Haiyue placket
Restoration of the Kaiyue placket
The sea-to-mountain placket in Changchun Garden is another fairyland landscape. The so-called "Haiyue" means "fairy mountain on the sea", Emperor Qianlong once wrote "Haiyue Open Song" to describe its scenery, the poem compares this island to the ancestral continent in the ten continents on the sea, and compares it to the Yuanqiao and the square pot in the five immortal mountains.
This scene was built in the Qianlong period, located in the middle of the lake in the north of Changchun Garden, the island is a regular circle, with a diameter of about 90m, and the plane shape symbolizes the full moon. In the middle of the island, there is a three-storey pavilion with a wide room, three rooms and a corridor around it, each side has a heavy eaves hugging the building, there are plaques on the upper floor "Qingyaoyu" and "taking six dragons", the Qianlong Emperor said in the poem that "the pavilion of the open sea-yue is heavy, suddenly such as gushing out of the east of Cangming", the east and west are respectively set up with a heavy eaves through the hall with a hall, surrounded by a circular verandah, and each of the four sides of the periphery builds a heavy eaves square pavilion and the glazed archway.
Haiyue placket Zhang Baocheng / painting
This scene escaped the burning and plundering of the British and French forces in Xianfeng ten years (1860), and has been well preserved, the Empress Dowager Cixi and the Guangxu Emperor had come here to visit during the Guangxu period, and it was not demolished until the Gengzi Rebellion in 1900.
Fenglin Island
Feng Linzhou Zhang Baocheng / Painting
Fenglinzhou in Qichun Garden is also a scenic spot of the sea fairy mountain. This scene is composed of two islands in the east and west of the East Lake, roughly built in the Jiaqing period, Emperor Jiaqing's "Qichun Garden Record" cloud: "The north of the garden is a hundred acres of Pinghu, the blue waves are empty, the West Mountain is far away, and it is close to the Taiye. Zhou Yu is covered, flowers and trees are looped, the temple is five, high and deep and Mingda, and the frieze is said: 'Fenglin Island'. His poem "Fenglinzhou" said that this place is "the best place to escape the summer in the South Garden", and also said that "I wish Anlan faces the four seas, and does not seek to refine medicine to visit the three mountains." ”
The name of the island "Fenglinzhou" is one of the legendary "ten continents", "The Story of Ten Continents in the Sea" contains: "Fenglinzhou is in the middle of the West Sea, the place is 1,500 miles, there is weak water around the continent on all sides, the feathers do not float, can not be crossed. There are tens of thousands of phoenixes on the continent, each in a group; There are hundreds of mountains, rivers, ponds and magic medicines, and there are many immortal houses", this scene of Qichun Garden conforms to the characteristics of the book called "there is weak water around it" in the book, but there can be no "phoenix" and "magic medicine" on the island, and there is no special landscape architecture. The two islands are side by side in the east and west, large in the west and small in the east, and connected by curved bridges. There are two volumes of seven rooms in the main hall in the north of the west island, and five rooms in front of the building; The south is the open hall embroidered Qixuan, surrounded by verandahs. The east island is where the value room is located, and the courtyard layout is simple.
Fang Hu Shengjing Zhang Baocheng / Painting
The above scenery is the main scenic spot in the Old Summer Palace that expresses the realm of immortals. In addition, because the legendary three mountains on the sea are all pot-shaped, there is another name for "pot", and there are many stories such as "heaven and earth in the pot" in ancient mythology, which embodies the philosophical meaning of "seeing the big in the small", which is in line with the principle of classical Chinese landscaping. Therefore, there are some local landscapes called "pots" in the Old Summer Palace that also imply the metaphor of fairyland, such as the Wuling Spring has plaques such as the sky in the pot, the sun and the moon in the pot, and the fairy in the pot, and the mirror in the pot in the Changchun Garden, and so on.
Another example is the Changchun Immortal Pavilion in the Forty Scenes, the depths of the Cave Heaven, the Cave Heaven and the small Heavenly Garden in the Changchun Garden that imitates Hangzhou Wang's Garden, and its name also has the meaning of the Cave Heaven Immortal Mansion. In many landscapes that reflect the feelings of seclusion, some names with certain mythological colors are often borrowed, such as clouds and cranes, which also emphasize the meaning of transcendence.
The east side of the Hanqiu Pavilion of Qichun Garden once had a dew god platform, built on the mountain stone, the bottom of the square brick platform, the stone carving Sumeru seat was set up, the top of the copper cast immortal, the hand held the copper plate, to undertake the nectar from the sky. This is the palace relics of the Han Wu Emperor period, and there is a similar setting in the Xiyuan Beihai, which is also related to the realm of immortals.
Restoration map of the square pot victory
"Collecting the Relics" describes the boat taken by the immortals, there are names such as the moon chacha, the hanging star cha, the boat of the waves, etc., and the name of the imperial boat in the Old Summer Palace often has a similar mythological color, such as Pengdao swimming dragon, Zixia boat, such as sitting in the sky, flying dragon boat, etc., the ice bed is called "jade pot sky", in this dynasty Qing Emperor probably also has the meaning of comparing himself with the immortals.
The fairyland in ancient mythology are all mountains, in general, its main characteristics are four, one is often surrounded by water, the second is to build more lofty buildings and complete the universe, the third is to have a variety of magic medicines, and the fourth is to have many dragons, phoenixes, unicorns and other auspicious birds and beasts. It is through the reproduction of these characteristics that the "fairyland" in the Old Summer Palace creates a beautiful scene and a far-reaching artistic conception. In addition to the above commonalities, the scenes of the Old Summer Palace reflecting the realm of immortals have their own emphasis. For example, Pengdao Yaotai, Fenglinzhou, and Haiyue are all islands, but the number is three, two, and one respectively, and the shape and scale are different; Fanghu Shengjing is a pavilion complex, focusing on showing the beauty of the Tiangong Pavilion; Wanfang Anhe is a "swastika" shaped house, mainly through the inner fairy tower, outside the beautiful scenery to produce the association of "Shenzhou three islands".
Restoration map of the square pot victory
These islands on the water are not only suitable for boarding, but also suitable for viewing from the other shore or overlooking from the lake, the west bank of the Fuhai Sea is specially set up to look at Yingzhou, and the east shore of the Haiyue placket also has a half-platform, which are special viewing points specially used to enjoy the "floating islands on the sea".
Finally, we can see that the shaping of the fairyland in the Three Gardens of the Old Ming Dynasty is in line with the imperial psychology and palace construction since the Qin and Han dynasties. As an eternal landscaping theme in the royal gardens of the past dynasties, the "fairy realm" has been further expressed and carried forward in the three gardens of the Yuan Ming Dynasty.
[Article Source]
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Akira Tsuyoshi
[edit]
Fu Huaidong