【Compilation and Revision of Historical Records】Several issues concerning the processing of historical materials in the compilation of chronicles

Several issues concerning the handling of historical materials in the compilation of chronicles

Take the compilation of "Zhejiang Tongzhi • Haitang Monograph" as an example

Li Yonghe and Wang Shen

Abstract: The historical materials selected for the compilation of the chronicles must be true, accurate, representative and authoritative. When compiling the chronicles to verify the historical materials, the author found that some different ancient chronicles had their own merits in terms of the data recorded of the same event, the names of the people involved, official positions, place names, chronicle years, and historical material versions, and it was difficult to choose. Taking the compilation of "Zhejiang Tongzhi • Haitang Monograph" as an example, the specific method of historical data processing is to trace the source of historical materials and try to find the source of materials; The search for the roots of the person's name and the chronicle of the character's hometown; The side of the official position is widely cited, and the changes of the official position of the character are inquired; The historical evolution of place names, exploring the continuous evolution of place names; The cause of the incident is related to the person, and the relationship between the event and the person is clarified.

Key words: "Zhejiang Tongzhi • Haitang Monograph" Historical research

Zhejiang Fangzhi, generation has compilation. For example, after 10 years, the first "Zhejiang Tongzhi" (72 volumes) was compiled in the 40th year of Jiajing of the Ming Dynasty (1561) and published in the same year, which was the beginning of the official revision of Zhejiang Province. It took five years for the second "Zhejiang Tongzhi" (280 volumes) to be compiled in the thirteenth year of the Yongzheng reign of the Qing Dynasty (1735). (1) In the 3rd-10th year of the Republic of China (1914-1921), the Zhejiang Provincial General Chronicles Bureau was led by Shen Zengzhi and Wang Guowei to continue the revision of the Zhejiang General Chronicles. In the 32nd year of the Republic of China, the Zhejiang Provincial Tongzhi Museum was led by Yu Shaosong to rebuild the "Zhejiang Tongzhi", and it was discontinued in the 38th year of the Republic of China, and only the "Rebuilding Zhejiang Tongzhi Manuscript" was compiled, which was not published. In 2012, Zhejiang initiated the compilation of the Zhejiang Tongzhi (113 volumes). In the course of serving as the deputy editor-in-chief of the first "Zhejiang Tongzhi • Haitang Monograph" (hereinafter referred to as "Haitang Monograph"), the author found that some local chronicles were not accurate, and even some of them were fallacious. Therefore, the author takes the compilation of the Haitang Monograph as an example, and puts forward several issues related to the handling of historical materials in the compilation of the chronicles, and discusses them with colleagues in the academic circles.

1. Select materials from different historical sources

Local governments at all levels in China have a tradition of compiling local chronicles, and when different authors of different dynasties compile the same local chronicles, due to differences in the collection of materials and different levels of knowledge, there are sometimes differences in the events and characters recorded in the local chronicles, resulting in uneven quality, so it is necessary to be careful when selecting historical materials.

(1) Discrepancies in the same data recorded in different documents

The compilation of chronicles shall be truthful and truth-seeking, and the information shall be truthful and accurate. The author found that there are certain differences in the data of some historical sources describing the same thing. For example, first, Qing Shen Yiji and other "Zhejiang Tongzhi • Haitang I" quoted in "Tang Shu • Geographical Chronicles": "Yanguan has a defense of the Haitang embankment, which is 224 miles long, and was rebuilt in the first year of Kaiyuan. (2) Second, Fang Guancheng's "Liangzhejiang Haitang Tongzhi • Liedai Xingxiu Shang" contains: "In the first year of Tang Kaiyuan, Yanguan Han Haitang embankment was rebuilt, and the "Tang Shu • Geographical Chronicles" was 224 miles long. (3) Third, Zhai Junlian's "Haitang Lu • Territory" contains: ""Tang Shu • Geographical Chronicles" Hangzhou Yanguan has a defense of the Haitang embankment, which is one hundred and twenty miles long, and was rebuilt in the first year of the Kaiyuan Dynasty. (4) Fourth, Yang Hua's "Haitang Essentials • Construction" contains: "Zhejiang Tongzhi" cites the "Book of Tang" with a cloud length of 224 li, and carefully read the old and new "Book of Tang", there is no such article, and it is wrong to read 124 li for 224 li. (5) After tracing the source, "New Tang Dynasty Book • Geography V" contains: "Yanguan has a sea pond embankment, which is one hundred and twenty-four miles long, and was rebuilt in the first year of Kaiyuan. (6) The length of the seawall differed by 100 miles, and it was finally determined that the "Haitang Monograph" used the materials of the "New Tang Dynasty".

Another example is the record of the length of Xiaoshan Sea Pond. First, Qing Zou Xun et al.'s "Xiaoshan County Chronicles • Water Conservancy Chronicles" contains: "In the thirty-second year of Hongwu, the river tide broke the embankment, and the fields were submerged. The chief bookkeeper built more than 40 zhang of embankment. (7) Second, Qing Huangyu's "Xiaoshan County Chronicles" contains: "In the thirty-second year of Hongwu, the river tide broke the embankment, and the people were swept away, and the chief bookkeeper did his best to build more than 4,000 zhang of embankment. (8) Third, Peng Yanqing of the Republic of China and other "Xiaoshan County Chronicles" contains: "In the thirty-second year of Hongwu, the river tide broke the embankment, the field was flooded, and the chief bookkeeper built more than 40 zhang of the embankment. 9 These three chronicles record a difference of 100 times in the length of the embankment, after further consulting the Ming Dynasty data, one of them, Xiao Liangyu et al. "Shaoxing Mansion Chronicles • Water Conservancy Chronicles II" contains: "Hongwu 32 years to revert to the bad, the master bookkeeper to build more than 4,000 zhang. (10) Second, Lin Ce's "Xiaoshan County Chronicles • Water Conservancy" contains: "In the thirty-second year of Hongwu, the river tide broke the embankment, and the people were left to work, and the chief bookkeeper did his best to build more than 4,000 zhang of embankment. (11) Third, Liu Hui's "Xiaoshan County Chronicles" contains: "In the thirty-second year of Hongwu, the river tide broke the embankment, and the people were ruined. The chief bookkeeper did his best to do his job, and built more than 4,000 zhang of embankment. (12) After consulting a number of chronicles, the author believes that the Ming Dynasty chronicles record the construction of ponds in the Ming Dynasty, which is more accurate, and the description of the "Xiaoshan County Chronicles" of Zou Xun and others in the Qing Dynasty should be wrong, and at the same time, the data of Zou Xun and other "Xiaoshan County Chronicles" are coexisted in the form of page bets for readers' reference. The common mistake in the chronicles is the 32nd year of Hongwu (1399), in fact, the total of Hongwu is 31 years, and the 32nd year of Hongwu is actually the first year of Jianwen, which the author corrected when compiling the "Haitang Monograph".

(2) Differences in the names of the same person recorded in different books

The names of the people involved in the chronicles are one of the most important elements of the content. The author found that the names of the same person in different editions of the local chronicles are inconsistent, which makes it easy to confuse and affects the admissibility of the data.

For example, Teng Gong, the governor of Zhejiang in the Ming Dynasty. First, Ming Qiu Junqing's "Quanxiu Haitang Record • Quanxiu Han Haitang Inscription and Inscription" contains: (Haitang County) "successively Dong Si servant, governor Teng Gong, Ming Bolun, Ouning people. (13) Second, Qing Shen Yiji et al. "Zhejiang Tongzhi • Haitang II" quoted "Haiyan County Tujing": "In July of the fifteenth year of Wanli, Hai overflowed, and the pond was exhausted. Governor Teng Gongbo took turns to read and said: 'Rationalize the building to save money, but the cost cannot be saved'. (14) Third, the Qing Dynasty Guancheng "Liangzhejiang Haitang Tongzhi • Liedai Xingxiu Shang" contains: "In July of the fifteenth year of Wanli, Haiyi Haiyan County, the pond was exhausted, and the governor Tengburun was slightly above the ten, and it had to be rebuilt. (15) Fourth, Qing Yangjiao's "Construction of the Sea Pond" contains: "In the spring and March of the sixteenth year of Wanli, the governor Teng Bolun and the inspector supervised the imperial historian Fu Mengchun to build the sea pond. (16) The names of the governors of Zhejiang in the above four chronicles are described in the first two as Teng Bolun and the last two as Teng Bolun. After research, Teng is a native of Jian'ou, Fujian, and Zhan Xuanyou's "Jian'ou County Chronicles • Biography" of the Republic of China contains: "Teng Bolun, the word Ruzai, Jiajing Renxu Jinshi...... Governor of Zhejiang. (17) It was finally determined that the "Haitang Monograph" was described as Teng Bolun, the governor of Zhejiang.

For example, the Qing Dynasty served as the governor of Zhejiang. First, the Qing Dynasty Wang Ruqi and other "Haiyan County Continuation of the Map of the Book of Dihai and the Sea" contains: "Sanjian Zhai wooden number south of the Qin garrison mountain standing in front, the tide is flat, the sand supports, there is an official soil pond to resist, since the tide of Yongzheng two years after the tide is gradually washed away, encroaching on the earth embankment, the Department of Fuxian Fu Gongmin to investigate the face-to-face order, try to build a small pond to defend the palace." (18) Second, Qing Shen Yiji et al. "Zhejiang Tongzhi • Career Official Eleven" contains: "Fumin, the word Longhan, Manchuria inlaid with white flags, Kangxi Ding Chou Jinshi." Yongzheng three years, acting". (19) Third, volume 303 of the "Qing Historical Manuscript" "The Biography of Fumin" contains: "Fumin, in the third year of Yongzheng, was appointed governor of Zhejiang". (20) After checking, there is no Fu Min in the list of governors of Zhejiang. Finally, it was determined that the "Haitang Monograph" was recorded as Fumin, the governor of Zhejiang.

Another example is the Southern Song Dynasty Ministry of Shangshu Lin Gong. First, the Southern Song Dynasty Qian's "Xianchun Lin'an Zhi • Mountains and Rivers Ten" contains: In the twenty-second year of Shaoxing, the imperial court suggested according to the letter of Lin Danai, the secretary of the Ministry of Officials, "choose a person who knows how to know, set up a special department, inquire about the old and the old, investigate the context of the disease and then start the work." (21) Second, Wang Yinglin of the Southern Song Dynasty "Jade Sea • Geography" contains: "Shaoxing 22 years to repair the stone embankment, 22 years of November 25, the Ministry of Shangshu Lin Danai said that the tide is Wu trouble, it has been a long time, the strategy of defending the sea can be seen in the Zhejiang Pavilion Tablet. Since the river has lost the road, the tide and the continent are fighting, the anger is fierce, the thunder is thousands, the people are restless, it is advisable to set up a division, investigate the disease and then start the work". (22) Third, Ming Chen let "Hangzhou Fuzhi • Water Conservancy" contain: "In the twenty-second year of Shaoxing, Lin Wennai, the secretary of the ministry, suggested that he should select a person who knew how to do it, and set up a special department to inquire about the old and the elderly, investigate the context of the disease and then start the work." (23) The above-mentioned official department has Lin Danai and Lin Wennai, after research, Lin is a native of Putian, Fujian, and Xie Xiu of the Qing Dynasty Jin Gao Xie Xiu "Xinghua Prefecture Putian County Chronicles • Character Chronicles" contains: "Lin Danai, the word Meiqing, Song Shaoxing five years jinshi...... The right counsellor doctor and waiter speak, and then move in the middle of the year, and the secretary of the ministry is still in the book"; (24) Qing Biyuan's "Continuation of Capital Governance Tongjian • Gaozong" contains: "In the twenty-second year of Shaoxing, Ji Wei, the right counselor Lin Da Nai tried the secretary of the Ministry of Shangshu. (25) Therefore, the Ming (Chenghua) Chen Rang's "Hangzhou Mansion Chronicles" was incorrect, and it was finally determined that the "Haitang Monographs" was described as Lin Danai, the official of the Ministry of Shangshu.

Another example is the Ming Dynasty military department squire Zhang. First, Ming Shen Chaoxuan's "Renhe County Chronicles • Water Conservancy" contains: "In May of the first year of Yongle, the sky rains and strong winds and thunders, the river tide is monstrous, and the flat land and water are deep...... Many of the inhabitants were drowned, countless people died, and their houses were empty, and the fields were lost for more than a month...... Zhang Shilang of the Qin Commission's military department bowed to the seashore and supervised the construction of the embankment...... to the tide of the river". (26) Second, Liu Bojin of the Ming Dynasty "Hangzhou Mansion Chronicles • Records of the County of the National Dynasty" contains: "The summer and May of the eleventh year of Yongle...... When the sky is lewd and the rain is fierce, the river tide is monstrous, and the flat land and water are high...... The residents drowned, the dead were not counted, they were kept and moved, the fields were drifted away, the guards had real performances, and the court's military department squire Zhang went to the seashore and supervised the construction of the embankment...... to the tide of the river". (27) After review, Zhang Dexin's "Chronology of Officials in the Ming Dynasty • Chronology of the Servants of the Ministry (Jingshi)" contains: "In the eleventh year of Yongle, Zhang Zhong was given by the Criminal Department to the Shilang of the Relocation Department in the matter". (28) Therefore, it was finally determined that the "Haitang Monograph" described the construction of the embankment as supervised by Zhang Zhong, a squire of the military department of the Qin Commission.

(3) Differences in official positions of the same person in the same period are recorded in different documents

The official positions of the characters involved in the chronicles are also one of the important content elements. However, the author found that there are obvious differences in the descriptions of the same person's official position in the same period in many local chronicles.

For example, Zhang Zheng built a pond in the Qing Dynasty. First, Qing Huangyu's "Xiaoshan County Chronicles • Water Conservancy" contains: ""Xihe Collection": In the fourteenth year of Zhengde, Xijiangtang, Beihaitang, and Changshan Gate, and Zhang Dasikong repaired it." (29) Second, "The History of the Ming Dynasty • The Biography of Zhang Rong" contains: "Zhang Rong, the word Shijun, is a native of Xiaoshan. Chenghua twenty-three years of Jinshi ...... With the right deputy governor of the imperial history to protect the mansion, the noble, the disease returned"; (30) Third, "The History of the Ming Dynasty • The Biography of Zhang Ronglie" also contains: "In the first year of Jiajing, Zhang Cheng, the imperial history of the capital, said: 'The local officials of Shangsi Prefecture were later redirected, which caused the local people to call chaos'." (31) After review, Zhang Dexin's "Chronology of Ming Dynasty Officials and Chronology of the Ministry of Servants (Nanjing)" contains: "In November of the fourth year of Jiajing, Zhang Ji was reappointed as the secretary of the Ministry of Industry from the imperial history of Nanjing's right capital." (32) Finally, it was determined that the "Haitang Monograph" described as a Xiaoshan native who was the right deputy capital at that time, and Zhang Ji built each pond.

Another example is the Ming Dynasty Huang Juan built a pond. First, Ming Zeng Caihan's "Taiping County Chronicles • Local Public Opinion Chronicles" contains, Pai Xia Tang is outside the Yellow Mountain in Sandu Cave in Taiping County, during the Jiajing period of the Ming Dynasty, the Ministry of Rites Shangshu Huang Juan built. (33) Second, "The History of the Ming Dynasty • The Biography of Huang Juan" contains, in the eighteenth year of Jiajing (1539), Emperor Jiajing sent Huang Juan to envoy Korea, and specially appointed Huang Juan as the official envoy of the Ministry of Rites (not conferred a substantive position) and a bachelor of Hanlin, but Huang did not make the trip for some reason; Later, because Huang Juan asked for a gift from his parents, the emperor was angry, revoked Shangshu's new life, and ordered the waiter to stay idle, and the envoy was terminated, and he died at home. (34) After review, there is no Huang Huang in the post of Shangshu of the Ministry of Rites in the "Chronology of Officials in the Ming Dynasty". After research, explain the origin of the matter in the form of page bets.

Another example is the Qing Dynasty Li Yiyan built a pond. First, Xu Yuanmei's "Shanyin County Chronicles • Water Conservancy" of the Qing Dynasty contains: "Houhaitang, in the sixth year of Qianlong, the wind and tide have been repeated, and the soil and stone ponds in the stove and Dalin are thin, and Li Yiyan was ordered to build more than 380 zhang." (35) Second, there is no record of Li Yiyan (Yan) in the "Shanyin County Chronicles: Career Officials". After checking, it was found that the clues, one of them, Qing Yan Sizhong's "Shengxian Chronicles, Famous Eunuchs" contained: "Li Yiyan, the word Kunshan, Guangxi Bo white. Kangxi Jiawu raised people; In the fourth year of Qianlong, he was transferred from Tangxi, repaired schools, built bridges, compiled Yi Zhi, was benevolent in government, and was virtuous in Yiren. (36) Second, Qing Ren Siqian's "Bobai County Chronicles" contains: "Li Yiyan, Yongzheng is known from Shengxian County, Zhejiang, Shanyin and Tangxi Counties, and there is a sound to follow." (37) It was finally determined that the "Haitang Monograph" was described as the sixth year of Qianlong (1741), the tide struck many times, and the earth and stone ponds in Jiazao, Dalin and other places were thin, and Li Yiyan (also known as Li Yiyan), the magistrate of Shengxian County and the governor of Shanyin, built more than 380 zhang. (36)

(D) different names of the same event recorded in different books

Geographical names are also one of the most important elements of the compilation of chronicles. The author found that there are certain differences in the place names of the same event described in some local chronicles, which affects the selection of data.

For example, the place names near Haitang, the manuscript of "Haitang Monograph" records that in the 4th to 5th centuries, the mouth of Hangzhou Bay was between Wangpanshan (now Jiaxing) and Guancheng on the south bank (now Ningbo), and the width of the gate was about 35 kilometers. The place name Wang Panshan appears in different sources with different names. There are many names such as Huangpan Mountain, Hengpan Mountain, Wangpan Mountain, etc., which are actually the same place name, in order to avoid misleading readers. After consulting the historical data, it was finally decided to explain the situation in the form of page bets. "The Southern Song Dynasty Changtang's "Chronicles of the Water • Historic Monuments" contains: "Huangpan Mountain, Miao in the sea, Chunyou ten years, there are still ancient wells and small stone bridges, big tree roots and the like in the tide of the side beach, and the inscription on the well inspection bricks is known to the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Qing Yanghua's "Haitang Essentials • Illustrated", the general map of the north and south banks of Jianghaitang is marked as Hengpan Mountain. "Zhejiang Provincial Atlas" records as Wang Panshan. ”(37)

For example, Cixi County, Ningbo City, was founded in the Tang Dynasty, changed to Ciyu County in the sixteenth year of Yongle in the Ming Dynasty (1418), and changed to Cixi County in 1956, with different names representing different eras. In order to avoid misunderstanding, after consulting the historical materials, it is explained in the form of a page note: "[Qing] "History of the Ming Dynasty" volume 44 "Geography V" contains: Yuan (original) said Cixi, Yongle 16 years, changed 'Xi' to 'Ji'. [Ming] Tianqi "Ci Ji County Chronicles" volume 1 "History" contains, Cixi County lost the county seal, the county asked for instructions to the imperial court, the emperor's edict was recast, fearing that the loss of the seal would come back and cause profit, so the seal was changed from the valley, and the county was renamed Ci Ji. In 1956, the Chinese characters were simplified and rewritten as Cixi. ”(38)。

Another example is the place name of Haining Haitang in the Qing Dynasty. First, Qing Shen Yiji and other "Zhejiang Tongzhi • Haitang III" contains: "In July of the 59th year of Kangxi, Jueluo Manbao, the governor of Fujian and Zhejiang, and Zhu Shi, the governor of Zhejiang, built a large stone pond with fish scales in Haining County, which is now planned to be on the north bank of the old salt warehouse, east from Puerdou to Yaojiayan in the west, a total of 1,340 zhang." (39) Second, Qing Langji et al.'s "New Chronicles of Haitang Construction" contains: "In the second year of Qianlong, from the large masonry of Puerdou to the end of the broken pond in Jianshan, a large stone pond with fish scales of 5,930 zhang and 2 feet was built." (40) Third, Yu Shaosong of the Republic of China "Rebuilding Zhejiang Tongzhi Manuscript • Water Conservancy Strategy" contains: "Haining from Puerdou Dashitang Gongwei to Jianshan section of Shitangtou, a total of 5,930 zhang 2 feet should be built." (41) The same place name, the former is described as Pu'erdou, the latter is described as Pu'erdou, in order to avoid misunderstanding, after consulting historical materials, it is explained in the form of page notes: "Qing Kangxi, Yongzheng Dynasty, this place is called Puerdou; After the Qianlong Dynasty, it was called Puerdou. Haining City's "Zhouwangmiao Town Chronicles • Construction" contains, Hudou Village, in the Qing Dynasty, once known as Pu'er Dou. In the 17th year of the Republic of China (1928), the autonomous region system was implemented as Hudou Village and Chaoyin Village. It was liberated in May 1949, and in May 1950, it was established as three administrative villages: Hudou, Happy and Chaoyin. In February 1956, three high-level agricultural production cooperatives were established. In February 1969, it was merged into the Hu Dou Brigade. In April 1983, it was renamed Hudou Village. (42)

For example, the place name near Cixi Haitang, "Haitang Monograph" has "In 1994, Cixi City reformulated the Haitang Risk Removal Plan, in addition to continuing to implement the Cixi West Line Haitang Danger Removal and Reinforcement Project, adding Longshan Farm Jiutang, Haitang on both sides of Haihuang Mountain, Andong Town East Jiutang, Changhe Town Jiutang, Xiao'an Jiutang and other risk removal and reinforcement projects. (43) Among them, the place name "Haihuang Mountain", the same place name is described differently in different materials, in order to avoid misleading readers, after consulting historical materials, it is explained in the form of page notes: "Qing Guangxu "Ci Ji County Chronicles • Yu Di I" records, Haihuang Mountain's original name is Huangniu Mountain, Qing Guangxu Dynasty called Haihuang Mountain, located in the north of Ci Ji County 60 miles, now some information is written as Haiwang Mountain, Haihuang Mountain." (44)

There are also important ancient place names recorded in the chronicles, which are difficult to find due to urban changes, and in order to preserve the authentic historical relics, today's science and technology are used to mark them. For example, there is a "Haitang Monograph" that "in history, the sea pond on the north bank of the Qiantang River was divided into a river pond and a sea pond, with Hangzhou Oolong Temple as the boundary, the west as the river pond, and the east as the sea pond." In December of the 18th year of the Republic of China (1929), after Jiangtang was taken over by the Hanghai Section Engineering Office, it was collectively called Haitang. (45) The above-mentioned place name Oolong Temple is annotated on the page: "Hangzhou Ancient Oolong Temple is located near the Peacock Hotel in downtown Hangzhou, geographical coordinates: 30°15′10.7" north latitude, 120°11"43.1 east longitude. ”(46)

(5) Chronological differences in the same event recorded in different books

Chronology is also one of the most important elements of the compilation of chronicles. Some local chronicles account the same event at different times, leaving readers at a loss as to how to choose.

For example, the hill is building an embankment. First, Liu Yingyu of the Ming Dynasty "Jiaxing Mansion Chronicles • Haitang" contains: "During the Song Dynasty and Shaoxing, Haiyan ordered Qiu to build an embankment for 20 miles." (47) Second, Ming Hu Zhenheng's "Haiyan County Tujing • Dihai" contains: "Song Shaodingzhong, the county order Qiu Leizhu, where twenty miles." (48) Third, Qing Wang Bin's "Haiyan County Chronicles • Haitang" contains: Song "Shaodingzhong, Zhixian Qiu Leizhutang, Fan Twenty Li". (49) In the above-mentioned historical materials, the age of Qiu Lei's embankment is described in Song Shaoxing, and the other is described in Song Shaoding, with a difference of sixty or seventy years. After consulting historical materials, Qiu Lei is a Changshu acquaintance, Ming Yang Ziqi "Changshu County Chronicles • Narrative Characters" contains: "Qiu Lei, the word is less diving, its first Haizhou Qishan people, Shi in Wu and living in Changshu, Lei to shade in the dive book, know Haiyan County, build a seawall for 20 miles." (50) Ming Qian Shisheng's "Book of the Southern Song Dynasty: The Biography of the Followers" contains: "Qiu Lei, few words, often acquaintances. Shaoxing, Zhihaiyan County. Raise the school palace and build a seawall for twenty miles. (51) Ming Ling Dizhi's "Ten Thousand Surnames Genealogy • Qiu" contains: "Qiu Lei, the word is less dive, the son is a child, and he is often an acquaintance. In Shaoxing, know the sea salt, govern the palace, and build the seawall for twenty miles. (52) It was finally determined that the "Haitang Monograph" was recorded as: "During the Shaoxing period (1131-1162), the magistrate of Haiyan County built a new Haitang for 20 miles. ”(53)

(6) Different versions of the chronicles record the same content

Some historical materials are often contained in different history books. The author found that different books have different contents of the same historical materials, which brings great confusion to readers and falls into a difficult situation.

For example, Chen Shan of the Ming Dynasty wrote an article about Haitang in Haining County. First, Qing Zhai Junlian's "Haitang Lu • Han Haitang Examination" contains: "Haining County governs the south of the sea...... There are ochre mountains in the west of the pond for dozens of miles, and there are shrine mountains in the south to confront each other, and the sandwich is the sea gate, which is the mouth of the sea tide entering the river...... It has accumulated a huge amount of money, and it has accumulated thirteen years of embankment...... And with its service committee county Yin Xue Hu, five months and Tang Cheng. The area where the waves are submerged has now risen and the mat has risen. Gu Yu Guan Haining Pond is different from Haiyan". (56) Second, Qing Yanghua's "Haitang Essentials • Defending Haitang Discussion" contains: "Haining County governs the south of the sea...... There are ochre mountains in the south of Tangnan for dozens of miles, and there are niche mountains in the south of it to confront each other, and the sandwich is the sea gate, and the tide tends to the river from the sea...... Accumulated a huge amount of money, accumulated 30 years of embankment...... And with its service committee county Yin Sugong Lake, five months and the completion of service. Repair 1,663 zhang of the collapsed pond and build 320 zhang of new pond, and the cost of public funds is more than 1,900 gold, which can also be said to be twice the result with half the effort. Gu Yu Guan Haining Pond is different from Haiyan". (57) The two books contain not only different titles, but also great differences in content. After tracing back to the source, it was found that the original text contained in Chen Shan's "Hangzhou Mansion Chronicles" of the Ming Dynasty was "Haitang Kao", (59) the text was more detailed in the first two books, and it was compiled and entered by the author himself, and it was finally determined that the original text contained in Chen Shan's "Hangzhou Mansion Chronicles" was finally determined to be used in the "Haitang Monographs".

2. Some explanations on the selection of historical materials

China has a long history, a vast territory, and different customs and customs, which make many titles in the compilation of local chronicles very different. All these are explained in the "Haitang Monograph".

(1) An explanation of the special Chinese characters in the relevant ancient historical materials

Some of the common Chinese characters in the Haitang Monograph do not indicate the meaning of unique Chinese characters, and only unique Chinese characters can be used. For example, Qingfu Yang A et al.'s "Continuation of Haitang New Chronicles: Building Up" contains: "Check the tide of Zhejiang from the sea into the river, and there are three to it, which is called the big one in the south, the small and medium-sized one, and the big one in the north." (60) Modern sources often change "亹" to "door", but in fact, the meaning of "亹" and "door" is not exactly the same. (61) There are also some words that modern people do not know very well, for example, in the draft of the "Haitang Monograph", "the Qiantang River Haitang forms a stable depth of the main pond, the reserve pond, and the pond, and there are multiple building defense systems such as Tanshui, Ding dam, pantou, caisson, and anti-scouring wall outside the pond." (62) The "Pond" is explained by the note on the page: "The pond separated from the main pond is called the pond, in order to reduce the flooding range of the main pond in case of flooding. It is also known as a horizontal pond, a support pond, and a dike. (63) For example, "Yuan Shi Hequ Zhi" contains: "Dade and Yanyou want to build a stone pond, but they have not done so. In the spring of the fourth year of Taiding, the tide is abnormal, the earthen pond is increased, it can not be resisted, the board pond is discussed, the construction is difficult to be constructed with water, and then the wooden cabinet is made of the grate, and there is drifting and sinking between them, and the stone pond is discussed in front of the heel, and the stone pond is in order to be long. (64) The "Haitang Monograph" explains the "籧篨" with a page note: "籧篨, a coarse mat made of reeds or bamboo. (65) For example, Qing Yuyue's "Zhenhai County Chronicles • Water Conservancy" contains: "Hook Jintang, between the two mountains of Jianzi and Zhaobao, the site of the old rising sand pond in the north of the city has been obliterated for a long time, and since the sand has collapsed, the tide and waves of the open sea can be directly injected into the city from there, and it is really dangerous." (66) It involves "Chenghao, Shuwu", which is explained by a note on the page of the "Haitang Monograph": "Chenghao, that is, the moat. In ancient times, six feet was a step, and half a step was a martial art." (67)

(2) An explanation of information related to ancient official positions

The "Haitang Monograph" involves a lot of ancient official positions, and in order to help readers read them, some of the official positions that are difficult to understand are explained. For example, the "Haitang Monograph" records that "in the ninth year of Yuan Dade (1305), he raised the control of Teng Tianji to strengthen the sea pond". (68) Regarding the official position in the text, "Mention and Control of the Capital", the "Haitang Monograph" explains it with a page note: "The official name of the Yuan Dynasty, the imperial court stipulates that the officials of all roads are sixty months old, and the two examinations are promoted to the control of the capital, and the first examination is promoted to the accusation case." (69) For example, the "Haitang Monograph" records that "in the thirteenth year of the reign of Hongzhi in the Ming Dynasty (1500), He Ding was rebuilt". Regarding the official position "Jietui" in the text, the "Haitang Monograph" uses a page note to explain: "The ancient official name, the full name of the Jiedu Tui Guan, belongs to the officials of each state." (70) For example, the chronicle states that "during the Apocalypse (1621-1627), Haiyan County was assigned to the construction of coastal earthen ponds by the chief of each year, and the rule of repairing the pond was that 161 people were divided into 40 people per quarter. Because the tide suffers from different sizes, in case of a big trouble, the four seasons will practice together." (71) Regarding the official position "Li Chang" in the text, the "Haitang Monograph" uses a page note to explain: "Li Chang, the name of the ancient grassroots administrator. In ancient times, the residents were organized, 5 families were neighbors, 5 neighbors were inside, and the villagers were strong. During the Hongwu period of the Ming Dynasty, 100 households were selected as 1 li, and 10 households with more grain were selected as the lilong, and one person took turns to be responsible for the errand service in the book every year, urging money and grain, and coping with official affairs. (72)

(3) An explanation of the meaning and history of the name of the water conservancy project

The "Haitang Monograph" describes the projects involved in the control of water flow as steep gates, bucket gates, sluices, etc., which are different in ancient times, and most of the chronicles describe such projects together, and they are all described as sluices or sluices. For example, Chen Baoshan of the Qing Dynasty "Huangyan County Chronicles • Water Conservancy" contains: "Qinglong Gate, outside the Yingxun Gate, built in Jiaqing, Tongzhi eight years (1869), Sun Lingxi changed to a steep gate. Pukou Gate, outside the Xicheng River, Tongzhi ten years Xinwei (1871), rebuilt steep gate". (73) Yu Changlin of the Republic of China's "Taizhou Mansion Chronicles: Water Conservancy Strategy" contains: "Most of the coastal land is set up with sluices because of ponds, and the sluices are attached to the ponds, so the ponds are the first of water conservancy, and the sluices are second, and the same is reached, and the steep gates are second. (74) Compilation of Historical Materials of Hangzhou Municipal Government Archives during the Republic of China (1927-1949) contains: "The eight earthen dams such as Shanghe River Basin and Xiaocaiyan in Shidong Township are the cardinal for the communication between the upper and lower rivers, and the division is Xuanzhun to facilitate irrigation. The resumption of the boat is in order to travel, and the nature is similar to the steep door, and the effect is the same as the sluice. (75) The above historical data show that the steep gate and the sluice gate belong to two kinds of hydraulic projects with different functions, and it is difficult for today's readers to discern the difference. In order to restore the original appearance of historical development, the description of such projects is explained accordingly. For example, "the steep gate has the meaning of installing a gate in the place where the water flow is steep, that is, 'the steep gate is called the steep gate when the water rushes through the ditch to get out', and the steep gate has the function of salting (sea water), and the function of the steep gate is lower than that of the sluice". (76) For example, "Doumen is mostly used for water diversion and drainage of plain rivers, and the scale is generally smaller than that of sluices, and Doumen in coastal areas also has the function of salty and salty storage." For example, "Qi, mostly exists in the coastal areas of Ningbo and Zhoushan Mountain, is a masonry structure, has the function of salting (sea water), and after installing the gate, it is called the Qi Gate." For example, "sluices are mostly used to control the flow of rivers in the plains, and have the functions of opening and cutting off water." (77)

(4) The selection of historical materials that reflect the wisdom of the ancients

The "Haitang Monograph" also appropriately selects some examples that reflect the wisdom of the ancients. For example, Qing Qian Wenhan's "Defending the Haitang Chronicles: The Last Things" contains: "King Wusu, the father of King Zeng, built the Haitang in August of the fourth year of Liang Kaiping, and the angry tide was turbulent, and the day and night were fierce, and the version could not be built...... And the big bamboo is broken as a vessel, dozens of zhang long, the boulder is solid, take the big wood of Luoshan is dozens of zhang long and planted, and the horizontal is the pond. According to the craftsman's defense, the inside is filled with soil, and the wood is used to stand in the water, go to the shore two zhang and nine feet, stand nine woods, and make six hexagrams, like "Yi" both Ji and Wei Ji two hexagrams, so that it can not be attacked, the sand and soil gradually accumulate, and the shore is also solid. (78) According to the form of the two hexagrams of the Book of Changes, the ancients set up six rows of wooden piles outside the sea pond to eliminate the waves, which is similar to the source of the modern "plum blossom-shaped arrangement pile". Therefore, the "Haitang Monograph" uses a page note to explain: "The hexagrams of the two hexagrams of both Ji Ji and Wei Ji are respectively and ". (79) For example, Chen Yongqing of the Qing Dynasty "Ruian County Chronicles • Water Conservancy" contains: "Shigang Steep Gate...... Because it is far away from the sea, the water is not discharged, and the public will move to it, and it is not decided, but it is dozens of wooden geese in the muddy time, and the water sources of the mountains are indulged in it, and what they will see will be in Shigang." (80) Qing Zhang Debiao's "Ruian County Chronicles • Water Conservancy" contains: "Shigang Steep Gate...... Because of the distance from the sea, they moved here. (81) Therefore, it is recorded that the Shigang Steep Gate, the original steep gate is in the south of Suifeng Mountain in Rui'an, because it is far from the sea, the discharge of water is not smooth, the people moved to it, and it is not decided where to move, but when it is waterlogged, dozens of wooden geese are placed in the water sources of the mountains, and when they look at it, they will meet in Shigang, and then move to the present site. (82)

3. Countermeasures and ways to distinguish between historical materials

The historical books and chronicles compiled in the past dynasties are inevitably wrong in time and place due to the differences in time and place, the restrictions on the transmission of traffic information, and the errors in the time and place of the people recorded in the books are inevitable, which affects the reading and quotation, so it is particularly important to explain the doubts by retaining the false and the true.

(1) Tracing the origin of historical materials

In the process of compiling the chronicles, the content of the account is often quoted from a certain historical source, and sometimes even a part of the original text is quoted in quotation marks, and the reader should not easily quote these contents when consulting or quoting these contents, it is best to directly find the source of the original text, trace back to the source of the information, and find the authoritative version of the information to ensure the authenticity and accuracy of the cited materials. For example, in the above, Zhai Junlian described Chen Shan's "Haitang Lu • Defending Haitang Examination" about Haining Haitang, and Yang Yan's "Haitang Collecting Essentials • Defending Haitang Discussion", the two books recorded the same article, not only the topics recorded were different, but also the content was quite different, until the author found the original text "Haitang Examination" contained in the "Hangzhou Fuzhi" compiled by Chen Shan, the author of the article, and restored the original appearance of history.

(2) Searching for the roots of personal names and asking ancestors

In the compilation of chronicles, the names of people in historical events are one of the important elements. Due to the restrictions on the dissemination of information in ancient times, and the non-standard use of words by some authors, it is inevitable that the names of historical people will be displayed and misunderstood, resulting in false rumors and inability to distinguish the authenticity of the incident. In order to avoid mistakes, in addition to consulting authoritative sources, it is more effective to look up the local history of the historical person's hometown, which is familiar with the local people and usually does not make mistakes. For example, Qiu Junqing's "Quanxiu Haitang Lu • Quanxiu Han Haitang Inscription and Inscription" records Zhejiang Governor Teng Bolun, while Fang Guancheng's "Liangzhejiang Haitang Tongzhi • Liedai Xingxiu Shang" and Yang Hua's "Haitang Essentials • Construction" are both recorded as Zhejiang Governor Teng Bolun, and the same person's name is written in two ways. Just imagine, even the name of a high-ranking official like the governor of Zhejiang is incorrectly recorded, so what will happen if the name of an ordinary person is recorded?

(3) Circumstantial citations of official positions

Due to the limited access to information in ancient times, and the fact that the ancients recorded the official positions of the parties, their preferences were high or low, and they always recorded the highest official positions in their lives, which led readers to mistakenly believe that when they did something, they held the same official position, and the results often made mistakes. If you want to accurately describe a person's official position, you need to find out the events related to it through different sources, and you can find out the official position at the time. You can also consult the corresponding official list to find out the official position of the person at the time. For example, Huang Yu's "Chronicles of Xiaoshan County" records that in the 14th year of Zhengde (1519), Zhang Cheng, the head of the Yi People's Congress, built Xijiangtang, etc.; "History of the Ming Dynasty: The Biography of Zhang Ronglie" records that Zhang Cheng of Zhengde was the governor of Baoding as the right deputy governor of the Nanjing Metropolitan Procuratorate, and Zhang Yi was the governor of the Liangguang military affairs in the early Jiajing Dynasty; and the "Chronology of Officials in the Ming Dynasty" records that in November of the fourth year of Jiajing (1525), Zhang Cheng was reappointed from the right capital of the Nanjing Metropolitan Procuratorate to the secretary of the Ministry of Industry. Therefore, it can be confirmed that in the fourteenth year of Zhengde, when the Xiaoshan Xijiangtang was built, Zhang Zheng's official position was the right deputy capital of the Nanjing Metropolitan Procuratorate.

(4) The historical evolution of geographical names

Geographical names are not only geographical information symbols, but also historical imprints left by human beings after communication with society. Geographical names are one of the important information recorded in the annals, and if there is an error in the record of place names, it will lead to misunderstanding of historical events and misjudgment. In order to accurately record a place name, it is not possible to simply copy the content of a certain chronicle, but to consult the historical evolution of the place name to be extracted, understand the context of its evolution and change, and avoid errors or fallacies. For example, in the above, the evolution of place names in Cixi County. When some sources describe the historical events of Cixi County, it is inevitable that mistakes will be made if they are simply and generally recorded as Cixi County or Ciji County.

(5) The cause of the incident is related to the person

In the process of compiling the chronicles, the account of historical events inevitably involves historical figures. Due to a variety of reasons, there are sometimes errors in historical events, historical figures, or events and figures, which often mislead readers or make it difficult for readers to judge, affecting the quality of the compilation of chronicles. In order to accurately record a historical event, it is necessary to link the recorded event with the relevant people involved in the investigation, consult different books and compare reading, some books focus on remembering people incidentally, and some books focus on remembering people and joint accounts, and from different angles of comparison and investigation, objective results can be obtained. For example, in the above, Liu Yingxuan's "Jiaxing Mansion Chronicles" records that between Song Shaoxing, Haiyan ordered Qiu to build an embankment for 20 miles; Hu Zhenheng's "Haiyan County Atlas" records that Song Shaodingzhong ordered Qiu Lei to build an embankment for twenty miles. The same person did the same thing, but it was recorded by different books as the Song Shaoxing period (1131-1162) and the Shaoding period (1228-1233), a difference of sixty or seventy years. After consulting and analyzing, it was determined that the "Haitang Monograph" described the use of Song Shaoxingzhong, Qiu Leizhihaiyan, and the construction of a seawall for 20 miles.

III. Conclusion

Local chronicles are informational documents that comprehensively and systematically describe the natural, political, economic, cultural and social history and reality of the administrative region, and the selected data must be true, accurate, representative and authoritative. Taking the compilation of Zhejiang Tongzhi Haitang Monograph as an example, the author has consulted different books and sorted out the different records in terms of data, names, official positions, place names, dates, and different versions, and verified the correct answers through authoritative data, so that readers can cite and verify. At the same time, the paper also introduces some experiences and practices of historical research. For example, the most effective way to verify historical data is to find first-hand information; If it is true that no first-hand information has been found, it is advisable to use contemporaneous data to verify the historical facts of the contemporaries; When personal names are involved, in addition to searching for authoritative information, you should also search for local history information in the hometown of the person concerned; When the official position of the party concerned is involved, the authoritative chronology of the official or the official historical record should be consulted; When it comes to the records of the series of articles, the most direct or authoritative version should be selected from different sources. All in all, the research of historical materials should give preference to official historical materials, official historical materials, authoritative historical materials, and other materials.

Exegesis:

(1) Wang Guo'an's "Zhejiang Tongzhi", which was written in the twenty-third year of Kangxi (1683), was only 50 volumes due to the brief and thin content of the compilation, and the book was rushed for several months, and its basic content was taken from Ming Xue Yingyi's "Zhejiang Tongzhi", and Zhejiang Fangzhi believed that it was not the second "Zhejiang Tongzhi".

(2) Shen Yiji et al., "Zhejiang Tongzhi", vol. 62, "Haitang I", engraved in the first year of Qianlong (1736), p. 12.

(3) Fang Guan Cheng, "Liangzhejiang Haitang Tongzhi", vol. 2, "Liedai Xingxiu Shang • Hangzhou Mansion", Zhejiang Ancient Books Publishing House, 2012 edition, p. 33.

(4) Zhai Junlian, "Haitang Lu", vol. 2, "Territory", published in the 46th year of Qianlong (1781), p. 4.

(5) Yang Zhixiu, "Haitang Lanyao", vol. 5, "Construction", published in the 14th year of Jiaqing (1809), p. 3.

(6) "New Tang Dynasty Book", vol. 41, "Geography V", Zhonghua Book Company, 1975, p. 1059.

(7) Zou Xun et al., "Xiaoshan County Chronicles", vol. 11, "Water Conservancy Chronicles, Xixingtang", Shanghai Far East Publishing House, 2012, p. 454.

(8) Huang Yu compiles and repairs, "Xiaoshan County Chronicles", vol. 13, "Water Conservancy, Xijiangtang", Shanghai Far East Publishing House, 2012, p. 723.

(9) Peng Yanqingxiu, "Xiaoshan County Chronicles", vol. 3, "Water Conservancy, Xixingtang", Nankai University Press, 2010, p. 98.

(10) Xiao Liangyuxiu, Zhang Yuanchen et al., eds., "Shaoxing Fuzhi", vol. 17, "Water Conservancy Zhi II, Xiaoshan Beihaitang", "Shaoxing Series", vol. 1, "Local Chronicles", Zhonghua Book Company, 2006, vol. 1, p. 819.

(11) Lin Ce, ed., Wei Tang continued: Xiaoshan County Chronicles, Vol. 2, Construction Chronicles, Water Conservancy, Shanghai Far East Publishing House, 2012, p. 77.

(12) Liu Huixiu, Dai Wenming, et al., eds., Xiaoshan County Chronicles, Vol. 2, "Jianzhi • Tangyan Gate and Dam", Shanghai Far East Publishing House, 2012, p. 241.

(13) Qiu Junqing, "Quanxiu Haitang Lu", Volume 10, "Quanxiu Han Haitang Inscription and Inscription", Ming and Qing Dynasty Repair Print, p. 4.

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(15) Fang Guan Cheng, "Liangzhejiang Haitang Tongzhi", vol. 2, "Liedai Xingxiu Shang • Jiaxing Mansion", p. 42.

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(38) Edited by the Editorial Committee of "Zhejiang Tongzhi", "Zhejiang Tongzhi • Haitang Monograph", Zhejiang People's Publishing House, 2021 edition, p. 34.

(39) Shen Yiji et al., eds., "Zhejiang Tongzhi", vol. 64, "Haitang III", engraved in the first year of Qianlong, pp. 14-16.

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(41) Yu Shaosong et al., ed., "Rebuilding Zhejiang Tongzhi Manuscript", Volume 96, "Water Conservancy Strategy", Chapter 3, "The Construction of Haitang", Fang Zhi Publishing House, 2010 edition, p. 7882.

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(77) "Zhejiang Tongzhi" Editorial Committee, "Zhejiang Tongzhi • Haitang Monograph", Zhejiang People's Publishing House, 2021 edition, pp. 282-283.

(78) Qian Wenhan, "Defending the Haitang Chronicles: The Last Things", engraved in the second year of Jiaqing (1797), pp. 12-13.

(79) "Zhejiang Tongzhi" Editorial Committee, ed.: "Zhejiang Tongzhi • Haitang Monograph", Zhejiang People's Publishing House, 2021 edition, p. 81.

(80) Chen Yongqingxiu, Zhang Yu et al., eds., Ruian County Chronicles, vol. 2, "Water Conservancy", engraved in the 14th year of Qianlong (1749), pp. 37-38.

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(82) "Zhejiang Tongzhi" Editorial Committee, "Zhejiang Tongzhi • Haitang Monograph", Zhejiang People's Publishing House, 2021 edition, p. 300.

Source: China Local Chronicles, Issue 1, 2024

Author: Li Yonghe (Professor-level Senior Engineer of Zhejiang Water Conservancy and Estuary Research Institute, Executive Editor-in-Chief of Zhejiang Tongzhi Haitang Monograph)

Wang Shen (Senior Engineer of Zhejiang Water Conservancy and Estuary Research Institute, Editor of Zhejiang Tongzhi • Haitang Monograph)