April 25 is the 38th National Childhood Immunization Day, with the theme of "Acting Together to Vaccinate for the Whole Life Cycle".
Vaccination is the safest and most effective measure to protect children from contracting diseases, vaccination is the "health umbrella" of every child, and all children should be vaccinated according to the national immunization schedule. What vaccines do children need to be vaccinated? Experts from Beijing Friendship Hospital will explain in detail.
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Learn about vaccines
Vaccines are artificial active immune preparations made by artificially attenuating, inactivating or using genetic engineering methods to prevent infectious diseases by artificially attenuating or inactivating pathogenic microorganisms and their metabolites. It removes the pathogenic properties, but retains the properties of stimulating the body's immune system to produce protective antibodies, and has a memory effect.
Vaccines can be divided into two categories:
The first category of vaccines is provided free of charge by the government to citizens, and citizens should be vaccinated in accordance with the government's regulations, including vaccines from the National Immunization Program (13 vaccines routinely administered to children to prevent 12 diseases). These include hepatitis B, tuberculosis, polio, measles, rubella, mumps, diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough, hepatitis A, Japanese encephalitis, and meningococcal meningitis), provincial increases in national immunization programme vaccines, emergency vaccinations, or mass vaccinations.
The second category of vaccines is other vaccines that citizens receive at their own expense and voluntarily, including varicella vaccine, 13-valent pneumococcal vaccine, Hib vaccine, rotavirus vaccine, hand, foot and mouth vaccine, etc.
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What vaccinations do children need?
The country formulates the immunization program in accordance with the evidence-based vaccine immunization strategy, which combines the characteristics of the infectious diseases prevented, the disease burden, and the characteristics of the vaccine itself, and only by vaccination according to the vaccine immunization schedule can the best immunization effect be obtained.
Vaccinations that your baby needs to get after birth
All newborns should be vaccinated against hepatitis B within 24 hours of birth.
All infants (except immunocompromised children) should be vaccinated with BCG within 3 months.
Vaccinations that need to be given in 1~2 months
Hepatitis B vaccine (2), inactivated polio vaccine IPV (1) / quintuple (class 2), pentavalent rotavirus vaccine (class 2)
Quintuple vaccine: including inactivated polio vaccine, acellular diphtheria-pertussis vaccine and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine, which can prevent five diseases at the same time, including diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, poliomyelitis and diseases caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b, a total of 4 doses.
Polio: Since 2016, Sugar Pill has been withdrawn from the national immunization stage and replaced with a new polio vaccine.
Rotavirus vaccine: to prevent rotavirus enteritis.
Vaccinations that need to be vaccinated in 3~4 months
13-valent pneumococcal vaccine (class II), 5-valent rotavirus vaccine (2) (3), inactivated polio vaccine IPV (2), polio attenuated vaccine OPV (3) + acellular diphtheria-pertussis vaccine (1) (2) / quintuple (2) (3)
13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine: protects against invasive disease caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes 1, 3, 4, 5, 6A, 6B, 7F, 9V, 14, 18C, 19A, 19F, and 23F. Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common cause of pneumonia and upper respiratory tract infections in children, with more than 90 serotypes, and the 13 serotypes included in the vaccine cover 87.7% of the serotypes of pneumococcal disease pathogenic strains under 5 years of age. 3 doses will be given within 1 year of age, and the 4th dose will be given 12~15 months.
Diphtheria-pertussis vaccine: whole-cell/acellular diphtheria-pertussis vaccine, the difference is in the composition of pertussis. < 6 years old was selected without cells.
Vaccinations that need to be given in 5~6 months
Group A Encephalic Brain (1)/AC Conjugate Vaccine (1) (Class II), Hepatitis B Vaccine (3), Diphtheria-Pertussis Vaccine (3)
Vaccinations that need to be vaccinated in 7~11 months
Leprosy vaccine, Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine (Category 2, do not need to be vaccinated if you have been vaccinated with five combinations), Encephalitis A (2), Monovalent rotatum(1) (Category 2)
Leprosy vaccine: used to prevent measles and rubella. People with egg allergies should be vaccinated with caution.
Measles: The clinical manifestations are fever, red rash that spreads from the head, cough, runny nose, diarrhea and other symptoms, and in severe cases, pneumonia, myocarditis and encephalitis. Almost everyone who hasn't been vaccinated against measles will get measles if they are exposed to the measles virus.
Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE): children who have had measles rarely develop the disease, and the risk of SSPE is greatest after measles virus infection before the age of 2 years. The neurological symptoms of patients generally appear 7~11 years after measles virus infection, and the mortality rate is extremely high.
Rubella: Presents with fever, rash, and swollen and painful lymph nodes. In young children, the rash is usually the first symptom. In older children and adults, there may be prodromal symptoms 1~5 days before the rash, manifested as low-grade fever, malaise, lymphadenopathy, and upper respiratory tract symptoms. The biggest harm of the disease is that rubella can lead to miscarriage, stillbirth and serious birth defects in the baby.
Haemophilus influenzae vaccine (Hib): The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that Hib conjugate vaccine be included in all routine infant immunization schedules.
Vaccinations that need to be vaccinated at 12~24 months
Japanese encephalitis vaccine (1) (2), varicella vaccine (1) (class 2), measles, mumps and rubella combination vaccine (MMR vaccine) (1), EV71 hand, foot and mouth vaccine (1) (2) (class 2), hepatitis A vaccine (1), 13-valent pneumococcal vaccine (4), diphtheria-pertussis vaccine (4), monovalent rotavirus vaccine (2)
Live attenuated Japanese encephalitis vaccine: to prevent epidemic Japanese viral encephalitis, also known as Japanese encephalitis. The Japanese encephalitis vaccine from the mainland is recognized by the World Health Organization.
Chickenpox: A febrile rash illness caused by infection with the varicella-zoster virus. Once infected, the virus remains latent in human nervous tissue and reactivates in about one-third of infected people during their lifetime, causing shingles. 2 doses of 96% protection. Admission to the nursery must be checked.
Mumps: Almost everyone who hasn't been vaccinated with the MMR vaccine gets mumps if they're exposed to the mumps virus. The 2-dose MMR vaccine has an efficacy rate of 88% in preventing mumps.
Hand, foot and mouth disease: several enteroviruses can cause hand, foot and mouth disease, but enterovirus 71 is the leading cause of severe and fatal HFMD cases.
Hepatitis A vaccine: Only 1 dose of live attenuated hepatitis A vaccine is required, and 2 doses of hepatitis A purified inactivated vaccine are required.
Vaccinations required for 2~3 years old
A+C Encephalitis Vaccine, Monovalent Rotavirus Vaccine(3), Hepatitis A Vaccine(2)
A+C flu vaccine: to prevent purulent meningitis caused by meningococcal. A+C flu brain vaccine is a polysaccharide vaccine, which has relatively large side effects, so babies and adults over three years old generally choose to be vaccinated. AC conjugate vaccine (self-paying) is a complete antigen that binds the polysaccharide antigen in bacteria to a certain protein, so it is relatively good for young children, and it is generally started at 6 months.
Monovalent rotagram vaccine: 2~12 months old, 1~2 years old, 2~3 years old are vaccinated once a year, and the vaccination schedule is relatively relaxed.
Vaccinations required for 4~6 years old
Polio vaccine (4), diphtheria, leprosy vaccine (2), varicella vaccine (2), influenza vaccine
Diphtheria, tetanus, tetanus, tetanus, tetanus.
Influenza vaccine: for all people ≥ 6 months of age who are willing to receive the flu vaccine and have no contraindications. Children aged 6 months to 8 years who have received two doses of influenza vaccine for the first time or have received less than two doses of influenza vaccine should receive two doses ≥ four weeks apart, children who have received two or more doses of influenza vaccine before should receive one dose, and children and adults aged 9 years and older should receive only one dose.
Vaccinations required for 7~10 years old
Influenza vaccine, HPV vaccine
Human papillomavirus vaccine: protects against HPV infection and cancers caused by HPV.
Vaccinations required for 11~18 years old
Influenza vaccine, HPV vaccine, A+C flu vaccine
Author: Weijing Kong, Attending Physician of Pediatrics, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University
Review: Wang Xinjia, Deputy Chief Physician of Pediatrics, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University
Editor: Guo Lei