Editor's note
Fujian and Ningbo cooperation, deep love between mountains and seas. Under the leadership of the Provincial Party Committee, the Provincial Government, the Municipal Party Committee and the Municipal Government, the two places have carried out in-depth cooperation based on the principles of "complementary advantages, win-win cooperation, government guidance, market leadership, overall planning and key promotion", drawing a beautiful picture of rural revitalization and regional coordinated development.
Those who are like-minded do not take mountains and seas as far. The WeChat public account of "Home in Gulou" launched a series of articles on "Fujian-Ning Cooperation, Mountains and Seas", showing the real situation of Fujian-Ning cooperation in Gulou District in an all-round and multi-angle manner, so stay tuned.
The fourth part is launched today
Gulou Jun takes everyone to understand
Guyuan traditional folk building construction skills
Guyuan traditional folk building construction skills
It is made of traditional earth, wood, brick, tile and grass
for the main material and the traditional craftsman practices of the North
Folk construction techniques
It is to study the Liupan Mountain area
An important part of folk architectural culture
Guyuan is located on the Loess Plateau
Take advantage of the abundant loess
Formed a unique Guyuan
Raw earth and civil engineering construction mode
The traditional folk buildings of Guyuan are mainly in the form of a three-courtyard courtyard, and the main house is a double-slope roof frame house, sitting in the north and facing south. The partial house is a single-slope roof house, located on the east and west sides. Under the building wall, build three to five layers of alkali bricks, the above is the Hu Tao wall, add coarse wheat grass and grass mud masonry in the loess, add fine wheat grass, wheat barley plastering surface, conducive to heat preservation and cold protection. The front brick wharf, the back brick eaves, the roof is paved with green tiles, and the roof ridge is not set up with a kissing beast, making a brick ridge or a brick and tile combination ridge.
The courtyard wall is a rammed earth wall, making a brick gatehouse or a "wearing boots and hats" gate, and the appearance of the building presents the characteristics of simplicity and simplicity.
Guyuan traditional folk building construction skills absorb and integrate the Central Plains culture and Guanlong culture to form a unique Liupan Mountain area architectural characteristics, which are closely connected with the local environment, climate, folk customs, etc., among which the harmonious combination of loess walls, green tiles, hard miscellaneous trees and wheat grass has practical values such as humidity regulation, material saving, ventilation, fire prevention, sound insulation, and durable living, and has the characteristics of warm in winter and cool in summer, energy saving and land saving, and convenient construction and operation.
These techniques constitute a unique Guyuan traditional folk architectural style, which enriches the types of folk architecture in mainland China and has high architectural academic research value.
Walk into the foot of Dongyue Mountain in Guyuan City
Ohara ancient architectural skills inheritance and protection base
Flying eaves and corners, carved beams and painted buildings, verandah wings......
A wide variety of antique architectural models
The structure is exquisite, and it is exquisite
Amazing
These miniature buildings are built according to a certain proportion
It is imitated from the famous ancient buildings in China
Traditional Chinese architecture is the heritage of human wisdom, buckets, arches, ang, rise, warp and other components, all of which are tightly combined with mortise and tenon structure, with smooth edges and corners, beautiful atmosphere. Logging in the mountains, starting the ground, beating the wall, solving the material processing, large wood production, component processing, standing wood beams, in line with the laws of nature.
"From folk architecture to official architecture, there are more than 1,200 exhibits in 12 categories. From tools to models to components, to process flow, it basically covers all the content of our traditional buildings. In order to allow visitors to truly experience the beauty of the ancient building, some models are displayed in sections, so that visitors can clearly see the frame structure. Ma Zhenren, head of the inheritance and protection base of ancient architectural skills in Guyuan City, introduced.
Ma Zhenren made the miniature building of the Red Army Long March Memorial Park in Jiangtaibao. Source: Ningxia Daily client
Start as a carpenter making furniture
Today, it has become a national intangible cultural heritage
Representative Projects——
Representative inheritor of Guyuan's traditional building construction skills
Ma Zhenren has been working hard for decades
Replica traditional buildings and collect traditional buildings
Find ways to retain the roots and soul of traditional architecture
Local folk architecture that is on the verge of extinction
Passed down and preserved
"Every time I see an ancient building, I am fascinated, I don't know how to look at the age and structure of the building before, I only think it is majestic and beautiful, and it takes a few hours to look at it." Talking about the origin of engaging in ancient architectural skills, Ma Zhenren said frankly that he liked it. In the 80s of the 20th century, Ma Zhenren, who has loved traditional folk architecture since he was a child, decided to systematically learn traditional building techniques. "Follow Master Ma Changrong in the village to learn rural house construction and production utensils, learn the joinery production process with Master Yang Puxuan, and learn the ancient building production process with Master Cui Ren."
As long as he has time, Ma Zhenren lingers in ancient architectural books, gazes under the Big Wild Goose Pagoda in Xi'an, wanders around the Forbidden City in Beijing, and greedily absorbs the nourishment of traditional architecture. Through years of hard work, Ma Zhenren has gathered the strengths of each family, fully mastered the skills of woodwork, soil work, brick and tile work, and accumulated rich technical and technological experience from design to construction. Summarize and sort out the modulus production and size of the bucket arch, and compile it into a formula to teach, which solves the problem that the craftsmen make the bucket arch without rules and no rules to follow.
Ma Zhenren through the analysis of all kinds of soil quality, adjust the proportion of water, soil and grass, upgrade and improve the materials, greatly improve the alkalinity, impermeability and durability of the biological building, but also on the cave structure arching, erection and detailed technology research, formed a set of construction theory and construction plan, for the northern mainland of the earth building to retain precious technical data.
Ma Chun-yan shows a model of a traditional building. Source: Ningxia Daily client
For the traditional architecture of the hometown
Ma Zhenren also poured a lot of effort into it
The old yards, the old houses,
Old caves and other folk buildings
All by him through words, drawings, pictures
Videos and images have been copied and restored
A complete and systematic archive has been established
"For the damaged ancient buildings, we have collected and sorted out relevant materials through visits to the people, and restored them through models." In recent years, Ma Zhenren has led his team to restore the folk customs project of Peony Villa in Guyuan Hechuan Township, the cultural relics repair project of Mayuepo Village in Wuzhong City, the cultural relics repair project of Guyuan City God's Temple and the rescue and reinforcement project of Wenlan Pavilion, etc., to restore the beauty of traditional architecture through his own hands.
In order to better protect and inherit the traditional architecture of Guyuan, in 2014, Ma Zhenren established Ningxia Dayuan Ancient Architectural Culture and Art Co., Ltd., and introduced traditional architectural skills into the classroom through school-enterprise cooperation with Guyuan Vocational and Technical College for Nationalities. In 2015, Ma Zhenren volunteered to train migrant workers and surplus laborers in traditional construction skills in 10 villages in 5 townships and 10 villages, including Damazhuang Village, Kaicheng Town, Jinbao Village, Sanying Town, Yangwa Village, Guanting Town, and Pingle Village, Touying Town, Yuanzhou District, and led the surrounding villagers to engage in this traditional skill. "'Square five oblique seven', 'Wednesday path one', 'Chong three warped four half rafters', in terms of wood production, the ancestors' mantras and some smooth slips are easy to remember and easy to use." As the third-generation inheritor of Guyuan's traditional architectural construction skills, Ma Zhenren explores the ingenuity of his predecessors while taking on the responsibility of inheritance, and now, his apprentices Hu Weirong, Zhang Shuangcheng and Hu Fei can also take charge of themselves. Among Ma Zhenren's apprentices, more than 30 intangible cultural heritage inheritors at all levels have been identified, and more than 100 kinds of cultural and tourism products derived from traditional buildings such as "Ancient Architecture Series" and "Nostalgia Series" have been developed, leading traditional architectural crafts into a new era of cultural and tourism integration.
Miniature building "Quadrangle". Source: Ningxia Daily client
Ma Zhenren introduced that the traditional building construction skills of Guyuan can be traced back to the Guangxu period of the Qing Dynasty, which has been passed down from generation to generation in the way of teaching by words and deeds of masters and apprentices, and has gone through five generations and has a history of more than 120 years. Through a series of public welfare activities such as "Intangible Cultural Heritage into Schools", "Intangible Cultural Heritage into Labor Training Institutions", "Intangible Cultural Heritage into the Community", "Intangible Cultural Heritage into Scenic Spots" and "Intangible Cultural Heritage into Business Circles", the traditional building construction skills of Guyuan can be better inherited and carried forward.
"Traditional architecture is an important part of our traditional culture, and it is the duty of our generation to carry it forward." Hu Weirong, the fourth-generation inheritor of the Dayuan Ancient Architecture Project, said that she and her master Ma Zhenren share the same wish, which is to pass on intangible cultural heritage skills to more people, so that this traditional folk architectural culture can shine on the land of China.
May 2021
"Guyuan traditional building construction technique" becomes
Representative items of national intangible cultural heritage
In February this year, Ma Zhenren was arrested by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism
Identified as the sixth batch
Representative inheritor of national intangible cultural heritage
In the inheritance and protection base of ancient architectural skills, tourists visit and learn. Source: Ningxia Daily client
Through research activities, we will inherit and carry forward traditional building construction skills. Source: Ningxia Daily client