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Text: Carry the lantern forward
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(Source: All content stated in this article is based on reliable sources, and is repeated at the end of the article)
Yue Fei once said such a sentence in "Man Jianghong": "Jing Kang is ashamed, and it is still snowing." Although Yue Fei was a famous general in the Southern Song Dynasty, it can be seen from this sentence how shameful Jingkang's change was in the Northern Song Dynasty.
I can't help but wonder, why was the Northern Song Dynasty destroyed by the Jin Dynasty, and what happened in the process?
The cause of the matter
Relations between the Northern Song Dynasty and the Great Liao have always been tense, and because of the sixteen states of Yanyun, the two countries often went to war.
However, the monarchs of the Song Dynasty knew very well that the strength of the Great Liao was not weak, on the other hand, the Northern Song Dynasty fought for many years.
Not only did the domestic finances be empty, but the military losses also increased greatly, and because of this, there was the later "Battle of the Yuanyuan".
The reason why this war was caused was that the Northern Song Dynasty changed from offensive to defensive, which once made the Great Liao think that the Northern Song Dynasty was weak, so he led his troops to attack.
However, what people didn't expect was that the winner of this war was the Northern Song Dynasty, which was only due to the fact that Daliao was in danger and the people were tired.
On the other hand, the Northern Song Dynasty seized this opportunity and made the passive situation at that time instantly reversed through Song Zhenzong's personal expedition.
And Da Liao is not a stupid person, he understands the situation very well, so he will ask for peace and sign a contract.
In this way, the Great Liao was reconciled with the Northern Song Dynasty, and in the process of reconciliation between the two countries, the Jurchen people in the northeast began to rise, and under the leadership of Wanyan Aguta, the Jurchen people began to establish a state in 1115 and established the Jin State.
Although the Jin State has been established, it is still under the jurisdiction of the Great Liao and has not been completely out of control.
However, at that time, the Great Liao, because of the internal rebellion, began to lag behind economically, and at the same time, the Liao people and horses were planted after the surrender of the Song Dynasty.
The Northern Song Dynasty learned of the actions of the Jin State and the internal situation of the Great Liao, and in 1117, the Northern Song Dynasty learned that the Jin State had captured a large area of land, and an idea arose in their hearts.
Because the sixteen states of Yanyun have not been recovered after the reconciliation of the Great Liao, the Northern Song Dynasty wanted to take this opportunity to unite with the Jin State to recover it in one fell swoop.
Generally speaking, the Northern Song Dynasty and the Jin Kingdom had the same idea and purpose, and what the Northern Song Dynasty wanted was the Sixteen Prefectures of Yanyun, after all, this was not just the dream of many monarchs.
It is also a kind of military reinforcement, you must understand that if the sixteen states of Yanyun return to the hands of the Northern Song Dynasty, it means that they can rely on it to resist the invasion of ethnic minorities.
On the other hand, the Jin State not only wanted to break away from the control of the Great Liao, but also wanted to eliminate the Great Liao and become a country side by side with the Northern Song Dynasty.
Because the two sides have reached an agreement, a contract is indispensable, after all, this is a certificate about safeguarding interests, so there will be a "maritime alliance".
However, it was this peace treaty that gradually changed between the Northern Song Dynasty, Liao and Jin, and the Great Liao began to fall.
The Northern Song Dynasty and the Jin Kingdom rose up with each other, but compared with the Northern Song Dynasty, it was the Jin State that benefited more.
Why do you say this? It is important to understand that although the Jin State has just been established, it has no foundation, and there is no internal rebellion and national hostility.
On the contrary, the Northern Song Dynasty had so many drawbacks, although the Song-Jin Treaty clearly pointed out the seizure of the sixteen states of Yanyun.
However, the Northern Song Dynasty ignored the issue of internal rebellion, which caused a noticeable economic impact.
For example, the war between the Northern Song Dynasty and the Western Xia, as well as the rebellion of the rebel army in the Northern Song Dynasty.
Something happens
The Western Xia was originally a subsidiary party of the Northern Song Dynasty, but because of the war between Song and Liao at that time, it was a good ally for the Western Xia.
This led to the establishment of a state in 1038, but after the rapprochement between the Great Liao and the Northern Song Dynasty, the Northern Song Dynasty began to shift its attention to the Western Xia.
After all, the Western Xia had developed very well at that time, and from 1104, the Northern Song Dynasty began to attack the Western Xia for more than ten consecutive years.
In 1120, because of the uprising of Fang La and others, the original national strength of the Northern Song Dynasty was once again impacted.
At the same time, the Jin State was already preparing a plan to attack the Great Liao with the Northern Song Dynasty, but because the Northern Song Dynasty used all the main forces to suppress the rebellion, the Jin State invisibly made the Northern Song Dynasty feel treacherous.
However, the Jin State did not care much, but captured the Dading Mansion in Liaozhong according to the plan, and finally in 1122, this place was occupied, and then helped the Northern Song Dynasty capture Yanjing.
It can be said that in the whole war, although the Northern Song Dynasty contributed, it was the Jin State that helped.
Therefore, this also led to the later contradictions between the Jin State and the Northern Song Dynasty to lay the foundation.
Later, the war ended, and the two sides reached an agreement, and the Jin State gave the twenty-four counties of Yanjing to the Northern Song Dynasty.
Although the Northern Song Dynasty wanted the sixteen states of Yanyun, the other party had already made concessions and could only accept it.
However, when it took over the city, it was an empty city, but even so, the Northern Song Dynasty was satisfied.
Later, the Northern Song Dynasty asked the Jin State for the land in the clouds, but Pingzhou and other three places did not give it to the Northern Song Dynasty, because this was obviously a violation of the agreement.
The Jin State is very shrewd, even if it is recovered by the Northern Song Dynasty, but it is not on the treaty, it will not be given.
In 1125, after the Great Liao was wiped out by the Jin Dynasty, he turned his head and turned his eyes to the Northern Song Dynasty and began to lead his troops to attack.
Of course, the Jin Dynasty was not stupid, and it also needed a reason to go to war, as early as 1123, because Zhang Jue was a native of the Jin Dynasty, but surrendered to the Northern Song Dynasty.
This made the Jin Dynasty suddenly feel dissatisfied, but the Northern Song Dynasty wanted to reconcile with the Jin Dynasty, so Zhang Jue was disposed of, originally thought that it could calm the anger, but never thought that it would become a fuse.
After Yan Sheng ascended the throne, he began to use Zhang Jue as an excuse to lead the army to attack the Northern Song Dynasty. In the same year, the Jin army divided its troops and attacked Taiyuan and Yanshan respectively.
After the capture of Yanshan, the Jin army formed a siege in Taiyuan. When the Jin army attacked Zhongshan Mansion, Song Huizong was scared and wanted to move south.
It must be understood that moving south is a major move, and if it is not done well, the country will be destroyed, so the ministers of the DPRK and China tried their best to discourage it.
In 1125, Song Huizong had no choice but to give the throne to Zhao Huan, that is, Song Qinzong, while the Jin army was still approaching, and had even crossed the Yellow River.
For a while, the court and the central government suddenly panicked, especially for Emperor Song Huizong, who had an idea in his heart and wanted to escape to the south.
In the process, there were also Cai Jing and Tong Guan and others, and in the face of the defection of these people, the ministers of the DPRK and China were dissatisfied, and they wrote letters to request that these people be arrested and dealt with.
When Song Qinzong saw this, he had no choice but to order to arrest him, and in this way, Cai Jing and the others were disposed of successively after being caught. In 1126, the Jin army had already reached Bianjing, and when they saw that they could not attack it for a long time, they proposed peace, but Song Qinzong felt that it was deceitful, so he did not allow peace.
However, it is not a way to go on like this, so King Kang Zhao Gou took the initiative to send an envoy to Jinying, and although Song Qinzong was reluctant, he still agreed.
In this way, Zhao Gou was captured when he arrived in Jinying, and he wanted the Northern Song Dynasty to cut the three towns before negotiating peace.
However, the Northern Song Dynasty did not rush to agree, and then Zhao Gou was replaced and returned to the Northern Song Dynasty, and at the same time, the Jin army saw that Jiugong could not be opened, so he began to withdraw his troops.
End Result
At this time, the whole court could breathe a sigh of relief, but Lu Haowen and the others felt that the Jin people would not give up and would definitely attack again, and wanted Song Qinzong to prepare.
But Song Qinzong felt that this was nonsense, so he did not listen to the opinions of these people.
In 1126, Song Qinzong abolished the agreement of dividing the three towns and began to transfer to the town guard. In the first war, the Jin army stopped in Taiyuan after retreating, and for this reason, the imperial court sent Yao Gu to rescue Taiyuan.
Although the imperial court tried its best to solve the Taiyuan problem, it still failed in the end, which also allowed the Jin army to find a reason to send troops.
Because the Northern Song Dynasty insisted on holding the three towns, this violated the agreement of the Jin army, so that the Jin army used this as an excuse to start sending Zong Han and Zong Wang to attack the Northern Song Dynasty.
This led to the fall of not only Taiyuan, but even the enemy army besieged Kyoto, and in 1127, after the Jin army led the army to besiege the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty, they proposed peace.
What people didn't expect was that Jin Jun asked Song Huizong to go by name, but Song Qinzong did not agree, but did it himself.
However, what Song Qinzong didn't expect was that the negotiation of peace was just a pretense, and detention was the fact, so after Song Qinzong was captured, he returned Song Huizong to the Song camp.
After that, the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty was sacked, and then began to go north, and in the same year, Zhao Gou established the Southern Song Dynasty in Yingtianfu in Nanjing.
Then there was a situation in which Yue Fei and other generals began to regain lost ground and take the initiative to attack.
Author's point of view
The shame of Jingkang was not only the shame of the Northern Song Dynasty, but also marked the beginning of the establishment of the Southern Song Dynasty.
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Reference: You Biao, The Change of Jingkang: The Decline and Fall of the Northern Song Dynasty, 2007
Wu Tao, The Jingkang Revolution and the Southward Migration of Kaifeng Population, 1999
Jiao Qun, The Change of Jingkang and the New Change of Lu Benzhong's Poetry, 2012