Editor's note: Not every period of time that has passed is enough to make a glorious history. Looking back at the night sky of history, those sages and wise men who were self-denying and prudent, and who lived in benevolence and righteousness once bowed down to push the great wheel of the times; to this day, their spiritual thoughts are still as bright as ever, exuding the brilliance of civilization evolution like stars.
"Zhuzi Hundred and a Half Shandong". There have been many historical and cultural celebrities with outstanding achievements in the land of Qilu, whose theories and actions have enriched the genealogy of China's excellent traditional culture, and also created the unique background color and temperament of the water and soil. From today onwards, this newspaper will launch a series of cultural observation columns called "Sons of Qilu" to explore the cultural heritage they have created with great efforts and share an everlasting spiritual enlightenment.
More than 2,500 years ago, in the Spring and Autumn Period, the land of Qilu gave birth to the two saints of civil and military, namely Confucius and the grandson of Wusheng. The Art of War is the world's earliest military work and is known as the holy book of military science. Sun Tzu profoundly interpreted the basic laws of war from the perspective of a soldier, and was honored as the "Saint of Soldiers" and the reputation of "the teacher of a hundred generations of soldiers" and "the originator of Oriental military science".
The heir of the illustrious "king".If it weren't for the discovery of a mysterious tomb more than 50 years ago, one might think that Sun Tzu and Sun Bin are the same person. In 1972, the Han Tomb of Yinque Mountain in Linyi was unearthed, which was known as an archaeological miracle because the "Art of War" and the "Art of War" that had been lost for nearly 2,000 years were unearthed at the same time. Its discovery ended a millennial debate about Sun Tzu and his book, and solved the historical puzzle for a while.
"Sun Wu's ancestors were not natives of Qi, but descendants of the nobles of Chen. The ancestor of the grandson is Chen Wan, the son of Li Gong, the monarch of Chen during the Spring and Autumn Period. In 672 BC, there was a civil strife in the state of Chen, and Chen Wan and his family fled to the state of Qi to avoid disaster. For safety reasons, after Chen Wan's family arrived in Qi State, they changed to the surname 'Tian', which has a similar pronunciation to 'Chen'. Gong Qi Huan heard that Tian Wan was virtuous and planned to hire him as a guest secretary, but Tian Wan refused to accept his status as an 'outsider', and only became a grassroots official who managed the affairs of hundreds of workers - Gongzheng. Yi Zhong, the doctor of Qi State, decided to marry his daughter to Tian Wan and asked someone to divination, and the result was 'Phoenix Yu Fei, and Ming Qiang Qiang, after having a concubine, will be raised in Jiang. Fifth Qichang, Yu Zhengqing. After the eighth generation, Mo Zhi and Jing', which means that Tian Wan will multiply and prosper in the Qi country, and after five generations, he will be developed, comparable to Zhengqing; after eight generations, no one can compare with the high status. The Tian clan took root in the Qi State, and Tian Wan was the seventh ancestor of Sun Wu. Liang Juanjuan, vice president of the Sun Tzu Research Institute of Shandong Aeronautical University and executive director of the Shandong Sun Tzu Research Association, told reporters about Sun Wu's prominent family history. Sun Wu is a native of Le'an, Qi State, and for the exploration of the "hometown of the soldier saint", the historical circles have produced views such as Guangrao theory, Huimin theory, Le'an theory, and Linzi theory.
Statue of Sun Wu. Photo by reporter Li Haitao
How did Sun Wu's branch change from the surname Tian to the Sun family?
According to reports, because they were born in an aristocratic family, well-educated, and there was no shortage of people in the family Chinese Taowu Dynasty, the Tian family actively served the Qi State, and by the time Tian Wan's fourth grandson Tian Wuyu (Huanzi) arrived, he had become a supreme doctor, and made great contributions in the war of Qi to destroy the Lai Kingdom, and his power became more and more powerful, becoming a famous family of the Qi State. In the fifth generation, Tian Shu (Sun Wu's grandfather) once served as a doctor of Qi State, and because of his meritorious service, Qi Jinggong gave Tian Shu Le'an as a place to eat, and gave him the surname Sun. Since then, the Tian Shu branch has been changed to the Sun family, and Sun Wu's father Tian Ping has been changed to Sun Ping. Growing up in a military family, Sun Wu was influenced by military skills and strategic thinking at a young age. He devoted himself to the study of military science, and later began to write the masterpiece "The Art of War".
Liang Juanjuan said: "However, the good times did not last long, and Qi Jinggong was very precautionary about the development and growth of the Tian family in the Qi country, and had a premonition that the growth of the Tian family was not conducive to his rule. The struggle between the doctors has also reached a fever pitch, with the four clans of Tian, Bao, Luan, and Gao plotting to cause chaos. Sun Wu had to take the letter of war and was forced to choose to leave the Qi State and take refuge in the Wu State thousands of miles away. ”
Wu Gong taught the war to behead the two concubinesDuring the Spring and Autumn Period, the princes competed for hegemony and fought almost every day, and the elements of war became more and more complex and intense, and the rich practice of war built a theoretical foundation for military strategists.
Because of the long history, most of the wise people in the pre-Qin era were covered with a layer of mysterious legends. According to Liang Juanjuan, after Sun Wu arrived in Wu, the historical records recorded that "the world can not know about the seclusion and deep dwelling", and scholars speculate that he should have taken refuge in the Qionglong Mountain in the west of the capital of Wu, repaired the military book, absorbed the essence of "Zhou Yi" and "Lao Tzu" and other thoughts, and finally became the thirteen articles of "The Art of War". Outside the city of Gusu where Zhong Lingyuxiu is beautiful, in the face of the moonset and the black cry of Jiang Feng and the fishing fire, Sun Wu, who is alone, will inevitably cause the thoughts of detention and the worries of his family and country.
"The dragon is not a thing in the pool, and it is waiting for the sky. By chance, Wu Zixu, the minister of Wu State, met Sun Wu, who was the Wu Zixu in Peking Opera who "passed the Zhaoguan and was sad all night", his father Wu Hao, the doctor of Chu State, was killed by King Chu Ping because of his direct advice, and Wu Zixu fled to Wu State. Pingshui meets, cherishes each other. After talking, Wu Zixu was amazed by Sun Wu's military talents, and he was also in troubled times and went to the country to cherish his hometown, so Wu Zixu naturally felt "sympathy" for Sun Wu's situation.
"Love talent, Wu Zixu recommended to Wu Wang Lu, who was actively seeking hegemony. He Lu didn't care about this unknown northerner, and even suspected that Wu Zixu, a foreigner, had the heart of 'forming a party with friends to strengthen his wings' and formed a gang. Wu Zixu recommended six times before and after, but King Wu was still indifferent. Wu Zixu was not discouraged, and recommended Sun Wu to King Wu for the seventh time, saying, "Sun Wu is proficient in Tao strategy, has the opportunity of ghosts and gods, and the wonder of heaven and earth, and has written thirteen articles of "The Art of War". Liang Juanjuan said.
The fragment of "The Art of War" unearthed from the Han tomb of Yinque Mountain records this scene, and King Wu personally went to the "Sun Tzu's Pavilion" to see Sun Wu. Sun Wu took the thirteen chapters of the art of war to the pavilion near the palace of King Wu to rest. After reading Sun Wu's book of war, King Wu recognized his military talent, and the "Historical Records: The Biography of Sun Tzu Wu Qilie" recorded: "The art of war is seen in King Wu's Lu." He Lu said: 'I have seen all the thirteen articles of the son. King Wu and Sun Wu talked about the countermeasures for governing the country and leveling the world, and the "Wu Wen" unearthed from the Han Tomb in Yinque Mountain was a question and answer between the two. In one question and one answer, King Wu learned that Sun Wu was indeed a genius of the heavens and latitudes.
However, what is unexpected is that it was a group of palace maids who opened the road of General Sun Wu, and it was the two charming concubines of King Wu who sacrificed the flag in front of the battle.
In order to understand Sun Wu's ability to actually train the army, King Wu selected 180 palace maids from the harem and handed them over to Sun Wu for drills. On the training ground, Sun Wu designated the two favorite concubines of King Wu as captains, and asked them to make corresponding actions according to the sound of the order flag and the golden drum. However, the pampered palace maid uses training as a game, and the team is in disarray. After three orders and five repetitions, the palace maids were still giggling. Sun Wu was furious, and on the one hand he ordered to "take the axe", he asked the law enforcement officer, "What about military law?" and the law enforcement officer replied, "Beheading". King Wu in the stands was shocked and hurriedly sent an order to Sun Wu's subordinates to show mercy, but Sun Wu said: "The general is in the army, and the king's order is not affected." After killing the two captains, when rehearsing, the palace maids completely obeyed the command, which is the source of "the general is outside, and the king's order is not subject to it". In order to attack the hegemony of Chu, King Wu worshipped Sun Wu as a general.
"The execution does not avoid the king's favor, and a smile is formed with the knife", after thousands of years of rain and wind, the ruins of Suzhou Jiaochang Mountain and the tomb of the second concubine are still there, as if silently telling this period of the past.
The sword is out of the sheath, who fights with itSun Wu was not only a military theorist, but also a practitioner, and "The Art of War" has been constantly verified by the practice of war. Looking at the long scroll of history, through the wolf smoke that has long been dissipated, the author traces the footprints of those galloping in the golden iron horse, the sword and the shadow.
In 512 B.C., in order to consolidate his power and eliminate the remnants, King Lu of Wu decided to hunt down and kill the former princes who defected. The two sons defected to the enemy state of Chu, and the king of Chu wanted to use them to contain the state of Wu if he had obtained a treasure. So he settled them in Yangcheng (southeast of present-day Shenqiu County, Henan), returned the city to them, and gave them land as a fief.
After analyzing the situation on both sides, he proposed to He Lu the strategic policy of "unbridled and tired, conquering and raising the city". The Wu army was divided into three strong brigades and used the strategy of exhausting the enemy, first with the first army to feint to attack and destroy Yi, and after the feint could not be overcome, the Wu army turned around, crossed the Huaishui River in the south, drove more than 500 miles, and attacked Qian, Liuer, and when the reinforcements of the Chu army were about to arrive, the Wu army retreated and stood by to avoid a head-on conflict with the Chu army. When the Chu army saw that the Wu army had withdrawn, they stationed their troops in Nangang (Qianshan County, Anhui). At this time, Sun Wu mobilized his second army to march up the Huaishui River, marched hundreds of miles straight to Xianyi, a strategic place in the Chu State, and when the Chu army reinforcements were about to arrive in Xianyi, Sun Wu ordered the troops to retreat. The Wu army "inflicted on people but not on people", which made the Chu army exhausted and demoralized. When the Chu army confirmed that the Wu army had withdrawn and was about to withdraw, Sun Wucai ordered the third army of the Wu army to start the battle to conquer Yangcheng. The Wu army captured Yangcheng in one fell swoop and captured and killed the second son.
At this time, He Lu was hot-headed, and he wanted to conquer Chu Duying in one go. However, Sun Wu calmly analyzed that this victory did not eliminate the main force of the Chu army, which was inappropriate, and King Wu listened to the advice and ordered the class division.
The Yuzhang area was the frontal barrier of Wu and Chu, and if Wu wanted to penetrate into the hinterland of Chu, it was necessary to clear the Chu forces in the Yuzhang area and use it as a base for advancement.
In 508 BC, Sun Wu took advantage of the contradictions between small states such as Tong and Shu Jiu in the Yuzhang region and the Chu State to divide and disintegrate. First, he induced Chu's vassal Tong to rebel against Chu, and then instigated Chu's vassal Shu Jiu to persuade Chu to send troops to attack Tong. Chu State Ling Yin (the highest official in charge of military and political power) often did not know what the plan was, and in the autumn of the same year, he led the army to attack Tong and advanced to Yuzhang.
On the one hand, the Wu army made the appearance of succumbing to the might of the Chu army, concentrating a large number of warships on the southern river of Yuzhang, and posing to help the Chu state crusade against the Tong state, so as to confuse the Chu army; on the other hand, it secretly lurked the main force in the nest and waited for the fighters. Zi often thought that Wu's army was all on the river, so he relaxed his guard against land. The Wu army took the opportunity to suddenly launch an attack on the flank and rear of the Chu army, and the Chu army was defeated. After this battle, the state of Chu was occupied by Wu in the provinces east of Yuzhang and its vassals.
The victory in the battle of Yuzhang ignited the desire of King Wu to attack the capital of Chu State. But Sun Wu and Wu Zixu thought that the time was not yet ripe, and persuaded King Wu to be patient and wait, but King Wu had to give up. In this battle, Wu opened the east gate to Chu and finally completed the strategic layout of breaking Chu into Ying.
The battle of Baiju is famous all over the world"The state of Chu was self-reliant and often oppressed and extorted the neighboring states of Tang and Cai, and also detained their kings, causing strong resentment in both countries. In 507 BC, Cai Zhaohou, the monarch of Cai, and Tang Chenggong, the monarch of Tang, allied with Jin and Wu for revenge, causing the northern side of Chu to lose its barrier. At this time, Chu's internal affairs were decaying, and the time was ripe for a war between Wu and Chu, so Wu, Tang, and Cai 'conspired with the three kingdoms to attack Chu'. In the winter of 506 B.C., King Wu Lu personally conquered, with Sun Wu as the general and Wu Zixu as the deputy general, poured 30,000 troops from the land and water across the country to attack Chu, broke into the Chu realm from the weakly defended northeast of the Chu State, and launched a long-range offensive war, which opened the prelude to the Battle of Baiju in the first major war of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty (Fan Wenlan). The Three Kingdoms Alliance first followed Sun Wu's strategy of 'taking the detour as the straight' and 'attacking it to save it', ostensibly rescuing Cai, but in fact attacking the Chu capital Yingcheng. Liang Juanjuan recounted the classic example of the Spring and Autumn period commanded by Sun Wu.
The state of Chu ordered Yin Zi to see the attack of the Wu army, give up the siege of Cai, and return to the division to defend the mainland. The Wu army made peace with the Cai army and the Tang army, and continued to advance westward in the Huaishui River. After arriving at Huaiwei, Sun Wu suddenly decided to land in a boat, changing from west to south. Wu Zixu was puzzled: Wu Jun was good at water warfare, so why did he march on land to fight? Sun Tzu said that the soldiers were very fast, and they were slow to move against the Huai River, so they must attack in places where the enemy would not expect to achieve unexpected results. Sun Wu selected 3,500 elite soldiers as the vanguard, and quickly passed through the three dangerous passes of the Great Tunnel, Zhiyuan, and Shenqian in northern Chu (the junction of present-day Henan and Hubei provinces), went deep into the hinterland of Chu, and rushed straight to the Han River to threaten Yingdu.
King Zhao of Chu hurriedly sent generals such as Yin Zichang, Zuo Sima Shen Yinxu and other generals to rush to the west bank of the Han River to confront the Wu army. Zuo Sima Shen Yinxu was resourceful and suggested that Zichang lead the main force of the Chu army to fortify along the west bank of the Han River, while he himself led part of his troops to detour behind the Wu army, destroy its warships, cut off its way back, and then flank the front and back, destroying the Wu army in one fell swoop. However, Zichang was narrow-minded and thought that if Shen Yinxu's plan worked, he would definitely monopolize the credit, so he changed his plan without authorization and led the main force to cross the Han River to attack the Wu army.
Sun Wu adopted the strategy of "humble and arrogant, and worked hard", allowing the Chu army to cross the Han River without blood, and allowing the Wu army to retreat to exhaust the enemy and mistake the enemy. Zi often schemed, mistakenly thinking that the Wu army was cowardly, and waved his army to chase after him. The Wu army waited for work at ease, and faced the Chu army between the small and the big farewell, and won three battles and three victories. Zichang made a desperate bet and lined up in Baiju, preparing for a decisive battle with the Wu army. The vanguard of the Wu army thought that it should strike first, and led 5,000 men and horses to take the lead in the attack and went straight to the Chu camp. The Chu army collapsed at the first touch, the formation was in chaos, and the main force of the Wu army took the opportunity to enter the battle, and the Chu army collapsed on all fronts. Zichang fled to Zheng State, and the Wu army pursued the victory, catching up with the remnants of the Chu army at Qingfashui southwest of Baiju. The Wu army "attacked halfway", and the Chu army suffered heavy losses. Chu Zuo Sima Shen Yinxu hurriedly led the troops and horses of his headquarters to come to the rescue, and after a fierce battle, Shen Yinxu was killed. The Wu army won five battles and five victories, and approached Yingcheng, and King Chu Zhao fled with the country. The Wu army attacked Yingcheng in one fell swoop and won a complete victory in the Battle of Pochu.
Liang Juanjuan said that the Battle of Baiju was a famous battle in history in which the Wu army defeated the 200,000 main force of the Chu army with 30,000 divisions. The wonderful application of strategies and tactics such as "the treacherous way of soldiers", "going to the army to fight and strategizing", "waiting for work with leisure", "fighting the enemy because of food", and "attacking half-help" made Sun Wu famous in the first battle. Sun Wu assisted King Wu to "break the strong Chu in the west, Weiqi and Jin in the north, and serve the Yue people in the south", and made great contributions to the hegemony of Wu.
The rivers and Han are rushing, the wind and clouds are mighty, and the tiger is in the dragon! Sun Wu was crowned a god in the first battle, and established the prestige of the soldiers.
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