Abstract:After years of development, China's zinc-manganese battery manufacturing has formed a complete industrial chain, with advanced production equipment and production technology, and a high level of enterprise management. As of 2023, China's zinc-manganese battery import volume will be 639 million, down 16.44% year-on-year, the import value will be 65 million yuan, down 13.12% year-on-year, the export volume will be 27.047 billion pieces, down 0.83% year-on-year, and the export value will be 1.764 billion US dollars, down 6.22% year-on-year.
1. Definitions and Classification
Zinc-manganese battery, also known as dry battery, is a primary battery with manganese dioxide as the positive electrode and zinc as the negative electrode, and the redox reaction is carried out to generate an electric current. Zinc-manganese battery is the most common battery in daily life, and the common zinc-manganese battery models are No. 7 battery (alkaline LR03, carbon R03), No. 5 battery (alkaline LR6, carbon R6), which belongs to international standardized products, and has general standards at home and abroad for size, single shape, etc. Zinc-manganese battery technology is mature, stable performance, safe and reliable, easy to use, and has a wide range of applications. According to the different electrolytes and processes, zinc-manganese batteries are mainly divided into carbon-based zinc-manganese batteries and alkaline zinc-manganese batteries.
Second, industry policies
In recent years, the state has introduced a large number of encouraging policies related to the upgrading of the battery industry, actively promoted the development of high-quality enterprises in the zinc-manganese battery industry, accelerated the upgrading of process technology and production equipment of the whole industry, and provided greater policy guarantee and support for the future development of the zinc-manganese battery industry. The state encourages the transformation and upgrading of traditional industries, and supports the development of the battery industry in the direction of green, safe, high-performance, long-life and intelligent. The introduction of relevant laws, regulations and policies has created a standardized and orderly market environment for the development of the zinc-manganese battery industry, and maintained the normal operation and development of enterprises in the zinc-manganese battery industry.
3. Industry barriers
1. Technical barriers
Zinc-manganese battery belongs to the international standardization of products, size, single shape and so on have domestic and foreign general standards, specific specifications and shapes IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) standards and the National Standardization Administration have clear provisions, at the same time, ISO (International Organization for Standardization) for the construction of battery production quality management system also put forward clear requirements. On the premise of meeting universally applicable standards, battery manufacturers also need to continuously improve the discharge performance, safety, environmental protection, consistency, reliability and appearance design of battery products to meet the special needs of customers. The zinc-manganese battery industry has high requirements for the R&D and design capabilities, process development capabilities, equipment processing capabilities, and manufacturing capabilities of industry enterprises, forming technical barriers.
2. Qualification barriers
The discharge performance, service life and safety of zinc-manganese battery products are important criteria for high-end customers such as internationally renowned commercial chain enterprises, internationally renowned electronic equipment manufacturers and large traders to choose suppliers. High-end customers usually carry out strict qualification review of suppliers to ensure that the company's production equipment, process flow, management capabilities, product quality, supply capacity, etc. can meet the certification requirements, and then establish a long-term and stable supply relationship with them. The above process generally requires a long period of inspection, testing, and evaluation of suppliers to give qualification certification, and the entire certification process generally takes one to three years, which requires a lot of manpower and time costs. Therefore, once these high-end customers have selected qualified partners, the two sides will establish a long-term and stable cooperative relationship, and will not easily change suppliers. In addition, zinc-manganese battery products exported to different countries also require product safety certification from many countries and regions such as EU REACH, United Nations UN, South Korea KC, and Canada mercury-free.
3. Financial barriers
The zinc-manganese battery industry is a capital- and technology-intensive industry, with a high degree of automated production, obvious scale effect, high requirements for production equipment, and customers usually purchase in bulk, and enterprises with insufficient production capacity will face the pressure of difficulty in completing orders, so new entrants need to invest a lot of money in the purchase of machinery and equipment to achieve a production scale that meets the needs of the market and reduce product costs. In addition, the price of raw materials such as electrolytic manganese dioxide and zinc alloy required for the production of zinc-manganese batteries is high, and the storage of raw materials by enterprises will occupy part of the working capital, which also puts forward higher requirements for the financial strength of enterprises, so it forms certain financial barriers for new enterprises in the zinc-manganese battery industry.
4. Customer resource barriers
Customer resources are the key factors for battery companies to gain a dominant position in the market competition, enterprises not only need to actively expand domestic and international marketing channels, but also establish a solid battery marketing network; It is also necessary to have fast and high-quality response delivery capabilities and after-sales service capabilities to continuously increase customer stickiness. The customers of zinc-manganese batteries in mainland China are mainly commercial chain enterprises, electronic equipment manufacturers and large traders, etc., and generally well-known customers will not easily change suppliers in order to ensure product quality and stable supply. With the deepening of cooperation, the brand value of the enterprise has also been established, more and more customers participate in the cooperation, and the level of customers is getting higher and higher. Therefore, manufacturers that have established stable cooperative relations with major international customers have a first-mover advantage, and it will be difficult for new entrants in the zinc-manganese battery industry to compete for their market share.
Fourth, the industrial chain
1. Analysis of the industry chain
The upstream of the zinc-manganese battery industry is mainly produced by electrolytic manganese dioxide, zinc powder, separator paper, steel shell, carbon rod, zinc cylinder and so on. Electrolytic manganese dioxide, zinc powder, steel shell, carbon rod, zinc cylinder and other basic materials are abundant in the world, and the above-mentioned raw materials have basically been localized, and the supply is relatively sufficient. For the above-mentioned basic materials, the demand of the zinc-manganese battery industry accounts for a small proportion of its overall demand, and the change in demand of the industry generally does not lead to changes in the price of upstream products.
The downstream industries of zinc-manganese batteries mainly include electric toys, household appliances, smart wearable devices, medical and health electronic instruments, smart homes, electronic cigarettes, outdoor electronic equipment and other electronic equipment manufacturing industries. The demand of the downstream electronic product industry directly affects the demand and production of zinc-manganese batteries, China has a huge consumer market, the electronics manufacturing industry is very developed, with the development and emergence of new technologies, the demand for upstream battery products in the electronics industry will continue to increase. The downstream industry puts forward higher requirements for the quality and performance of zinc-manganese batteries, which will promote the continuous improvement of the performance and safety performance of zinc-manganese battery products, and develop in the direction of informatization, intelligence and green production.
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