In the late Warring States period, King Chu Kaoli moved his capital to Shouchun. Even if the capital was moved, the state of Chu was not in an advantageous position at that time.
At this time, Chun Shenjun, the virtuous minister of the Chu State, proposed to build a luxurious palace in Wudi, which was far away from his homeland.
It stands to reason that in the face of the powerful Qin army, it seems that the state of Chu should focus more on improving the strength of their army.
Therefore, the re-establishment of the "Wu Capital" in a far away place seems to be a bit of a fuss, but it also makes us wonder if there is a more far-reaching revival plan hidden behind the second relocation of the capital.
The end of Chu built Wu Du said
In the last half century of the Chu state, Wangji moved to the Huaiying region. In 278 B.C., Chu migrated to Chen; In 241 B.C., he migrated to Shouchun again. Xin Deyong believes that the migration of the capital to Shouchun "not only completely abandons the possibility of forging ahead to the Central Plains that may still exist in the hearts of the monarchs and ministers of Chu to a certain extent since the eastward migration, but also reveals its psychology of avoiding disasters and far harms."
Judging from Chu's last two migrations, the distance was not far. As the state of Chu, which once occupied half of China, why didn't it move its capital farther southeast? It seems that it is more suitable to deal with the Qin state. After all, the remnants of the Yue Kingdom, which was "the same ancestor as Chu", held out in the southeast at least until the time of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. 27 years after the Qin army captured Shouchun, King Yingbu of Huainan rebelled against the Han here. Chu ordered Yin Xue Gong to analyze the upper, middle, and lower strategies that Yingbu might take for Liu Bang, each of which had a march route of "taking Wu from the east". Since occupying the land of Wu was an inevitable choice to fight against the Han court, it was even more feasible to move the capital of Chu to Wu when Qin had not yet destroyed Chu.
Considering the historical facts, Chu did have plans and actions to move to Wudi. In the first year of King Chu Kaolie (262 BC), Chun Shenjun sealed the twelve counties of Huaibei at the beginning. Fifteen years later (247 BC), "Huang Xieyan's King of Chu said: 'Huaibei is on the edge of Qi, and its affairs are urgent, please think that it is convenient for the county.'" 'Because of and dedicated to the twelve counties of Huaibei. Please seal it in Koto. King Kaolik Xu Zhi. Chunshenjun is the capital of Wuxu because of the city. It is worth noting that in the 6 years after being renamed to Jiangdong (Wudi), Chun Shenjun still stayed in Yingchen.
Chu Xiying was in the early years of Shouchun (241 BC), "Chun Shenjun was thus sealed in Wu and did things". At this time, the military situation of Chu was undoubtedly extremely critical, the political problems were complicated, and the money, food, and army were in a myriad of ways. Chun Shenjun "Although the name is Xiangguo, the king of Shichu is also". It is really contrary to common sense for such an important person to leave Xinying at such an important juncture and go to Jiangdong, which has not been sealed for 6 years.
Sima Qian said: "I am suitable for Chu, Guanchun Shenjun's old city, and the palace is magnificent!" To build this palace, Chun Shenjun is already an old man who is nearly eighty years old, and it is common sense to say that the construction of the tomb should be more urgent than the palace. Obviously, Chun Shenjun was sealed in Wu and undertook a more important mission than building a fief. Before Chu migrated to Shouchun, Qin successively captured Wan, Yingchen, Wujun, etc., took Yangcheng, Negative Millet, Dingsour Zao, Yan, Xu, Changping, Yongqiu, Shanyang City, and placed Dong County. People with a little common sense can see that the Qin army's capture of Huaibei and Shouchun will not be too long.
Scholars believe that in the sixteenth year of the reign of King Qin (231 BC), a plan to eliminate the Six Kingdoms had begun. As the most far-sighted politician of the Chu State at that time, Chun Shenjun should have seen the intentions of the Qin State and the danger of the Chu State before this. Before the migration, the doorman Zhu Ying said to Chun Shenjun: "The Qin soldiers went to Chen Bai and sixty li, and the ministers watched the day of Qin and Chu." Shouzhou and Chen are "three or four hundred miles apart". For evading Qin's attack, Qianshou had little military value, and it was only a two- or three-day trip between the two Ying. The Tang people criticized Chun Shenjun: "Migrating to Shouchun, losing the solidity of Dunsai, going to Fangcheng, sacrificing the benefits of Jianghan, he is seeking for others." But Shouchun is close to Huai water, and Shunhuai can reach Langya.
After Goujian, the Yue people built the capital in Langya, operating for a hundred years, and the navigation conditions here are very superior. "The Book of Yue Jue" contains Gou Jian's "initial migration to Langya, so that 2,800 people from the building ship cut down Songbai as a pole"; "From Langya, the viewing platform...... Three hundred ships". During the Qin period, thousands of people sailed from Langya. As a "boat as a car", the state of Chu will not consider the factor of the river in detail.
After Chu took Lanling, Chun Shenjun hired Xunzi as the Lanling Order, obviously with long-term strategic considerations. The eastern part of Lanling is Langya. Build this place into the base of the Chu State to resist the Qin State and the rear of Shouchun, retreat to enter the sea, sail Jiangdong, and attack can enter the Central Plains. Later, there were rumors that the Changping monarch migrated to Lanling to resist Qin, and there was indeed a fierce battle between Qin and Chu here. Xiang Yu's hometown and Yu Ji's hometown (now Shuyang, Jiangsu) and Lanling have convenient Yi and Surabaya roads; Xiang Yu's generals Long and Zhong Liyi had important connections with this place in their early years. Until the twenty-eighth year of Qin Shi Huang (219 BC), "the first 30,000 households of Lang evil under the stage of migration" were used to crack down on the anti-Qin activities of the old Chu subordinates.
Chu Xiying's planning in Wu can be seen in a clear context from the aspects of historical materials and archaeological artifacts. Chu Qianwu's first task was not only to eliminate the hostility of the Yue people in the south behind him, but also to prepare for war against hundreds of thousands of Qin troops. History, Suzhou Snake Gate, "south, no land and no water." Chun Shen Jun built to resist the Yue army". There are many legends of Chun Shenjun in Wudi, which are mostly related to water control. Water control can not only serve agriculture, but also be used for shipping and war preparation.
After archaeological survey, the ancient capital of Wu is in the shape of "Ya", with a circumference of 37 miles and 161 steps, which is a copy of Chu Du Ying, and Ying, "can be called a sister city". The ramming technique used for the city walls "was most likely introduced from the Chu region...... The large-scale entry should have been entered with the destruction of Chu Yue (334 BC)." After Chu destroyed Yue, Wucheng became a ruin, and Chun Shenjun was the first large-scale renovator. Based on these materials, it can be asserted that Chun Shenjun did copy Chu Ying in Wuxu. According to the etiquette system, "the city of Gong covers nine miles, Hou Bo seven miles, and Zinan five miles...... The Son of Heaven should be twelve miles". Wu City, which is several times larger than the city of the Son of Heaven, is by no means used by the Qing Doctor Chun Shenjun to cause trouble, but as a new Ying to prepare for Qin.
Yuan Kang et al.:
"The people of this palace, the Chunshen gentleman is also a fake monarch palace. The front hall is covered with a roof, seventeen zhang and five feet from east to west, fifteen zhang and seven feet from north to south, four zhang high in the hall, and eight feet high from ten to ten feet. The roof of the palace covers the ground, fifteen zhang from east to west, ten zhang from north to south, two feet and seven inches, and the height of the household is two feet. Kudong cottage, north and south forty zhang eight feet, two upper and lower households. Nanxiang House, 64 feet 4 feet from east to west; Upper household four, lower household three. West Country House, 42 feet 9 feet from north to south; Upper household three, lower household two. Where one hundred and forty-nine zhang one foot, the eaves are five zhang two feet high, two zhang nine feet high, and two hundred and forty-one steps in Monday. Created by Chun Shen Jun. ”
Combined with Sima Qian's field expeditions and other historical records, the grandeur of the palace of Chunshenjun described here is extremely reliable. Such a scale of water control, city building, and palace camping, only in terms of economic costs, is by no means something that a courtier can bear, and it is basically the full strength of the remnants. Judging from the unearthed tombs, although they regarded themselves as barbarians, the state of Chu actually respected Zhou rites very much.
According to Zhou Li, the prince "900 steps of the palace", the Hou and Bo "700 steps of the palace", and the son and the man "500 steps of the palace". The Chunshen Jun Palace is almost the same as the Hou and Bo Palaces stipulated by the Zhou Rites, and is much larger than the Zi and Male Palaces. This palace should not be occupied by the emperor or his son.
Chun Shenjun used the original Chu Ying as the standard to build Wu Ruins, which was much larger than the regulations of the Zhou Dynasty royal city, and the palace was smaller than the palace, and even slightly smaller than the palace of Hou and Bo, which was really needed to prepare for war. The so-called Chun Shen Jun ruled Wu with his son fake Jun, Qian Mu has made a distinction and believes that it is not credible. In fact, the residence of the Chunshen gentleman and the fake monarch was in Jibei, 20 miles outside Wucheng, and was later renamed Huangtang.
However, the matter of the false monarch contained in the "Book of Yue Jue" is not groundless. A more logical explanation should be that Chun Shenjun ostensibly used the name of Naizi as a cover, but in fact carefully built the palace of the king of Chu. After all, when the Chu army of Shouchun Wangji was fighting fiercely with the Qin army, the true news of the construction of the Jiangdong palace was extremely unfavorable to the morale of the Chu army, nor was it conducive to diplomatic activities with the other five eastern countries. Wuxi Lishan, "when the spring Shenjun, the temple is a cow and stands in Wuxi Tang." Go to Wu Hundred and Twenty Miles". According to the "Great Dai Li Ji": "The sacrifice of the princes, the ox, is called the Taijiao; The doctor's sacrificial animals, sheep, are called young prisons. "Sheng Ancestral Hall with Ox" is obviously a princely ceremony, not applicable to Chun Shenjun. The "Chunshenjun Shi" mentioned here does not clearly indicate that it is Chunshenjun himself, indicating that the person in the main shrine has the status of a prince or a representative of the princes.
So, did Chun Shenjun build Wuxu with Chu Jun's regulations everywhere, is it selfish for his own use and has the intention of arrogance? Judging from the available historical data, Chun Shenjun tried his best to avoid suspicion. Shi Zai: "The person who regained the city on the Ma Ting River outside Loumen, so the Yue King Yu Fujun ruled and went to the county for eighty miles. It is the king of Shilie who returned to Yue, and after the king of Xiang, it cannot be continued. The book of the Ma Ting Creek. According to research: "This refers to the 22nd year of King Kaolie of Chu (241 BC), the state of Chu moved its capital to Shouchun in order to avoid the Qin army attacking the Chu capital Ying. King Kaoli will bring the history of King Xiang to Yue and engrave Ma Tingxi. ”
This year was the time when Chun Shenjun was sealed in Jiangdong. The recent (and often the most important) national history of the state of Chu is engraved in Ma Tingxi, on the one hand, it shows that King Chu Kaolie knew very well that Shouchun was not the capital of long-term defense, and Jiangdong was a safer place; Chun Shenjun is not just building a fief for himself. On the other hand, Chun Shenjun engraved the history of Chu Guoxin in Ma Tingxi, which was actually a public confession without the intention of trespassing, so as to dispel the doubts of the king of Chu; Or maybe the king of Chu ordered him to do it.
In 1973, three bronze objects with the inscription "Lingjun" were excavated in a reed pond in Wuxi, Jiangsu Province. The inscription mentions Xiong Wan, the king of Chu Kaolie, and Xiong Han, the king of You, Chu, and scholars deduce that these bronzes were made in the last 18 years before the fall of Chu. The meaning of Lingjun as this inscription may be similar to the history of Chunshenjun Ma Tingxi carving. In addition, the first sentence of a bronze bean inscription by Lingjun reads: "Yingsan (?) Built by the house. Li Xueqin asserted that the "Ying" in the inscription, "Chudu, here should refer to Shouchun". Actually, this Ying is more like Wu. Copper beans are just ordinary food or ritual vessels, not Baoding heavy vessels, there is no need to welcome from the old Ying, and the smelting and casting technology in the Jiangdong region has long reached a very high level. In addition, at the time of the relocation of the Chu capital to Shouchun and before, the Chu State had no "卍府" institutions at all. A closer look at the rubbings of the inscriptions shows that the handwriting is still relatively clear.
The original reader recognized the left side of the character as "many", which is completely correct, and it is very similar to the glyph of "many" in Jinwen. Therefore, the "卶" in the inscription can mean "誃", and "誃" means "parting". King Jing of Zhou had a platform from time to time, and Li Mu of Zhao Guo had been out of the door before being punished. "誃" or "卶 (?)" All of them should be borrowed words for "shift" or "迻". "Yingfu Mansion" (or "Yingyi Mansion", or "Yingyi Mansion") obviously refers to the gate of the Chu State that migrated to Wu, and these bronzes are believed to have been made in Wu (Ying) during the Lingjun period. Ling Jun was another very important figure in Jiangdong after Chun Shenjun, although he was only seventy or eighty years before the Sima Qian era, the latter is still unknown, because his deeds mainly occurred in Jiangdong when Chu resisted Qin. This is also evidence that Wu is the remnant of Chu.
According to the "Historical Records of the First Emperor of Qin": "In the twenty-third year, the King of Qin recalled Wang Jian and raised it, so that the general would attack Jing. Take the south of Chen to Pingyu, and capture the king of Jing. The king of Qin traveled to Yingchen. Jing general Xiang Yan established Changping Jun as the king of Jing and opposed Qin in Huainan. In the twenty-fourth year, Wang Jian and Mengwu attacked Jing, broke the Jing army, Changping Jun died, and Xiang Yan committed suicide. "Collection of Historical Records": Xu Guang said: "Huai, a 'Jiang'." Liang Yusheng said: "'Huainan' is a mistake for 'Jiangnan.'" "The king of Qin traveled to Yingchen, and the Jing general established Changping Jun as the king of Jing, and opposed Qin to the south of the Yangtze River. In the twenty-fourth year, Wang Jian and Mengwu attacked Jing, broke the Jing army, captured the king of Jing, and Changping Jun committed suicide. Tian Yuqing believes that Changping Jun's statement against Qin Yu Jiangnan is evidence-based. Xin Deyong disagreed.
Yunmeng Sleeping Tiger unearthed Qin Jian's "Chronicle" contains:
"Twenty-three years, Xing, attacking Jing. □□ Shouyang died □. In April, Chang Wenjun died. Twenty-four years, □□□ the king □□. ”
Huang Shengzhang believed: "Xiang Yan should be Chang Wenjun, and Changping Jun cited above in the "Historical Records" is a falsification of Chang Wenjun." Tian Yuqing disagreed. At present, at least there is no contradiction between the record of Chang Wenjun in the "Chronicles" and the record of Changping Jun in the "Historical Records".
Chang Wenjun and Chang Pingjun could engage in anti-Qin activities in different regions at the same time. According to Xin Deyong's research, even if the theory that the Chu people established Changping Jun in Jiangnan to oppose Qin was not established, after Wang Jian was captured, the rest of the Chu State took Jiangdong as the last base and carried out a year-long war against Qin. In this year, it is impossible for the Chu people not to set up a new king. Ma Feibai pointed out that the provisional regime of the Chu people in the Huainan area "used the two undead bodies of Xiang Yan and Changping Jun...... to call for information". This argument is quite plausible. The Huainan Chu army retreated to the south of the Yangtze River, and it would continue to use the names of "Changping Jun" and "Xiang Yan" to resist Qin.
From the 50s to the 80s of the 20th century, archaeologists unearthed a copper seal engraved with "Shangxiang Bangxi" in the D1M1 tomb of the Zhenshan tomb group in Suzhou, which belonged to the nobles of the Chu State in the late Warring States period. Scholars even suspect that the owner of the tomb is Chun Shenjun. The tomb of Chunshenjun has been said by Wuling, Jiangyin Junshan, Nanchang Shuishan, Qianjiang, Caoxian and Shouzhou. Chunshenjun died in the change of Shouchun Thorn Gate, and it is more credible to say that Shouzhou. The most accurate judgment is that the owner of the D1M1 tomb is a prominent person of the Chu family whose status is not lower than that of Chunshenjun, which proves that the remnant Chu once established a state in Jiangdong and was a state of Xiang.
Although the tomb of the king of Chu has not been found in Jiangdong, there is no shortage of records and legends of the king of Chu. In ancient Jiangxi, there was the Valley of the King of Chu, "the former Qin Shi Huang annexed the Six Kingdoms, and the King of Chu Kang was embarrassed by the Qin general Wang Jian and hid here." Before the Qin Dynasty, there was indeed a passage for Jiangdong politicians to avoid disasters in present-day Jiangxi. If the descendants of the husband once fled from Wu to Fanyang, the descendants of Wu Rui served as the Fanyang Order.
The prince of Yue fled from Jiangdong to Danyang Gao Township and changed his surname to Mei, and his descendants Mei was awarded 100,000 households in Han. There are many relics and legends of King Kang of Zhou in Wu. For example, "Jin Shanwei, according to legend, King Zhou Kang built a city to town the sea". There is a temple of King Kang in Caoqiao, Suzhou Prefecture. King Kang of Zhou never went to Wu, or people in the Qin period deliberately referred to "King Kang of Chu" as "King Kang of Zhou" to avoid punishment by the Qin court.
To sum up, before Qin destroyed Chu, the Chu room infiltrated Xinying in the name of Fengchun Shenjun in Wuxu to prepare for the fight against Qin. After the defeat, the remnant Chu forces used the names of Changping Jun and Xiang Yan to establish the king of Chu in the Jiangnan region. The remnant Chu capital is the old Yingcheng of the "palace room" carefully built by Chun Shenjun.