru Fu "Shanglin" cloud 'answer to the branch', Gai Kua said that there is nothing. ”
The earliest reliable record of Xianli tribute can be found in Fan Ye's Book of the Later Han Dynasty and the Emperor's Chronicles: "The old South China Sea offered longan and lychee, ten miles and one place, five miles and one wait, galloping and obstructing, and the dead followed the road." When the military chief Runan Tang Qiang, the county connected to the South China Sea, and it was written to the state. The emperor issued an edict saying: 'The distant country is ashamed, and it is supposed to recommend the temple, but it is harmful, and it is the foundation of love for the people. His eunuch shall not be sacrificed again. So it was saved. [9] In fact, the Book of the Later Han Dynasty by Xie Cheng (182-254), a Wu man of the Three Kingdoms who had died out, has already talked in detail about the specific situation of the Han and Emperor's tribute to Xianli. The county was handed over to the state, and the old longan, lychee, and fresh food were offered, and the stagecoach was transmitted day and night, until it was poisoned by tigers and wolves, and the servants died endlessly. The Taoist Jing Linwu, Qiang Nai wrote a book and said: 'The ministers do not take the taste as the virtue when they hear it, and they do not take the tribute meal as the merit, so the Son of Heaven respects the food and does not take the fruit as the treasure.' Fushimi delivery address (一作交阯) seven counties dedicated longan and so on, birds frightened. In the land of Nanzhou, evil insects and beasts are endless, as for the harm of death. The dead cannot be resurrected, but those who come can be saved. These two things ascend to the temple, and they may not prolong their lives. 'From it. Chapter newspaper, Qiang immediately abandoned the official and returned home, should not be recruited, and wrote more than 30 articles of "Tang Zi". ”[１０]
According to these two Later Han Books, the Qing people pointed out that lychee tribute did not begin in the Tang Tianbao period, but began as early as the Eastern Han Dynasty. For example, Yao Zhichuan pointed out: "Fan Shuque, only see and Emperor Jiyun: 'The old South China Sea offers longan and lychee, one place in ten miles, one wait in five miles, galloping and obstacles, and the dead follow the road. When the military commander Runan Tang Qiang wrote a letter, the emperor obeyed it, and the official did not accept it again. 'Covering' a ride on the red dust does not only start with Tianbao. [11] When Zhou Shouchang of the Qing Dynasty wrote the "Annotation and Correction of the Book of the Later Han Dynasty", he directly set up a "tribute to the lizhi from the Han Dynasty": "In the first year of Yuanxing, the old Nanhai offered longan lychee. Yigong Lizhi does not know when the first Han Dynasty was, and the history is old, but it is not known from the beginning of Emperor He. I don't know when it will be restored after the imperial province. ”[１２]
"Old South China Sea" includes the old Guangzhou, Shaozhou, and Chaozhou in Guangdong; Huizhou, Zhaoqing, Nanxiong Prefectures and Gaozhou Prefecture to the north, Guangxi Jiupingle Prefecture to the east, Wuzhou Prefecture to the southeast". [13] The center of gravity of the imperial court at that time was in the western part of Lingnan - the three counties of Qin were set up in the east, only one county in Nanhai, and two counties in the west, Guilin and Xiangjun; The Han Dynasty first set up counties and then cut them into seven counties, and there was still only one county in the east. This is also related to the westward direction of the traffic channel between Lingnan and the Central Plains at that time; The Da Yuling passage in the east was only in a relatively important position after Zhang Jiuling was excavated. Therefore, the starting ports of the Maritime Silk Road in the Han Dynasty were Hepu and Xuwen, and until the Tang Dynasty, the folk proverb of "if you want to pull out the poor, you should learn from Xuwen". [14] The maritime Silk Road of tributary trade is biased in Lingxi, and the contribution includes lychees, which are naturally also biased in Lingxi, as Cai Xiang's "Lychee Spectrum" said: "The seven counties of Tokyo Jiaotong Lychee are placed in ten miles and five miles in a trench, rushing day and night, with poisonous insects and beasts. ”
After the Han Dynasty, the "Records of Emperor Yan of the Sui Dynasty" has a record of "five-color lychees in Fujian: green lychee, purple lychee, ochre-colored lychee, clove lychee, and light yellow lychee"[15], but it is an isolated evidence, or it comes from the legend of later generations.
Second, the source of the Tang Dynasty concubine Gongli
Han Dynasty Gongli, from Lingnan, contained in the historical books, later generations, there is no objection. The Han and Tang dynasties followed each other, which was logical, but whether the lychee eaten by Yang Guifei came from Lingnan or Sichuan was controversial, and the history is endless. In fact, all those who support tribute to Shu come from the imagination of people after the Tang Dynasty, and there has never been a record of Shu in the Tang Dynasty, especially in the writings of Yang Guifei's contemporaries.
Bao Fang (722-790), a native of Xiangyang, Hubei Province (722-790), who wrote the famous poem "A Ride on the Red Dust Concubine Laughs, No One Knows It's a Lychee", is a contemporary of Yang Guifei, Tianbao 12 years of Jinshi, successively served as the Imperial Historian, Fujian Jiangxi Observation Envoy, Zuo Scattered Cavalry Attendant, Ritual Department Waiter, Fengdonghai County Gong, posthumously presented the prince Shaobao. In the poem "Miscellaneous Feelings", he sang about the matter of tribute, clearly pointing out that the tribute came from Lingnan and specifically referred to Xiangjun in the western part of Lingnan: "The Han family has been peaceful for a long time, and the kings of all countries are the heads. Pegasus often holds alfalfa flowers, and Hu Rensui offers wine. In May, the lychee began to break its face, and it was closed at the end of the day of Xiang County. The geese can't fly to Guiyang Mountain, and the horses all go from Linyi Mountain. Sweet spring royal fruit weeping immortal pavilion, no one fragrant at dusk. Far things are heavy and near, and chickens are not as virtuous as cranes. [16] According to the Song Dynasty's meritorious "Tang Poetry Chronicle", it said: "The word is cautious, Xiangyang people, at the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, he was virtuous and square, and he got Mu Zhi, Pei Fu, Liu Gongxuan, Guideng, Cui Wei, Wei Chun, Wei Hongjian, Xiong Zhiyi, and Shimei Fang Zhiren." In case of being moved by the poem, in order to ridicule the world, he was friendly with Xie Liangbi, a scholar in the middle school, and called Bao and Xie. [17] The poem ridiculed it as a matter of the world's noble concubine Gongli.
Du Fu (712-770) was also a contemporary of Yang Guifei, and his poem "Sick Orange" also wrote about Lingnan Gongli: "Recalling the Hainan envoys in the past, they offered lychees. The valley of 100 horses is dead, and now it is sad for the elderly. And the ninth of his "Twelve Songs to Relieve Boredom" mentions the situation of Gongli continuing after the Anshi Rebellion: "The first emperor and concubine are lonely now, and the lychee has returned to Chang'an." Yan Fang continues to offer Zhu Ying, and the jade seat should be sad and white. [18] The poem was written in 766, 10 years after the death of Yang Guifei and 4 years after the death of Xuanzong. It can be seen from this that although the national strength of the Tang Dynasty turned from prosperity to decline after the Anshi Rebellion, it did not interrupt the tribute of lychees, and continued to pay tribute from Lingnan, because "Yan Fang" refers to Lingnan, and it is rare to refer to other places, especially the word "every continuation", indicating that it is the continuation of the previous Lingnan tribute. More importantly, both poems were written in Sichuan, if the tribute is from Bashu, Du Fuyan does not know the reason, why bother to seek the near and far, and risk the disapproval of the Shu people?
The recital of the Yuan Zhi of the Middle Tang Dynasty further shows that there are many tributes in the Xianli Dynasty, and there are many in the end of the Tang Dynasty, but there is only a slight stop, and it is also a tribute from Lingnan: "In the fourteenth year of the Yuan and the first emperor, the first emperor specially ordered Jingnan to pay tribute to lychees. After His Majesty ascended the throne, he worked hard with his distant things, and only ordered him to enter and send it once, and he was able to offer the spirit of the scene, and he stopped from there. [19] Yang Baolin believed that "Jingnan" should be "Lingnan" and pointed out: "The only place in the New Tang Dynasty Book and Geographical Chronicles that has lychees in Tugong is Nanhai County, Guangzhou (see New Tang Dynasty Book, Volume 43, Geography, 7, "Lingnan Road")". [20] It shows that after the Anshi Rebellion, when the country's political situation was unstable and the national strength was far inferior, Xianli tribute was still maintained.
Why is there a dispute between Gongyou Lingnan and Bashu? This mainly comes from Su Shi, who said in "Lizhi Sigh": "Yongyuan Lizhi came to Jiaozhou, and Tianbao paid tribute to Fu." So far, I want to eat Lin Fu's meat, and no one has raised my eyebrows." [21] Su Shi suddenly made this remark, probably because he was a Shu native and was in the same township as Yang Guifei, and he loved his hometown, but it was really the wish of the hometown song, and he did not provide any evidence. Therefore, Wu Zeng, a Song man, immediately accepted Du's poem and refuted: "Tang Shu Lile Zhi": 'Emperor Xingli Mountain, Yang Guifei's birthday, ordered the small department Zhang Le Changsheng Palace, because of the new song, not famous, will enter the south into the lychee, because of the name early lychee incense. 'The Biography of Concubine Yang" written by the history of music is also cloudy: "The new song is not famous, but it will enter the lychee in the South China Sea, because of its fame." Therefore, Du Zimei's poem "Sick Orange": "Recalling the Hainan envoys in the past, galloping to offer lychees." The valley of 100 horses is dead, and now it is sad for the elderly. and "Relieve Boredom" poem: "The first emperor and concubine are lonely now, and the lychee has returned to Chang'an." Every time Yan Fang continues to offer Zhu Ying, Yulu should be sad and white. 'Note: "Tang Zhi" uses lychee tribute from the south, "Gaiden" uses lychee tribute from the South China Sea, Du Shi also thinks that the South China Sea and Yanfang, then the Ming Emperor enters the lychee from Lingnan, Ming. Dongpo poems are based on 'never lychee to hand over to the state, Tianbao years of tribute harvest of Fu', Zhang Junfang's "脞語" also thought that Zhongzhou, what yes? When there is one who distinguishes between right and wrong. [22] As for Su Shi's friend Cai Xiang, he echoed at the beginning of "Lychee Spectrum": "In Tang Tianbao, the concubine especially loves Fuzhou (lychee), and her life is long. "It's not enough training; The latecomers are even less inadequate.
In fact, Yang Guifei's father, Yang Xuanyan, once served as the secretary of Shuzhou, she grew up in Chengdu since she was a child, and she should have already tasted lychees. But Shu Li has never been known for its good quality, Su Shi is a Shu person, and there is not a word before, and Su Dongpo also wrote about Yang Guifei's Shu ruins in the poem. [23] It was only when he arrived in Lingnan that he began to chant. Therefore, "The New Tang Dynasty Book: The Biography of Yang Guifei" cloud: "The concubine loves lychees, and she will want to give birth to it, (Lingnan Jiedu makes Zhang Jiuzhang) is to ride and teleport, walk thousands of miles, and the taste has not changed to Beijing." [24] Cen Jiangong of the Qing Dynasty also pointed out: "The noble concubine was born in Shu, a good lychee, and Hainan lychee is better than Shu, so she gallops forward every year." [25] It can be seen that the basic understanding of historians has not changed for thousands of years.
In the era of Yang Guifei Gongli, Zhang Jiuling, a generation of famous ministers, had opened up the Da Yuling Post Road in the eastern part of Lingnan, and continued to pay tribute along the Lingxi Post Road, which may be related to Xuanzong's most favored eunuch Gaozhou Gao Lishi. More importantly, the people of the time believed that the best lychee in China was in Lingnan, and the best lychee in Lingnan was in Gaozhou, such as the late Tang Dynasty section of the highway "Beihulu" said: "Wuzhou volcano, early summer ripening and poor taste." Its high, Panzhou is the best, May and June ripe. ”[２６]
In the late Tang Dynasty, Ruan Yuan repeatedly emphasized this point in his "Lingnan Lychee Ci", although the tribute route is different from the traditional saying: "The humane Lishan post rider is suspected not to be Lingnan incense." The Cao River has been through Fuli since ancient times, and it is difficult to hide Zhang Jiuzhang from this road. In this regard, his son Ruan Phuc commented: "During the Tang Dynasty, the transshipment was transferred from Yangzhou to Doumen to Huai into Bian, from Bian to Luo, from Luo to Wei, and into Taicang. Lingnan Gongli, when it is also like the system of turning Cao, even the plant becomes fruitful, after the light boat arrives in Weinan quickly, it picks the real and flies to ride, and it can go to Chang'an in a day and night. If the clouds are immediately seven days and seven nights, there will be no such thing. He also quoted the "Old Tang Dynasty Book and Geographical Chronicles" "Lingnan Province, Guangzhou Nanhai County, Tugong Lychee", and "there is no Lychee Zhi in the examination of Dongxichuan Tugong", and then quoted "Le Zhi" and Du Shi said: "According to this evidence, it has been true, Guo Zimei was born in the Tang Dynasty, witnessed it, and there is no doubt that it is the Lingnan Li." "When Lingnan is set, the tone of Gaozhou is further set: "The new song is composed of lychee incense, and Concubine Yang is the only one who tastes it with a smile." It should be the high liers in front of the palace, and the most will miss his hometown. ”[２７]
3. Gongli in the Song Dynasty and later
The transportation of the Song Dynasty was more developed, and the imperial capital Bianliang was also closer to the south, so it stands to reason that there should have been fresh tribute lychees, but it can be seen from Zeng Gong's "Fuzhou Proposed Tribute Lychee-shaped and Lychee Record" that although the country has been established for about a hundred years at this time, there has still been no fresh lily tribute, even if it is dry, it is also an ordinary variety: "When Your Majesty, Fang took frugality and little desire as the first in the world, and it was inevitable to discuss this." As for the annual tribute, it is done and done, but it is taken into account of the ordinary products, and it is especially exceptional, it is suppressed in the soil, so that the fields are often disgusted, and the eunuchs are not allowed to be dedicated to His Majesty, and His Majesty is not allowed to offer them to the temple. Therefore, Zeng Gong proposed that the fresh and high-quality dried lychees of Jiagong were still tentative, and repeatedly explained: "Covering lychees is particularly exceptional, and it is indispensable, if each year tribute is hundreds or thousands, each state only uses three or five foot soldiers, so that it can travel two posts a day, which is not diligent and annoying, and there is no trouble of labor and money, and the tribute repairers do not know this, and this minister has not told it." And the lychee is really in June and July, although it is dry, but the new one is still not lost in its sweetness, and as for the age, the one that survives is only its water. And every year of tribute, often to winter and spring, the husband barbarian alien, its square things, all know to use its native products and dare not be slow. In the current state, the ministers who guard the vassal serve their tribute, and they did not know this, and the reason why this minister dared to settle down. At the same time, it is proposed that Fujian and Guangdong should pay tribute, and it is not abandoned by the distance of the road: "Now that the lychee is restored to pay tribute, the property of Fujian and Guangdong will be prepared by those who choose to fill the court, so the courtier's respect is in his tribute, and the minister's official duty is also." ”[２８]
According to Cheng Yi's record: "(Renzong) thinks about lychees one day, and there are words that have been exhausted. The attendant said, 'If there is a beard in the city, please buy it.' He said, "Do not let them be bought, for in the coming year they will increase the number of offerings, and the people will be infinitely troubled." [29] It can be seen that there were tributes in the early Song Dynasty, but at that time, the monarch was virtuous, and the tributes were not common, so they were ignored. Both had paid tribute, and the journey from Fujian to Bian, far closer than Lingnan to Chang'an, it was easy to resume tribute, so starting from Song Huizong, the story of Xianli tribute began to flourish. For example, Lu You's "Notes on Lao Xue'an": "His Royal Highness Xuanhe Zhongbao planted lychees into fruits, and Huimiao picked them by hand to give Yanshuai Wang Anzhong, and gave a poem saying: 'His Royal Highness Baohe Lychee Dan, civil and military clothes are barbarian. Thinking of the same taste as the close ministers, the red dust flies over Yanshan. [30] Another poem by Song Huizong, "Xuanhe Hall Lizhi", also wrote about the transplanting situation: "Dense transplantation creates Minshan, and it is forbidden to plant new Lizi Dan." The jade liquid is condensed with cactus dew, and the buds are beginning to form crystal pills. The wine is full of national beauty and non-vermilion powder, and the wind is full of fragrance and turns to Huilan. Why bother to ride the red dust, and look at the fragrance in this seat. [31] However, Lu Xinyuan's "Supplement to the Chronicle of Song Poems" believes that it did not grow and bear fruit in the palace, but that the lychees that were about to ripen were transported to the palace in succession, and the title of the poem was changed to "The Raw Lychee Xuanhe Plants Placed in the Pottery to Transplant the Xuanhe Palace, and the Xi'er Mansion Banquet Gave Qiong",[32] which is very reasonable.
The Southern Song Dynasty built the capital of Lin'an, which was closer to the production area of Fujian, and the tribute was more frequent. "History of the Song Dynasty: Gaozong Benji" records: "(August 24) Jiawu strike Wenzhou City yellow orange, Fuzhou Gong lychee. [33] Needless to say, the Chronicles are even more compatible. The fact of striking tribute is also reflected in some poems: "But the tribute is sent to heaven without a cause, and the mountains are like brocade but pitiful." The real slaves produced by Luofu are only for the Jade Bureau Immortal. [34] Fan Chengda also pointed out: "In the summer of Shaoxing Bingzi, there are those who pay tribute to Yu Xinlizi, and the guests sigh, and the poor mountains have never tasted it. Fu said: "Rebuke the yellow greasy honey, and the red dry of Shefson." [35] It also shows that at that time, Gongli did not use the method of honey staining, but also rejected the method of salting. Cai Xiang said in the "Lychee Spectrum": "The method of red salt: the folk use salt and plum wine to soak the Buddha mulberry flower as the red pulp, and the lychee stains are exposed to dry, the color is red and sweet and sour, but it can not be insect for three or four years, and the tribute and merchants are convenient, but there is no positive taste." ”
The Yuan Dynasty Guozuo is very short, and the capital is far away in Beijing, the author has not seen the record of paying tribute to Xianli, but the Ming Dynasty emperor has many mediocre people, and there is no record, which should be related to Zhu Yuanzhang's frugality and strict prohibition, such as Fang Xiaoru said in the "Xie Shu Wang Zhi Guo Ten Orderly": "Nine heavy diligence and thrift, compassion for the people's labor, Xigong pondered the road is far away." The smell is rare and precious, and the emperor's family law is better than the previous dynasty. [36] When Zhu Yuanzhang trained him and appointed him as the governor of the Shu Palace. Even in the later period, Zhu Houxi, the Jiajing Emperor who believed in Taoism, favored Yan Song and others, and led to the corruption of the government, although he wrote "Imperial Lychee Poems" (two poems), one of them said: "Lychee fruit is produced in the south, what is the name of Eighteen Niang." The dew is wet and tender, and the purple silk is shining. There are beads hanging from the bottom of the leaves, and each bag contains jade pulp. The stagecoach star galloped to contribute, and the Ming Emperor gave the concubine a taste. Haiyun steamed warm lychee incense, and white jade syrup was packed in each piece. Wanli should pay tribute, and the king is only afraid of disturbing the party. [37] But it is poetic, but he admires the story of Emperor Tang Ming, and it seems that he has not tasted it, and he does not want to disturb the people.
Of course, due to the sacrificial and cooking needs, there are still tributes, after all, the tradition of paying tribute in various places is not abolished, so the offerings will not be stopped. However, what can be seen in the literature is from Bashu, and it is also a form of special tribute between brothers and younger brothers or between kings and emperors: "(May of the third year of Yongle) King Chun enters lychees and other things." The book replied: 'Since the farewell, I have accumulated deep thoughts, which is more comfortable than hearing and comforting. Sent to lychees, Aihu, fans, sachets, colorful flowers and other things, with the meaning of seeing kindness. [38] Looking at the things that are combined with tribute, it is obvious that they are dry li. The lychee used for sacrifice mentioned in the "Record of Ming Xiaozong", because the sacrifice is not when the lychee is ripe, it is obviously a dry lychee: "Geng Yinshuo in May of the 17th year of Hongzhi: Guanglu Temple Qing Ai Pu Chen Wushi...... One amount minus the fruit. In the orthodox years, where the sacrifice and feast, rice and tea and other items of tea and fruits, all are scattered, and the Tianshun years began to use sticky, adding several times. In the early years of Chenghua, there was a purpose to cut the revolution. In recent years, whenever you encounter the ancestral hall and the ancestor Confucius sacrifice fruits, all use two-foot plates to glue, each plate is two feet high, with lychees, round eyes to more than 100 catties, jujubes, persimmons with more than 260 catties. The rest of the sacrifices, although they were reduced in order, were not worth the money. At present, the disaster in the four directions is quite serious, and it is advisable to reduce the damage. [39] There are many records of the tribute of dry li in the Ming Shilu, but there is no tribute of fresh li.
It was the Manchu emperors who really opened the door to pay tribute, and the way of tribute was exactly what Lu Xinyuan and Ruan Phuc said.
At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, Gongli was mainly for the Taiping and Jiamian Wenchen generals, and what the literature saw also began in the prosperous era of Kangqian. Emperor Kangxi once personally inscribed: "The mountains and rivers of Fujian and Guangdong produce silk sacs, and the taste of ginseng and cliffs is honey and fragrant." The big official first prosecuted the Lin Ke, and brought out the Yao step and jade syrup. [40] Detailed poetry, then the tribute to Fujian and Guangdong, and it should be honey-stained lychee, after all, during the Kangxi period, the war was chaotic, with its sage, it should not be to work the people and lose money to pay tribute to potted lychees. As for the "big official first prose Lin Ke", the first gift to the literati and close ministers is very different from Tang Xuanzong's special for Yang Guifei, one of the great turnarounds in this past dynasties.
From the perspective of time, we found out from the collection of the National Palace Museum in Taipei that the twists and turns about Gongli were all in Kangxi's later years, such as Jueluo Manbao, who was the governor of Fujian at the time: "The slave knelt down to receive the reading, and was ordered: 'I know. The lychee trees that have been sent for 53 years will be suspended, and if there is any use, a separate decree will be issued. He also sent a message to the Governor to know it. Chin this. 'The slave Qin Zun, that is, Fan Shi Chongwai, the governor of Guwen Xingzhi, saw that only lychee in Fujian was still a new local product, so good trees were purchased every year, planted in the yamen to raise, and the fruit was borne in April, that is, the chartered boat was sent to the capital by water, and there was no hardship of land people...... Wechen asked the Holy Lord to send a decree of mercy, and still sent lychee trees to the capital every year, and Wechen was overwhelmed with prayers. Thank you for this. Zhu Pi: "The reason for stopping the delivery of lychee trees is that I went to Rehe after the summer solstice in the capital, and the lychees were ripe, but now because I went to Rehe before the summer heat, the lychees delivered were completely useless, and I didn't like lychees very much, so I ordered them to be stopped. Candied lychees can not be stored for a long time, so it is better to wait for them to be small lychees, and it is better to send them to the sun to dry and send them. 'On the twenty-sixth day of the first month of the fifty-third year of Kangxi. ”[４１]
Kangxi started to pay tribute to lychees in his later years, which was related to the basic subsidence of the war and the rapid recovery of people's livelihood. Therefore, Jueluo Manbao adheres to the will, "I am looking for a very large, ripe lychee dried and Gong Jin, now I can see, the slave Yamen is preparing to raise lychees, all have begun to mature, this lychee is for the holy initiative to use and raise people, how dare the slave move lightly, so after the selection of candied fruit, I would like to present the Holy Lord to the Imperial Reading, knock the Holy Lord to save it, and the ministers are looking forward to praying." Kangxi immediately criticized "I know" and thought it was a smile. Manbao also specially "consulted with the governor Fan Shichong, and after the servants and others personally selected the ripe lychee preserves, they respectfully presented them to the holy lord", Kangxi had no objection. [４２]
Although Yongzheng is diligent and thrifty, he will not abandon the tribute - not for his own appetite, but can be used as a tool for governance, with which he can encourage military and political officials and promote political performance. Therefore, when we retrieved the Qing Dynasty's lychee tribute, especially the rewards, from the National Palace Museum in Taipei, we found that the Yongzheng period had the most, with 90 pieces in 13 years of reign, while Qianlong only found 29 pieces in the 60 years of his reign. Yongzheng's early gift of litchi may be a tribute to potted fresh lychees, because they are all rewards of one and two; If the lychee is soaked in honey (also written as candied fruit, honey soaked), it may be inconvenient to pick it out from the soaked honey. For example, Li Weijun, the squire of the Ministry of War, made three recitals: "On June 12 of this year, the minister sent Xu Jie to fold, and the emperor gave the minister two fresh li, and the minister went out to the suburbs to kneel to welcome him",[43] "The minister sent Shi Tingbi to enter the fold on June 22 of this year, and the emperor gave the minister two fresh li, and the minister went out to the suburbs to kneel to welcome him",[44]"The minister sent Liu Yipeng to fold on the fourth day of July of this year, and the emperor gave the minister two fresh li, and the minister went out to the suburbs to kneel to welcome the office". [４５]
However, the reward for the bottles should be honey-soaked lychees later, because if it is an ordinary fresh lychee, it will at least have branches and leaves to keep it fresh, and it will not be plucked and placed in the bottle. For example, Shuntian Xuezheng Wu Xiang's recital: "On the 10th day of the first month of August in the second year of Yongzheng, the minister's family gave a bottle of lychee to the Zhengding Mansion and knelt down to welcome the ministers of Zhengding Mansion." [46] Honey-pickled lychees are also known as fresh lychees because of their good preservation effect, such as the recital of Jiangsu Governor Zhang Kai on September 2 of the third year of Yongzheng: "On August 18 of the third year of Yongzheng, Liu Yu, the family of Wang Tianfu, returned to the south and received a bottle of fresh lychees soaked in honey from the imperial gift." [47] It is unrealistic for this kind of lychee to be kept fresh by honey stains, and it is unrealistic to pay tribute to Beijing as a potted plant, and then transfer it to ministers in other provinces.
From Ji Zengyun's case, we can see more clearly the types and functions of Yongzheng Cili. It was first seen in the first year of Yongzheng: "On the second day of the first month of August in the first year of Yongzheng, Han Lin, a member of the courtier's family, brought the emperor's gift to the ministers and other fresh lychees to the Zhongmu Factory, and the ministers set up incense cases with Gong." [48] After that, until the thirteenth year of Yongzheng, he was given lychees almost every year, and his identity was also quickly promoted from the left servant of the military department to the prince Taibao Wenhuadian University scholar and the secretary of the Ministry Shangshu still managed the affairs of the governor of the Jiangnan River, but the previous high-sounding titles are all false titles, which are treatments, not real differences, and real differences are responsible for the work of river control in various places, and water control is very important in the agricultural era, so Yongzheng is a false title of encouragement, and at the same time give Li comfort. In the archives of the National Palace Museum in Taipei, it was also found that another favorite minister, Tian Wenjing, received a fold of gratitude seven times, which is similar to Ji Zengyun's situation.
In addition to close ministers and favored ministers, some frontier pacification is also the object of gifts, and some of the ranks are not high, which has its own necessity when the Qing government's expansion of territory has not yet ended and the border is restless. For example, in September of the third year of Yongzheng, he rewarded Shi Wenzhuo, the governor of Gansu,[49] in September of the fifth year of Yongzheng, and Zhou Kaijie, the general soldier of Shaanxi, [50] in September of the fifth year of Yongzheng, and Du Sen, the general soldier of Jingzhou, Hubei, in September of the fifth year of Yongzheng,[51] and Yang Tianzong, the general soldier of Guizhou, in March of the sixth year of Yongzheng, etc., [52] all imply this meaning. The most significant thing is that even if the officials of Sichuan, Yunnan and other lychee-producing areas, Yongzheng will also give honey-soaked lychees, and even more so, such as Yongzheng rewarded Liu Shichang, the general soldier of Yongbei in Yunnan in July, [53] Yongzheng rewarded Yunnan Governor Ortai in September of the eighth year, [54] Yongzheng rewarded Sichuan Governor Xiande in September of the ninth year. [55] To a certain extent, this also shows that at least in the past, the quality of lychees from Sichuan and Yunnan was much inferior to that of Fujian and Guangdong, otherwise there would never have been cases of Sichuan and Yunnan lychees paying tribute. This also helps to understand why Yang Guifei's time was paid tribute to Lingnan.
Qianlong opened the door of tribute, capitalized the inscription of the poem, a total of 16 inscription poems, the beauty of the lychee, admiration, and vividly reflected the characteristics of the pot tribute fresh lychee. For example, "Lychee (Bamboo Branch Words)" has a saying: "When the summer retreats from the railing, pick the fragrance with the dew branches." What to use the sinking melon and floating plums, the stars are a poetic spleen. [56] The branches are hand-picked, which is more than that of the lily in Guangdong and Fujian cities. "Feeling of Eating Lizhi" not only clearly writes that the tribute is from Fujian, but also indicates that Lianshu pays tribute: "Yanzhou's good seed number is separated from the branch, and Baxia Lurong is not enough." The color writing of the sky is embellished, and the shadow of the moon is moved by the roots. (Fujian middle-aged into the lychee multi-even tree, fresh picking color and taste is excellent.) The snow quality of buttermilk is incomparable, and the jade pipe cloud note is thoughtful. I don't know that I am a dream in a dream, and it is like giving food to the bed. [57] "Lizhi to Bestow Courtiers with Feelings" wrote about the situation of paying tribute every year: "The good fruit in Fujian arrived before the autumn, and it was relatively thoughtful every year. [58] The same is true of "Eating Lychees with Feeling of the Year of Tribute": "The Year of Tribute is not a labor post and rides, and the female yellow has been breathing for a long time." Perennial every feeling of the door of the bedroom, this summer to increase the pepper room sadness. [59] "Lychee" inversely believes that the Tang Dynasty also paid tribute: "Cultivated in barrel soil, Duling was carried by boat." After the defeat and the death of the people, Ziwei's poems are false. And he noted that it is very convenient to transport in this way, and it is not a difficult thing: "Today's lychees come from Fujian, and their young roots are planted in barrels, and they are transported by boat, which is not very difficult." And the branches are fresh as usual, and there are more than ten years of ripeness, the gods recommend the new, and award the princes and ministers, the year is normal. If Du Shi Yun, riding on the red dust, galloping from the South China Sea to Chang'an in seven days, the fruit will be defeated and inedible, as the Tang Book said, and the people and horses may not be killed immediately. There are many untruths in the books of the record. That is, today's important task of reporting military aircraft, galloping 600 miles a day and night, and 800 miles if it is expedited. When the Tang Dynasty galloped into the lychee, even if it was true, there was no reason to change people and horses, how could one person and one horse gallop thousands of miles? [60] In another poem of the same title, it is said: "The red bead sac is adorned with green and qiong plants, why should things be resigned." A ride on the red dust is still defeated, and the record rate is false. [61] It is also quite reasonable to look at Ruan Yuan's "Lingnan Lychee Words" annotated by Ruan Phuc in this way.
Qianlong, who was so happy, thought that it was not difficult, but the people were not, and there was a clear hope that those who would pay tribute: "Lizhi Basin, come to the Three Mountains." It is difficult for the branches to take root, and one branch is cut off into thousands of remnants. Lizhi basin, on the construction of Pu, rushing waves and steep beaches to pull the boat bitter, short canopy sorrow day after day of rain. Zhu branch basin, over the fairy xia, thousands of shoulders and hundreds of officials covered, sweat and bones out of the whip. Since then, the floating river has been traced back to the river, and Yan Cheng has been non-stop day and night. Scorched and bothered, there are five of them, and there are few scarlet trees dotted with lone trees. Penglai Palace is exposed and tasted, and the ice pills flow into the elixir. Ning knows that a pill is worth a few gold, and a hundred years of labor disturbs thousands of villages. Ministers are courteous, and loyalty and filial piety are not in the mouth. Fighting for the new one, the trouble is endless. Not expensive foreign objects but my emperor, diligent to seek the people to hide as constant as hurt. Who can contribute to the book, which makes people think about it for thousands of years. ”[６２]
Because Fujian is closer to Beijing, the Qing Dynasty Xianli paid tribute from Fujian, but Yueli did not stop supplying, and the Qing Dynasty historical manuscript "Yuan Zhichuan": "Taste the history and slander the ministers...... Shang (Yongzheng) was not resigned, and summoned the ministers and scholars Zhu Shi, Zhang Tingyu, and Yuan Zhi...... The next day, he was recalled, and he was rewarded for his courage to speak. Will Guangdong tribute lychee to, to a few to give. [63] Guangdong is far away, and it is more difficult than Fujian, so the supply was stopped after nine years of Daoguang: "The governor of Fujian and Zhejiang, Fujian Fufu every autumn to pay tribute to honey soaked lychee, is the thing and there is no need to offer, fear of fever, I do not taste, it is really meaningless, starting from next year, forever stop, and tell Han Ke to know it." ”[６４]
In fact, Emperor Daoguang ordered to stop paying tribute to lychees, not on a whim, because since the beginning of Jiaqing, we can see the sharp drop in the frequency of rewards from the excerpts of thanking the li, and only 6 pieces were recorded in the end of Jiaqing, and only 1 was recorded in the Daoguang years, and it was also discussed to reduce the discount of lychee tribute - on the eighth day of November in the first year of Daoguang, the governor of Fujian and the governor of Fujian and Zhejiang, Yan Jian played: "And Meng sent back to the ministers to enter the lychee tribute list, Zhu approved the reduction of 32 bottles, in addition to respecting and respecting, and starting from the second year of Daoguang, the honey soaked lychee one, The number of reductions in the pen of Qin Zun is presented. ”[６５]
Fourth, the aftermath: the end of the great line of Shili and Gongli
If according to another poem by Du Fu, that is, "Relieve Boredom" 20-11 (I recalled that Lurong picked lychees, and the green maple reflected the stone. The old sight in Beijing has no color, and the red sweet and sour only knows it) The Tang Dynasty tribute by Bashu, there is still something to speak of, but it is also very easy to identify: it is very simple, with Du Fu's humble identity as a small official after living in the capital, there is no way to see the tribute, what he sees is not the tribute, but the city li, that is, the merchant shortcut the lychee transported from Shu; In the era of Renzong in the Northern Song Dynasty, not far from the Tang Dynasty, there was also a city of lychee, which can be explained: "(Renzong) thinks about giving birth to lychees one day, and there are Si Yan who has been exhausted." The attendant said, 'If there is a beard in the city, please buy it.' ’”[６６]
The capital of the Southern Song Dynasty is Lin'an, which is closer to the production area of Fujian, and at the same time, because the land is cramped, the pressure on the border is very heavy, so it pays attention to trade, especially maritime and overseas trade, the shipping industry is developed, and the lychee transportation and sales are quite prosperous. When Fan Chengda was in Ningbo, it was easy to eat fresh lychees on the market: "Haibei Tianxi has two sideburns, and Minshan still owes a stick." If the lychees are newly picked, why do you need to be more snowy. It is not difficult to fly here, and Hongchen laughs at Chang'an. Sun Lang wrinkled the jade and had no news, so he broke Pan Lang's tortoiseshell plate first. And in the poem's self-note, he said: "Siming Haizhou came from Futang, and the wind was three days away, and the color and fragrance of the litches were not reduced, and the great victory was produced by Rong and Fujian." Puyang Sun envoy Jun Xu sent honey li, and it did not expire. The second car Pan Jin plays a kind of tortoiseshell is also good, and endowed with it. ”[６７]
In the Yuan Dynasty, there was no tribute li, which was related to the development of the city at that time: "When the lychee first bloomed in Fujian, the merchant Ji Lin broke it to set up a coupon. One year old, I don't know how many trillions. The water floats and the land turns, selling the north and the south, and the Western Xia, Silla, Japan, Ryukyu, and the genus of the Great Food, all of them are not lovers, and they are rewarded with heavy profits. The husband is a tree, born in the seaside rock danger far away, and can be famous in Beijing, outside the four yi, heavier than the world, is also noble. ”[６８]
In the Qing Dynasty, lychee became a large quantity of goods in the north, as Qu Dajun said: "Dongguan in the South China Sea has many branches, many water branches, and Zengcheng has many mountain branches." Each year estimates that the water branch is seven, the mountain branch is three or four, carrying the box, the bundle is yellow and white vine, and the precious goods are to Taiguan and the north Laling and the northwest, the boat is also extinct, and the rate is to the branch and the longan as the genuine goods. All the treasures will be coerced with branches and longans, which are the surface and the strange. The strange person said that the goods are fine, and they do not want to live in their name, and the so-called deep hiding is also empty. There are many people who have a lot of food and clothing, longan, and hundreds of people who are boxers and packers, and the boatmen are all supporting their mouths with branches and longans. More importantly, Qu Dajun personally participated in trafficking and mastered the secret skills of lychee preservation: "Yu's family is on the south bank of Fuxu, whenever the branches are ripe, the boat goes from Fuxu to the east and west of the two continents as far as Shabei all the way, dragon pills and phoenix eggs, if Qiufu is piled up, the estimators buy and sell more from them, and Yu also tastes as a hawker of Zhuzhi...... And to hide the lychee method: on the tree picked intact, leave the stalk inch, wax sealed, is cut off the stalk, then sealed with wax cut, soaked in honey water, after several months of taste and color unchanged, is to give the whole year are full of fresh branches, although because of the valley can be carried out. ”[６９]
The lychee described in "A Dream of Red Mansions" is immediately this kind of market li: "The attacker went back to the room to take the dish and send it to Shi Xiangyun, but saw that the plate slot on the mallet was empty. When they asked, you looked at me, I looked at you, but they couldn't remember. For a long time, Qingwen smiled and said, "I sent lychees to the third girl, but I haven't sent them yet." The attacker said, 'The guy who usually delivers things, and the one who takes this?' Qingwen said: "I don't often say that, this plate is only beautiful with fresh lychees, I sent it to the third girl and said it looked good, and I didn't even bring the plate when I put it on." "It can also be seen that its preservation effect is good. In the 82nd round, he said: "When the attacker saw him talking, he hurriedly said: 'Mother, you are tired, sit down and eat tea.' The woman smiled and said, "We are busy there, and we are all about Miss Luoqin, and the girl also has two bottles of lychees to send to Bao Erye." said trembling and said goodbye. [70] These two bottles are supposed to be honey-stained lychees.
Entering the era of steam steamers, the city has become more common, such as Wang Xianqian, a master of Chinese culture, said: "The ship from Guangdong to Shanghai, overnight to Jiangyin, the color and fragrance are slightly reduced but the taste is very good." Jiangnan has this, and there is no such thing as ancient times. And "for the sake of a song", praised: "The east goes to the smoke and waves to block Lechang, and the city falls like a dream." (In the past, he went to Guangdong, and he will return to the next year.) Huangmei fell two or three sons, and Danli was the eighteenth mother. The power switch wheel leads to Hai City, and then the clouds and fires enter the river township. The board touches the vicissitudes of life, and the bottom uses labor to trace the Han and Tang Dynasties. [71] At this point, as Wang Xianqian said, it is necessary to pay tribute to the people!
exegesis
Swipe up to read the notes
[1] Yang Baolin, "Tang Dynasty Lingnan Gongli Small Examination", Ancient and Modern Agriculture, No. 1, 1990.
[2] Zhang Sheng, "The Geographical Distribution of Lychee in Ancient China and Its Tribute Land Changes", China Historical Geography Series, No. 1, 2019.
[3] Lan Yong, "Historical Research on the Distribution of Lychee Cultivation in Southwest China", China Agricultural History, No. 3, 1988.
[4] [Tang] Zhang Jiuling, "Lychee Fu (and Preface)", Xiong Fei's proofnote: "Zhang Jiuling's Collection of Proofreading", Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 2008, p. 415.
[5] Li Xiaozhong's Note, "Sima Xiangru Ji Proofreading", Chengdu: Bashu Publishing House, 2000, p. 19.
[6] [Song] Cai Xiang, "Lychee Spectrum", Shanghai: Shanghai Commercial Press, 1936, p. 1.
[7] [Jin] Ge Hong, Zhou Tianyou, Xijing Miscellaneous Records, vol. 3, Xi'an: Sanqin Publishing House, 2006, p. 145.
[8] [Jin] Ji Han, Southern Grass and Trees, Vol. II, Shanghai: The Commercial Press, 1955, p. 11.
[9] [Jin] Fan Ye, Chen Huanliang et al., "Hou Han Shu Xiao and Xiao Di Ji IV", Changsha: Yuelu Publishing House, 1994, p. 77.
[１０] [Qing] Wang Xianqian: "Later Han Book Collection Explanation" volume 1 "Filial Piety and Filial Piety Emperor Ji Fourth", engraved by Wang's Xushoutang of the Republic of China.
[１１] [Qing] Yao Zhiqiu: "Hou Han Shu Buyi" volume 10 "Xie Cheng (Hou Han Shu' II", Wenyuan Pavilion Siku Quanshu.
[１２] [Qing] Zhou Shouchang: "Later Han Book Annotation Correction" volume 1, Qing Dynasty Guangxu eight years of Zhou's Siyitang carved version.
[13] Dai Junliang, The Great Dictionary of Ancient and Modern Geographical Names of China, Shanghai: Shanghai Lexicographical Publishing House, 2005, p. 591.
[１４] Du Wenlan, Wu Shundong, Ancient Ballads and Proverbs, Changsha: Yuelu Books, 1992, p. 305.
[１５] [Song] Liu Axe, "Qing Zuo Gao Yi", Volume 5, Shanghai: Classical Literature Publishing House, 1958, p. 136. Some people also think that Su Shi's "Minus the Word Magnolia West Lake Eats Lychees" (Minxi Zhenxian, crossing the sea and clouds sails like arrows. The jade seat gold plate is not a tribute for 400 years. Light red brewed white, elegantly called the beauty slender hand. The fragrance of fine bones and muscles is exactly the "four hundred years of non-tribute" of the eighteen mothers, that is, when Emperor Yan of Sui was away. See Xue Ruisheng's Notes, Dongpo Ci Chronicle Proof, Xi'an: Sanqin Publishing House, 1989, pp. 642-644.
[16] Chen Bohai, ed., Tang Poetry Review, Hangzhou: Zhejiang Education Press, 1995, p. 1550.
[１７] Ji Yougong: Tang Poetry Chronicle, Vol. 47, Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 1987, p. 713.
[18] Wu Gengshun et al., Selected Notes on Du Fu's Poems, Shanghai: Shanghai Far East Publishing House, 2011, pp. 75 and 152, respectively for Chengdu and Kuizhou.
[１９] [Tang] Yuan Zhen, "Zhedong on the Rejection of the Sea", Wu Weibin, Chronicle Note: "New Compilation of Yuan Zhi Collection", Xi'an: Sanqin Publishing House, 2015, p. 7426.
[20] Yang Baolin, "Tang Dynasty Lingnan Gongli Small Examination", Ancient and Modern Agriculture, No. 1, 1990.
[２１] Su Shi: Collected Poems of Su Shi, Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1982, p. 2126.
[２２] Wu Zeng, "Neng Gai Zhai Manlu", vol. 3, Shanghai: The Commercial Press, 1939, p. 60.
[２３] [Song] Su Shi wrote "Sister Yang, a prostitute from Sichuan on the Cheng Bo Banquet": "It's really good to sit down, and the lips are shallow thrush. It is necessary to believe that the Yang family is a beautiful species, and Luochuan has its own bath pool. Shi added Benyun: "Luochuan is regarded as Guanchuan." "Yufei Pool, "Taiping Huanyu Ji": "Guan County has Yang Concubine Pool. "Taizhen Biography": "Yang Xuanyan is the secretary of Shuzhou, and he gave birth to a concubine here. See [Qing] Cha Shen Xing Supplement: "Supplement to Dongpo Chronicles" volume 12, Qing Wenyuan Pavilion Siku Quanshu.
[２４] Ouyang Xiu, The New Tang Dynasty Book: The Biography of Yang Guifei, Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1975, p. 3494.
[２５] [Qing] Cen Jiangong Collection: "Old Tang Shu Yiwen" volume 9 "Liebiography" 1 "Hou Concubine" on the "Xuanzong Yang Guifei" article, Qing Dao lithography.
[２６] [Tang] section of the highway: Beihulu, vol. 9, Shanghai: The Commercial Press, 1936, p. 37.
[２７] Ruan Yuan, "The Collection of the Sutra Room", 4 collections, vol. 11, Shanghai: The Commercial Press, 1937, pp. 907-909.
[２８] Zeng Gong, Yuanfeng Manuscripts, vol. 35, Shanghai: The Commercial Press, 1937, p. 375.
[２９] [Song] Cheng Hao, Cheng Yi, Chen Jingwei Notes: Henan Cheng's Testament, Henan Cheng's Outer Letters, Jinan: Shandong People's Publishing House, 2020, p. 934.
[３０] Lu You, Notes on Lao Xue'an, vol. 3, Shanghai: Shanghai Far East Publishing House, 1996, p. 184.
[３１] Xu Xinggong, Peng Shihui Proofreading: "Lychee Spectrum Proofreading of the Past Dynasties: Ming Xu Xinggong Lychee Spectrum", Beijing: China Agriculture Press, 2008, p. 118.
[３２] Lu Xinyuan, Supplement to the Chronicle of Song Poems, Vol. 1, Volume 1708 of the Continuation of the Siku Quanshu, Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 2002, p. 313.
[33] "History of the Song Dynasty: Gaozong Benji", Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1977, p. 580.
[３４] [Song] Liu Kezhuang: "He Zhao Nantang Separated from the Five Absolute No. 2", "Houcun Collection", vol. 8, four series.
[３５] Fan Chengda, "Lychee Fu" (Orderly), Fan Shihu Collection, Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 1981, p. 456.
[３６] [Ming] Fang Xiaoru: "Xun Zhi Zhai Collection" volume 24, four series of publications.
[３７] [Ming] Deng Qinghuan, Peng Shihui Proofreading: "Lychee Spectrum Proofreading of the Past Dynasties: Deng Daoxie's Lychee Spectrum", Beijing: China Agriculture Press, 2008, p. 329. Note: The proofreader will combine the three poems into one, which is wrong.
[３８] Zhang Fu, "Yongle Records of Taizong of the Ming Dynasty", vol. 35, Taipei: "Academia Sinica" school print, 1963, p. 847.
[３９] Zhang Mao, "Records of Emperor Ming Xiaozongjing", vol. 120, Taipei: "Academia Sinica" school print, 1963, p. 4796.
[４０] Kangxi: "Title Fujian and Guangdong Tribute to Xiaoxiang Lychee", in "Emperor Shengzuren Imperial Collection" 3 episodes volume 48, Siku Quanshu.
[４１] [Qing] Jueluo Manbao: "Lychee Concert Sent to Beijing as Usual Request", "Gongzhong Manchu Wen Song Fold: Kangxi Dynasty", 17140305, collected by the "Academia Sinica" in Taipei. Note: The original text is Manchu, thanks to Professor Zhang Chunan of the School of History and Culture of Changchun Normal University for translating into Chinese. The documents cited in this article are all translated by Professor Zhang Chunan.
[４２] [Qing] Jueluo Manbao: "Playing into the Candied Lychee Fold", "The Palace in the Middle of the Manwen Recital Kangxi Dynasty", collected by the "Academia Sinica" in Taipei.
[４３] Li Weijun: "Playing for Thanking the Emperor for Giving His Ministers Two Pieces of Fresh Li", "The Palace File: Yongzheng Dynasty", 016718, collected by the "Academia Sinica" in Taipei.
[４４] Li Weijun: "Playing the Gift of Fresh Lychees", 016719 of "The Palace File: Yongzheng Dynasty", collected by the "Academia Sinica" in Taipei.
[４５] Li Weijun: "Playing Thanksgiving Gifts and Reporting to Teng Tianxian and Zhang Lin's Family Property", 016644 of "Yongzheng Dynasty in the Palace", collected by the National Palace Museum, Taipei.
[４６] Wu Xiang: "Please Gift Lychee Fold", 022402 of "Yongzheng Dynasty", collected by the National Palace Museum, Taipei.
[４７] Zhang Kai: "A Bottle of Honey Soaked in Fresh Lychees", 017808 of "Yongzheng Dynasty", collected by the National Palace Museum, Taipei.
[４８] Zeng Yun: "Playing Thanksgiving Fresh Lychees to Zhongmu Gongsuo", 015963 of "Yongzheng Dynasty in the Palace", collected by the National Palace Museum, Taipei.
[４９] Shi Wenzhuo: "Playing Thanksgiving Grace and Giving Fresh Lychee Courtiers to Be Participated in the Performance, Please Strictly Investigate", "Yongzheng Dynasty" 021938, Collection of the National Palace Museum, Taipei.
[５０] Zhou Kaijie: "Lychee Fold of Thanksgiving", 006058 of "Yongzheng Dynasty", collected by the National Palace Museum, Taipei.
[５１] Du Sen: "Lychee Folding", 004862 of Yongzheng Dynasty, collection of the National Palace Museum, Taipei.
[５２] Yang Tianzong: "Gong Zhu Folds and Knocks on the Four Candied Lychees in the Folding Box and Others", "Yongzheng Dynasty" 009649, Collection of the National Palace Museum, Taipei.
[５３] Liu Shichang: "Playing Thanksgiving Imperial Book Wei Zheng Ten Thoughts Shu One Volume and Fresh Li", "Yongzheng Dynasty" 005151, Collection of the National Palace Museum, Taipei.
[５４] Ortai: "Playing Thanksgiving Honey-stained Fresh Lychees and Other Things", 009282 of "Yongzheng Dynasty", collected by the National Palace Museum, Taipei.
[５５] Xiande: "A Bottle of Fresh Lychees in the Thanks", 016256 of "Yongzheng Dynasty", collected by the National Palace Museum, Taipei.
[５６] Qianlong: "Lychee (Imitation of Bamboo Branches)", "The First Collection of Imperial Poems", vol. 3, Siku Quanshu.
[５７] Qianlong: "Feeling of Eating Lychees", Volume 10 of the First Collection of Imperial Poems, Siku Quanshu.
[５８] Qianlong: "Lizhi to give courtiers a feeling", "The First Collection of Imperial Poems", vol. 22, Siku Quanshu.
[５９] Qianlong: "Eating Lychees Feels the Tribute of the Year", "Imperial Poems II" Volume 5, Siku Quanshu.
[６０] Qianlong: "Lychee", "Three Collections of Imperial Poems", volume 14, four libraries.
[６１] Qianlong: "Lychee", "Imperial Poems II", volume 49, Siku Quanshu.
[６２] Pan Lei, "Lizhi Basin", Sui Chu Tang Collection, vol. 13, Chu Yue Youcao, Qing Dynasty Poetry Collection, vol. 170, Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 2010, p. 172.
[６３] Zhao Erxun: Qing Historical Manuscripts, vol. 360, Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1977, p. 10530.
[６４] Wenqing: Records of Emperor Xuanzong Cheng of the Qing Dynasty, vol. 160, Taipei: Academia Sinica, 1963, p. 11040.
[６５] Yan Jian: "Song Wenchen Rin Obeys Zhu Yu to Handle the Matter of Presenting Honey Soaked Lychees", "Gongzhong File Folding: Daoguang Dynasty" 106101, collected by the National Palace Museum, Taipei.
[６６] [Northern Song Dynasty] Cheng Hao, Cheng Yi, Chen Jingwei Notes: "Henan Cheng's Testament, Henan Cheng's Outer Letters", Jinan: Shandong People's Publishing House, 2020, p. 934.
[６７] Fan Chengda, "The Four Uniques of New Lychee" (Selected 2), Fan Shihu Collection, vol. 21, Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1962, p. 302.
[６８] Xu Guangqi, Chen Huanliang and Luo Wenhua Ed. No. 30 of the Complete Book of Agricultural Administration, Changsha: Yuelu Books, 2002, p. 475.
[６９] Qu Dajun, "Zhu Zhi", Guangdong Xinyu, vol. 25, Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1985, p. 625.
[７０] Cao Xueqin, Dream of Red Mansions, No. 37, Beijing: People's Literature Publishing House, 1982, p. 494.
[７１] Wang Xianqian: "Summer Eclipse Fresh Lychee", Volume 13 of "Xushoutang Poems", Su's engraved and revised version in the 28th year of Guangxu of the Qing Dynasty.
The above article was originally published in Academic Research, Issue 4, 2024, and does not represent the position of Academic Research. The article has been cut down for reasons of length and may not be reproduced without authorization.
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