Lead
"The sun explodes 91 billion hydrogen bombs per second!"
This description makes us wonder what would happen to the Earth if the sun really had this ability.
However, with the development of science and technology, this number is not "made up", but a real existence.
So how did these 91 billion hydrogen bombs come to be, how did the sun exert this "power", and what will become of it over time?
1. How is nuclear fusion and hydrogen bombs formed?
"Nuclear fusion" refers to the collision of light nuclear particles under high temperature and high pressure, and the mutual repulsion force in the particles is overcome, and then a nuclear reaction is generated, and sometimes lighter nuclear particles and energy are produced.
Nuclear fusion is a kind of nuclear reaction, and it is also the main nuclear energy source used by human beings at present, mainly releasing neutrinos, high-energy photons, neutrons and high-energy particles.
However, the hydrogen bomb mainly uses the energy released by the nuclear fusion reaction of deuterium and tritium, but where do these raw elements come from?
In fact, both deuterium and tritium are isotopes of hydrogen, i.e., homogeneous heteroenergetics of hydrogen.
Scientists have experimentally found that deuterium and hydrogen can be obtained by ionizing deuterium in the electrolysis reaction.
In this process, over time, the hydrogen isotope nucleus and the hydrogen nucleus have a certain probability of fusion, resulting in an exothermic reaction.
Deuterium hydrogen, as a hydrogen isotope raw material of another isotope, is also the production method of tritium, and through experimental research, these two isotopes are produced in various ways.
However, the source of solar energy is the same as the energy of nuclear fusion, which comes from the fusion of hydrogen nuclei, which is the process of reacting hydrogen nuclei to produce helium and release energy.
In the space around the sun, the temperature of the gas is about 6,000 degrees, which is almost equivalent to the power of 10 million hydrogen bombs, but it is also not as good as counting the 91 billion hydrogen bombs that the sun can explode every second.
Nuclear fusion reaction is an orderly reaction that requires certain conditions, such as a sufficiently high temperature and pressure, which is also a difficulty in daily life when you want to explode a hydrogen bomb by setting it up.
In the sun, nuclear fusion is a continuous process, and the process of turning from a hydrogen nucleus to helium is not a simple reaction, but consists of six branch reactions.
This reaction proceeds sequentially, converting from four hydrogen nuclei to produce a helium nucleus, accompanied by 3 neutrinos, 4 positrons, and a certain amount of energy.
2. Can 91 billion hydrogen bombs threaten the earth?
However, the explosion of 91 billion hydrogen bombs per second on the sun is not the result of the total energy of the sun's hydrogen fusion, but about 0.7% of the fusion energy is released from the surface in the form of light.
This 4.1*10^26 watts of light capacity, if all of them can pass the earth, is equivalent to 1.4 kilowatts of solar energy per square meter on the earth.
In schools, however, a classroom has about 300 lumens of light intensity, and a 100-watt light bulb can illuminate about 20 square meters.
Therefore, if the light capacity of 4.1*10^26 watts is evenly distributed, that is, if the energy of the sun can reach the earth's surface evenly, then there will be more than 1,000 lamps of 100 watts illuminated by each square meter of the earth's surface, which is a very considerable light illumination intensity.
However, the so-called "can be evenly reached to the surface of the earth" is a big falsehood, because there is no metal package and funnel around the sun, so the light released by the sun will be weaker, but it will generally move away from the celestial bodies at a normal speed, which means that the part of the light that hits the earth is even smaller than this.
According to the data obtained by scientists in the experiment, about 1370 watts of solar energy shines on each square meter of the earth's surface, which is a lot of data, but it still cannot threaten life, after all, light is not a harmful energy.
So to make a rough calculation of this value, if after a year, this energy is open and continues to shine on the earth's surface, then how much energy will we have?
This value is 1.110^32 joules, that is, this is a large number, but in fact it is not a bad omen, if we compare this value with the energy of the explosion of the nuclear bomb invented by mankind, this result is nothing at all, and it is far from that large.
According to Joseph Born's earliest estimate of the nuclear fusion reaction in 1910, the total energy of hydrogen that can be obtained on Earth is about 2.3*10^32 joules, based on the calculation that each kilogram of hydrogen is equal to 2.56410^17 joules.
Then the result corresponding to this value is that human beings can use energy in the future according to the current level of science and technology, according to Wp = 1.9610^14 joules / kg, the total power of the hydrogen bomb calculated is about 9.710^17 thousand tons of TNT, which is a considerable power, but it is still not enough to pose a threat to life on earth.
Moreover, this calculation is to put the power of the hydrogen bomb at the same time to explode in a fixed place, so that the calculated power will be relatively larger, if it is applied to the small hydrogen bomb of an offensive weapon, its battery power may be lower than the above value.
3. Enormous mass, the formation of the hydrogen bomb and the sun.
But what is the huge energy source that drives the energy of the sun in billions of years?
To understand this question, we need to start with the source of nuclear fusion energy, the sun is also a huge hydrogen bomb, with at least more than 200 billion hydrogen nuclear explosions billions of years.
As we all know, the sun, like the hydrogen bomb, also has a huge gravitational pull, but the gravitational pull of the sun comes from a huge mass.
As the largest celestial body in the solar system, the sun accounts for a large part of the mass in the solar system, and the mass of the sun accounts for 99.86% of the total mass in the solar system.
However, the mass of the sun is huge, and the mass of the huge gravitational force it has is to attract all the molecular atoms and other particles in the mass of the sun in the center of the sun, so as to form a dense bundle of atomic nuclear fusion to produce protospace energy.
However, there are also some reverse forces, namely radiation pressure, which refers to the fact that the momentum of photons acts on the atoms and molecules of the atmosphere, so that the object produces an outward pressure under the light irradiation.
If there is a balance between this outward pressure and the inward gravitational force, then it is a state of equilibrium, but this equilibrium is due to the pressure inside the sun.
Radiation pressure will cause short-range pressure on the molecular atoms inside the sun, but for distant molecular atoms, there will be no pressure due to the depletion of energy.
And the inward gravitational force is gravity, gravity will make a certain gravitational force between two molecular atoms, due to the pressure inside the sun, the two atoms are very close, but if they are far away, because the gravity inside the sun is small, the central gravitational force between the two atoms will be small.
And between the two hydrogen nuclei is positive and positive electricity repels each other, when the distance is very close, the temperature inside the sun is very high, which can make the molecular atoms collide, so that the atoms are forced to stick together for nuclear reaction, which is the process of nuclear fusion.
Gravitational force and radiation pressure are balanced, and when the pressure of both is equal, the mass of the sun is in equilibrium, which is how the sun maintains stability between gravity and radiant pressure.
However, the sun has lasted for 4.6 billion years since its formation, and this is just after the formation of the sun.
It is estimated that it will take another 5 billion years for the sun to continue to develop, so that the energy of solar energy will be exhausted and enter a deeper stage.
After 5 billion years, when all of the Sun's nuclear energy is depleted, the Sun will become a white dwarf with an outer temperature of 3000° and gradually cool down to a black dwarf.
epilogue
However, as the sun gradually cools and darkens, it will usher in a billion-year time.
Next, the evolution of the sun will enter a new era, but this stage and time are not yet known to scientists.
But in order to explore the future of the sun as much as possible, scientists will continue to explore this unknown path.
In fact, there are not only more powerful energy sources such as the sun, white dwarfs and black holes in the universe, such as antimatter, but also more powerful energy sources in the solar energy.
Compared with people's exploration of solar energy, more powerful nuclear weapons and more powerful energy sources have been developed, and in film and television works or literary works, solar energy and nuclear weapons are linked.
In fact, this is pure fabrication, when people study the energy of the hydrogen bomb and the sun, they find that the sun has a strong energy, so they compare it with the hydrogen bomb one by one, but this is only an application, the energy of the sun can be used in more places, such as solar energy in people's daily life.
Therefore, in the process of using solar energy, we can make better use of the sun's energy, so as to continuously maintain the normal process of human life.