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During the Anti-Japanese War, when the source of the "38 cadres" was mainly intellectuals, or non-proletarian elements, the reason why Mao Zedong was confident that he could "get rid of" was, of course, because of the tasks of the national war, which allowed the CCP and this group of intellectuals to have a goal intersection.
Secondly, the organization, training ability and ideological charm of the CCP at that time made the CCP have such self-confidence, or in other words, the development needs during the Anti-Japanese War also made the CCP have such self-confidence.
1. The uniqueness of the CCP's learning and training
Study and training are necessary ways to train cadres, and such methods are generally adopted by political forces when training cadres.
For example, during the Anti-Japanese War, the Kuomintang also paid attention to cadre training:
"The diehards have now noticed the problem of rural education, inspected, conducted intensive training, and forced them to join the Kuomintang."
However, the training on the Kuomintang side was often just a formality, and the Henan Party organization of the Communist Party of China found that:
Last summer, each county trained elementary school teachers. In Xin'an's primary school training class, Gao Yanliu, the director of education at the county middle school, was hired as an international affairs teacher, and Guo Cijiu, a vocational principal, was hired to teach teaching methods. The 74th issue of "Liberation" was given to Gao Yanliu, which was the report of Comrade Stalin at the 18th Congress of the Communist Party of China; found Guo Cijiu some military and political magazines and "Chinese Youth"; The two of them talked like this for a month, and the grades were good, and the students were not stubborn, but improved.
The training effect of the wartime puppet regime is similar to that of the Kuomintang:
When the puppet youth training class graduated, the coach asked what the self-defense regiment did, and a young man replied: "Fight bandits and traitors."
This kind of training is tantamount to creating a gravedigger for yourself.
In contrast, the CCP takes belief as the core, continuously educates and trains cadres, improves the level of cadres, integrates cadres' emotions, and reconstructs evaluation mechanisms, power relations and thinking systems.
Attaching importance to training and study stems from the inherent needs of a party with strong ideological overtones like the CPC, and "without revolutionary theory, there will be no revolutionary movement."
The Soviet Union and the Comintern also attached great importance to study and training.
In June 1938, the Presidium of the Comintern sent a telegram to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, emphasizing:
"The urgent task is to intensify the education of Party cadres and Party members, to re-educate the old cadres and to train new activists and leaders emerging from the mass revolutionary movement in accordance with the doctrines of Marx, Engels, Lenin and Stalin."
This demand of the Comintern was quickly implemented. The Sixth Plenary Session of the Sixth Central Committee of the Communist Party of China decided to launch a study campaign throughout the Party, and Mao Zedong called:
"All Communist Party members with considerable research ability must study the theories of Marx, Engels, Lenin, and Stalin, the history of our nation, and the situation and trend of the current movement; And go through them to educate those party members with a low level of education. ”
In September 1938, Stalin's "A Concise Course in the History of the Communist Party of Brazzaville" began to be serialized in Pravda, and in October it was officially published and immediately translated into Chinese. Subsequently, the Comintern sent 10,000 copies of the Chinese edition to the CCP.
In July, Ren Bi, who was in the Comintern, telegraphed the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China: "What measures have you taken to study this book?" ”
In August, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China called back:
"The study group of our party's middle-level cadres, and the cadres at and above the county party committee level have all begun to study the "History of the Communist Party of the United States", and it has become a compulsory subject in teaching. The book is a textbook for all schools in Yan'an. ”
In February 1939, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China established the Ministry of Education for Cadres, which was specifically responsible for organizing the education and training of cadres, and merged with the Propaganda Department of the Central Committee the following year, requiring Party members and cadres to "implement an average study system of two hours a day, and discuss problems in study groups every week, which must maintain regularity and persistence."
In 1940, the Secretariat of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formulated the general standard curriculum of primary, intermediate, and senior party schools:
A. Elementary courses: History of the Modern Chinese Revolution, Chinese Revolution and the Communist Party of China, Guerrilla Warfare, General Knowledge of Social Sciences.
B. Intermediate courses: History of the Communist Party, Marxism-Leninism.
C. Advanced courses: Political Economy, Historical Materialism and Braided Materialism, History of Modern World Revolutions.
D. The current affairs and politics course is divided into three aspects: China, Japan, and the world.
E, there should be military study courses in the army.
In order to ensure that the education of cadres can be effectively carried out, it is stipulated that: "Party committees at all levels and the Propaganda Department of the Political Department shall set up cadre education sections to be responsible for managing the education of cadres. ”
2. How to learn?
Compared with the static description of archival documents, the diaries left by CCP cadres in those years may be able to show the reality of learning and training more dynamically.
Taking the writer Gao Lu as an example, in September 1939, together with Lu Yi's students, he set off from Yan'an to Jinchaji, and on the way read theoretical works such as "History of the Chinese Enlightenment", "National Question", "Introduction to Social Sciences", "Introduction to Leninism", etc., and listened to He Ganzhi and Shakov's lectures twice. At the beginning of the month, he also took part in a military and political quiz on the role of democratic centralism in the armed forces.
The study of current affairs was the focus of the march, which was roughly divided into two forms: listening to reports and discussions, including the future and impact of the European war, and the relationship with China's war of resistance.
In one month, Gao Lu went through two struggle meetings, one against liberal tendencies, and the other against disobedience to organizational assignments.
During the tense march, the training and struggle of the mind was so intensive, it is no wonder that Gao Lu sighed:
"This is really learning in battle, and going to class when you stop, which is the reason why the Communist Party of China can become the main force in the national liberation war."
Some people think that Gao Lu's Lu Yi group has a high level of knowledge and culture, and this performance is only due to the environment, but after he left school and joined the army, he still recorded a lot of learning scenes that he personally experienced:
At the beginning of each day, the Education Officer publishes two topics that have been taught, which are discussed and reviewed during the march. During the march, the soldiers were divided into several study groups, each group of two or three people, which was very convenient for study and discussion, and the form was also very flexible. Troops mostly depart early in the morning, and the weather is cooler? The fighters were energetic and discussed fiercely, talking as they went. Learning culture is mainly literacy. Each class has a note with 2 new words nestled on it, and they can read it to each other, or use the break time to practice calligraphy. At each camp, the education officer went to the classes to inspect them, and while they were on the march, the education work began.
Learning is not only the pursuit of individual progress, but also a way to organize the implementation of power; Participating in a variety of learning may mean both the trust of the organization and the discipline of the organization, and learning is not only a matter of ideology and education, but also closely related to the trust of the organization.
Later, in the CCP's discourse, "learning" was often regarded as a noun, meaning that the activity of "learning" had become an abstract concept due to the superposition of meanings.
Of course, relying on study alone is not enough to guarantee becoming a qualified party member required by the CPC, and some people in the rectification style talked about going to the party school to study in order to temper themselves to become a good party member, so that "they will do a good job, and if they do a good job, they will have a name." Of course, such an idea will not be just an individual.
But the same person who went on to talk about:
"I have been dealing with Marxism-Leninism for a long time, and it has also given me some inspiration. Therefore, in 1940, I had the courage to tell the party some of my historical thoughts, mistakes, family composition, and origins. ”
Continuous indoctrination, patient guidance, emotional stimulation, an all-pervasive political and cultural atmosphere, and a collectivist environment can form a strong atmosphere and give people a subtle influence.
3. Tailor-made learning plan
Although the changes of each individual may not be as expected, the group composed of these changing individuals may have a superposition effect of change, and the superposition effect caused by the group will react on the individual, forming an acceleration cycle of change.
Henan's 1938 report mainly set up "basic knowledge of party members, what is Marxism-Leninism and the united front", which was the representative content of the training of party members in the early days of the Anti-Japanese War. With the passage of time, the basic knowledge of Party members and the education of Marxism-Leninism continued to occupy the center, while the united front gradually took a back seat.
In 1941, the Luxi District Party Committee formulated an education plan that stipulated the curriculum of organs at all levels:
"The sub-district level is: focusing on the basic knowledge of the Chinese revolution and the education of the work of the branches. The courses include: "The Nature of Chinese Society", "The Nature, Tasks, Motive Force and Future of the Chinese Revolution", "Class and Class Struggle", "Branch Work", and at the county level: "Party Building", "Problems of the Chinese Revolution"; At the prefectural committee level, there are two strategic parts of the "History of the United Communist Party". ”
In addition, special attention is paid to practical education in the class struggle:
"The Reader of Democracy and People's Livelihood has been compiled and printed in various places to educate about the struggle for democracy and people's livelihood; Agitate the class struggle from the party newspapers and periodicals, and engage in class struggle education. ”
When Zanhuang of Hebei Province trained ordinary peasants, he offered courses such as: the suffering of peasants, Chinese peasants in the era of the Great Revolution, peasants and anti-Japanese issues, and peasants in the future.
This kind of curriculum design is not arbitrary, and it contains the idea of educating farmers step by step:
"When it comes to the anti-Japanese issue and the world issue from many practical issues, it is easy for them to accept it and make them understand that the peasants' vision is very narrow, and we must enlarge their vision little by little."
Mao Zedong used the words "magnifying his vision", and here he used it again, this emerging political party really has an inner urge to open up itself.
Compared with the peasants, the education of intellectuals attaches more importance to the question of standpoint, and study, practice, and introspection are the trilogy of ideological transformation of intellectuals.
"We're all flawed people. I think of the following methods: first, to talk more about Marxism-Leninism, second, to build oneself in one's work, and third, to review our lives and behaviors in discussions. ”
The discussion meeting mentioned by Gao Lu is a learning link that the CCP attaches special importance to, and the CCP has always emphasized that learning is not a simple indoctrination, but should be discussed in connection with reality, and even-for-tat debates:
"There is a group of seven people, arguing about the war of resistance, unity, and progress, which is more important? … The controversy could not be resolved, and according to the result of the majority vote, there were six people except the chairman, three opinions, and two people shared one opinion. The Chair would have had a majority in either case, but the Chair disagreed with the above three views. ”
During the rectification period, although such a controversy was criticized as dogma because of its trivial content, the discussion method of stirring up ideological sparks through collision has always been used by the CCP, and in 1944, the diaries of CCP cadres still recorded that "the discussion of the existence or non-existence of revolutionary issues of the Chinese bourgeoisie was a mess".
4. How to rely on the training class to train cadres in rotation?
In addition to daily education, the rotation training system can further strengthen the learning effectiveness. During the Soviet period, the CCP set up training classes to train cadres in rotation.
During the Anti-Japanese War, Mao Zedong demanded that the front "hold short-term military and political training courses at all levels and train cadres in turn", and the rotation training system was further improved. Organizations at and above the district level should set up training classes, and all party members and cadres should take turns to receive training, and the time is generally about half a month to a month.
Jizhong Report:
In 1938 and 1939, a total of 6,354 primary school teachers were trained. Of these, 10% are women; There are 444 county-level administrative cadres, including 23 women and 135 tax officers; There are 1,094 cadres of cooperatives, including 6 women; 3,000 people were sent to study at the Hebei Anti-Japanese War College, 472 were sent to the Anti-Japanese War Cadres School, and 800 people were sent to the North China Associated University or the Anti-Japanese War or the Anti-Japanese War and the Founding College of the People's Republic of China in the border area to study. A total of 20,894 people.
That's quite a huge number.
The specific training content is as follows:
"In general, there are specialized courses on protracted warfare, the united front, various basic policies, general knowledge of social sciences, guerrilla tactics, and some specialized courses. In life, the emphasis is on collective life and militarized training. ”
The 129th Division was a model in the implementation of the rotation training system, and by 1940, "cadres above the level of the company had been trained in turns," and 94.11 percent of the cadres above the platoon level had been trained.
Yang Guoyu, a cadre of the Confidential Section of the division's headquarters, once went to the division's rotation training team for training, "which was the first time he had opened a meat course since joining the army."
Yang Guoyu's study in the rotation training class can be divided into four parts:
First, to listen to the report, Liu Bocheng went to the training class several times to make reports, talking about political, military, party and government, discipline and other issues, and giving guidance to the trainees from a commanding height.
The second is to listen to lectures on Marxist philosophy, Lu Dingyi lectures on "Dialectical Materialism and Historical Materialism," and also lectures on the five basic forms of production relations, so as to establish an understanding of the basic ideas of Marxism in analyzing things and society.
The third is to listen to lectures on combat techniques, including the review of the strengths and weaknesses of the enemy and the enemy, guerrilla tactics, special operations, logistical support, and combat command. Classes are taught over 27 days, and nearly half of the courses involving combat are 12 days.
Fourth, listen to lectures on modern Chinese history and the history of the Chinese revolution, starting from the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, through the Wuxu Coup, the Xinhai Revolution, the founding of the Communist Party of China, the Great Revolution, the Soviet Movement, and the Anti-Japanese National United Front, which is equivalent to the combat course, which lasts for 12 days.
In addition, there are two tests, intermediate and final.
The curriculum arrangement of the rotation training class clearly reflects the characteristics of the CPC's combination of theory and practice, the teaching of military theory and actual combat is a compulsory course for military cadres, accounting for nearly half of the proportion and easy to understand, and the narration of revolutionary history is on the same level as the former, which highlights the characteristics of the CPC's strong ideological political party, that is, the construction of historical memory, strengthens the revolutionary elements in the memory of the nation and the country, and outlines the historical encounters, tasks and roles of the CPC in the long river of time, so as to enhance the cadres' sense of historical mission, group identity and realistic care.
Starting from the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, the focus is on the historical trajectory of the CCP since its founding, which not only points out the background of the CCP's emergence of the times, that is, the imperialism and feudal oppression in the CCP's discourse, but also highlights the characteristics of the CCP's revolutionary party.
The emphasis on Chinese history, especially modern history, was a very distinctive feature of the CCP during the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, which was similar to Zhang Wentian's emphasis at the Sixth Plenary Session of the Sixth Central Committee at the end of 1938, "We must be familiar with the basic principles of Marxism-Leninism." However, we must strictly estimate the various characteristics of China's national, political, cultural, and ideological habits."
As for the teaching of Marxist philosophy, it seems to be profound, but the inculcation of methods and viewpoints has a subtle effect on the improvement of the ideological level and realm of the CPC members.
In 1939, when Qin Jiwei, a cadre of the Eighth Route Army who had dropped out of school at a young age, had just kept a diary, he made many typos and did not express himself well, but after a few years of perseverance, his diary has "developed from the original simple record to writing thoughts and opinions on things, and later to summing up lessons and lessons,... I pay more attention to thinking about the details, especially to grasp the essential characteristics of things. ”
5. What do you learn in the training class?
Through Marxism, the CPC has instilled the way of thinking and theoretical vision of the modern world into the revolutionary camp, and has created and improved the quality and ability of party members and cadres.
Among them, dialectics is a very important part.
Before the Anti-Japanese War, in Wuxiang, Shanxi, the CCP organization was already teaching dialectics:
"In the summer of 1933, a summer workshop was held with a number of elementary school teachers on educational issues and dialectics. After the end, he organized a modern ideological research group to convey progressive ideas. ”
In the early days of the Anti-Japanese War, Mao Zedong went to the Anti-Japanese Military and Political University to give a lecture on "Dialectical Materialism", and the lecture was serialized in a magazine and published as a single book.
Mao Zedong urged the whole party to conscientiously study dialectics, stressing:
Materialist dialectics itself is a science (a philosophical science), it is the starting point of all science, and it is also the methodology. Our revolution itself is also a kind of science, called social science or political science, and if we do not understand dialectics, we will not be able to do our things well, and all the mistakes in the revolution are contrary to dialectics. But if you understand it, it will have a powerful effect. Everything that is done right is studied in accordance with the dialectic method, so all revolutionary comrades, first of all the cadres, should study the dialectic with all their hearts.
The "Gulin Investigation", which was widely praised at that time, may allow us to see the rigor of the CCP's rotational training of cadres.
The survey, chaired by Li Zhuoran, then head of the Propaganda Department of the Northwest Bureau of the CPC Central Committee, presented the political, economic, and social aspects of Gulin County (now abolished, now Yanchang County and Baota District of Yan'an City), including cadre learning.
The survey enumerated the inspection records of the county-level cadre study groups, from which a variety of attitudes and reactions can be seen:
Wang Zhichen: I went to the countryside three times this year, for a total of 40 days. I attended 3 lectures on China and 1 seminar. Listen to the current affairs report 1 time. In August, the policy agenda was discussed 13 times, once a day, one article each time, and he was able to memorize 15 articles at that time, but now he does not remember them at all (when I asked him about fiscal policy, he could not answer). I didn't read the newspaper for almost 4 months, and I didn't have any time at all. Early in the morning, the troops came after him to ask for food (I asked him how many days he was like this, but he couldn't answer).
So without studying, 2 hours of study cannot be guaranteed.
Hei Hanzhang: 100 days in the countryside. I took a copy of "The History of China's Modern Revolutionary Movement" and went down, but I didn't read a single page. Attended the lecture 4 times, no discussions, and no notes. The lecture was too deep to memorize. I have studied 18 articles of the policy program, but I can't remember any of them, I haven't read the newspaper for two months, and I don't understand what is happening at home and abroad at the moment.
Feng: I have only been in the countryside for half a month this year, and I have listened to all the lectures on China nine times, attended each seminar, and made notes each time. This year's learning in the prefecture has improved much more than in previous years, and it can be carried out frequently. I have listened to the current affairs report 5 times. A few months ago, almost all 21 articles of the policy agenda were memorized, and now some of them have been forgotten. I studied for 2 hours a day, and I could read every issue of "Mass Daily", "Women's Newsletter", "Organizational Newsletter", "Party Work", "Chinese Women", and "Communists", and this year I also learned new words.
Li: This year, I learned the new characters. I also learned 150 new Chinese characters, all of which were cut out from the policy program, and the policy program can be recognized. I don't understand the China class.
The cadres mentioned in the survey are all section chiefs, section members, officers, and secretaries in the county, and they are middle- and low-level cadres, and their status should be able to represent the majority of the county cadres.
It can be seen from the survey that about half of the cadres are studying hard and those who are passively coping, and the same number is true for those who are effective and those who are not effective.
Considering the indulgence and displeasure of human nature, half of the hard-working learners have already embodied the obvious effect of indoctrination, supervision, and organization in the CCP camp, while the existence of the other half not only reflects the difficulty of promoting human progress, but also highlights the silent people who are usually ignored in the writing of history, intentionally or unintentionally.
Even if the revolution comes, the change will not happen overnight, it will be a long process, and it will not be a simple linear process, which is closer to the normal state of history.
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