summary
The form of literary and artistic publishing in the Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei Border Region has overflowed the standardization process of Yan'an literary and artistic publishing to varying degrees, and has not formed a "bookstore-oriented" and "integrated" literary and artistic publishing system as scheduled, but has shown more flexible and diverse wartime publishing characteristics. This stems from the difference in the specific struggle situation between the two places, and the Jincha Border Region has a more urgent and direct need for propaganda against the enemy. Under the centralized and unified leadership of the Party without losing flexibility, and unlike the norms and changes in literary and artistic publishing in Yan'an around 1942, the Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei Border Region presented a more diverse physiognomy of literary and artistic publishing.
The Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei Border Region was the first anti-Japanese base behind enemy lines established by the Communist Party of China during the Anti-Japanese War, and was once praised by Mao Zedong as "a model anti-Japanese base behind enemy lines"[1], and the literary and artistic publishing undertakings in the Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei Border Region have undoubtedly made indelible contributions to the construction and development of the border region. In the existing research on the history of publishing during the Anti-Japanese War, there is more research on the publishing industry in Yan'an, but there are relatively few studies on other base areas behind enemy lines, and some researchers often try to encompass the overall literary and artistic publishing system and characteristics of the liberated areas with Yan'an as the center. Under the centralized and unified leadership of the party, the development of publishing in various liberated areas will inevitably have certain similarities, but there are also many differences between the two due to the restrictions of the war environment and the influence of regional characteristics.
Taking the Speech at the Yan'an Forum on Literature and Art (hereinafter referred to as the "Speech") as a key node, the article argues that "with the improvement of Xinhua Bookstore's function from a single distribution function to an integrated editing, publishing, and distribution function, a bookstore-based literary publishing method centered on Xinhua Bookstore has been established in the liberated areas"[2]. The development of literary and artistic publishing in the Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei Border Region was attached to the Yan'an publishing model, which became a source of evidence for the overall publishing undertaking in the liberated areas, and therefore, to a certain extent, it caused a cover-up of the characteristics of wartime literary and artistic publishing in the Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei Border Region. After the study and verification of the historical materials published in the Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei Border Region, the author believes that the literary and artistic publishing in the Jin-Chahar-Hebei Border Region behind the enemy line is quite different from Yan'an, and should be regarded as a flexible variant of the Yan'an literary and artistic publishing system in the war environment, which needs to be independently studied and explained.
Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei Border Region Literature and Art Publishing to Yan'an Literature and Art Publishing
Overflow of patterns
"Before 1942, the publishing system of literature in the liberated areas was relatively free, and it was a completely corporatized way of publishing literature"[3]. After the Speech, "the corporatized literary publishing method quickly disappeared in the liberated areas, and was replaced by a bookstore-based literary publishing method"[4]. This is closely related to the fact that "Xinhua Bookstore has changed from a single distribution function to an integrated editing, publishing and distribution function"[5]. The development of literary and artistic publishing in the Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei Border Region is undoubtedly included in the above process, and the actual development of the publishing industry in the Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei Border Region has also been simplified. In fact, due to the different regional characteristics and actual conditions, the literary and artistic publishing model of the Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei border region has overflowed the Yan'an literary and artistic publishing system to varying degrees.
The literary and artistic publishing system in the Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei Border Region cannot be said to have been "established around 1942 with Xinhua Bookstore as the center". The Jinchaji branch of Xinhua Bookstore was "scheduled to be established on May 5 (1941) for the study festival and opened for business"[6], followed by the establishment of the Jizhong branch of Xinhua Bookstore on July 1. The Xinhua Bookstore in the Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei Border Region was mainly responsible for part of the distribution work, and "did not undertake all the work of editing, printing, and distribution, mainly selling newspapers, periodicals and books printed and published by newspaper publishers, as well as newspapers, periodicals and books published by Yan'an Xinhua Bookstore and other base areas"[7]. During this period, Xinhua Bookstore was "administratively under the leadership of the Jinchaji Daily, and the distribution department of the newspaper was one organization"[8], but in fact "one organization, two brands", and still carried out the daily distribution work of the newspaper in terms of business. It was not until March 1947 that Xinhua Bookstore was separated from the Jinchaji Daily and became an independent institution, and it became a publishing unit in the full sense of the word. Prior to this, the distribution work in the Jin-Cha-Ji Border Region was mainly led by the Anti-Enemy Newspaper (the predecessor of the Jin-Cha-Ji Daily), and Peng Zhen replied to the Central Distribution Department at the end of 1939 that "the Party's public books and newspapers are all distributed through the distribution system of the Anti-Enemy Newspaper"[9]. The construction of a network of Xinhua bookstores in the liberated areas will undoubtedly promote the development of publishing and distribution work in a more standardized and efficient manner. In the early days of the establishment of Xinhua Bookstore in the Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei Border Region, it also tried to imitate the distribution work model of the head office, so that Xinhua Bookstore could undertake more distribution business. On the one hand, the "Wholesale Regulations" and "Mail Order Regulations" were promulgated after studying the business policy and various rules and regulations of the head office, and on the other hand, a bookstore store department was established in Chenzhuang Town, Lingshou County, to welcome customers. However, "just over three months after the store was opened, in August, the enemy sent nine planes to attack the store, and the bookstore was bombed, causing losses in personnel and materials" [10]. Luo Jun, the first manager of the Jinchaji branch of Xinhua Bookstore, was also tragically killed in the air raid. As a result, the publishing staff in the Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei Border Region also deeply realized that "in the environment of frequent guerrilla warfare, it is not very appropriate to set up a centralized and fixed sales department"[11]. Deng Tuo once summed up his experience in this and believed that "the understanding of the professionalization and regularization of distribution work behind enemy lines should mainly lie in the adherence to the system, to ensure that a book and newspaper can play the role of a book and newspaper, and to recover the price of a book and newspaper, rather than in the extravagance of the façade, and our formalization is different from the formalization of the bookstore in the rear" [12]. Therefore, on the basis of the past experience of the Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei Border Region, the distribution work in the Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei Border Region has taken adapting to the treacherous environment of war, maximizing the utility of books and newspapers, and minimizing our losses as the development direction, rather than building a substantial Xinhua bookstore distribution network as the main point of force, which also embodies the publishing concept of the party's publishing workers in the wartime environment of proceeding from reality in everything. The isomorphic relationship between the newspaper distribution department and Xinhua Bookstore makes Xinhua Bookstore indeed undertake some important distribution work, but it still cannot form a literary society and the publishing activities are included in the distribution network of Xinhua Bookstore. Different from the global distribution effect of the head office of Xinhua Bookstore, in addition to Xinhua Bookstore, there are also other bookstores with different names in various places in the Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei Border Region. From 1941 to 1942, the Guangming Bookstore, the Anti-Enemy Bookstore, the Anti-War Bookstore, the Combat Bookstore, the Avant-Garde Bookstore, and the Engine Bookstore were established in each special district of Beiyue District, which were parallel to the Jin-Cha-Ji Xinhua Bookstore" [13]. Since Xinhua Bookstore did not carry out substantive editing and publishing work in the Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei Border Region during this period, nor did it build a standardized and overall store distribution network like the head office, the so-called "bookstore-oriented" literary publishing method is impossible to talk about.
The division of literary societies and publishing forms between "political party" and "writer" is also not applicable to the Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei border region. In the discussion of Yan'an's literary and artistic publishing system, the "political party-style" and "writer-style" literary societies are considered to be the two main forces of corporatized publishing. With the publication of the "Speech" and the development of the rectification movement and the work in the countryside, the corporatized literary publishing method was replaced by the "bookstore-oriented" literary publishing method. However, the situation of literary and artistic publishing in the Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei border region is not clearly presented as an evolutionary model of such linear development. Unlike the Yan'an Literary and Art Periodicals, which were published in large numbers around 1942, although the literary and artistic periodicals in the Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei Border Region experienced the devastating blow of the "May Day Purge" in 1942, there were still many literary and artistic periodicals that either insisted on publishing, or republished at the right time, or reprinted anew. "Since the winter of 1940, in the mass organizations in the border areas, I (Kang Hao) have run a mimeographed "Cultural Herald", which published articles on the situation, tasks, cultural and artistic knowledge, mass literary and artistic activities, as well as short works by writers and amateur authors"[14]. Later, because of its growing influence, it was changed to a mimeographed monthly magazine in 1941, and social science knowledge, historical stories, and natural science sketches were added, and nearly 1,000 copies were distributed in 30 or 40 counties. Although in 1942 and 1943 the environment in the border areas became increasingly cruel, a large number of cadres were downsized, experts returned to Yan'an many times, we often ate chaff in our daily lives, and almost all newspapers and periodicals in the field of culture were suspended, but in the winter of 1942, it was still decided that the "Cultural Herald" would be changed to lithograph, and in 1943 it was renamed "Rural Culture" to be printed in lead. Comrade Deng Tuo not only asked the newspaper to undertake the task of typesetting and publishing under the extremely difficult circumstances of paper and printing at that time, but also personally served as a member of the editorial board of the journal"[15]. From this point of view, the Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei Border Region does not present the situation of literary community editors with a separation of "writer-style" and "party-style", nor does it merge into a "bookstore-like" literary and artistic publishing model. On the contrary, under the very bad publishing environment, the newspapers under the leadership of the party continued to help the masses to publish progressive literary and artistic periodicals, and the editorial work of the "Cultural Herald" was carried out by literary and artistic writers represented by Kang Hao, and the publishing work was carried out with the help of the newspapers, so as to jointly contribute to the cultural undertakings in the border areas. It is difficult to summarize the publishing situation in the Jin-Cha-Ji border region before the "speech", and the "writer-style" literary and artistic societies and publishing forms did not quickly withdraw from the historical stage as in Yan'an. After the liberation of Zhangjiakou in 1945, the Zhangjiakou Branch of the All-China Association of Literary and Art Circles to Resist the Enemy still published many literary and artistic publications, including the large-scale literary and artistic monthly "The Great Wall" edited by Ding Ling. In short, the "corporatized" literary and artistic publishing method did not die out quickly, and the "bookstore-oriented" and integrated literary and artistic publishing system did not smoothly take shape.
Flexible policies for literary and artistic publishing in the Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei Border Region
and its underlying motivations
Emphasizing the spillover of literary and artistic publishing in the Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei Border Region to the Yan'an model is not to magnify the impact of the war and describe it as an extensive and liberal development process of literary and artistic publishing, but to emphasize the flexibility and practicability of the party's publishing policy in wartime. The work of publishing literature and art in the Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei border region has always been carried out with the leadership and assistance of the party. On May 5, 1938, the Jin-Cha-Ji Provincial Committee of the Communist Party of China issued a circular investigating the local publishing and distribution work, demanding that "investigate how many newspapers and publications there are in the locality, who presides over them, publish them once every few days, what are the contents, what kind of remarks are there, and explain how we lead them"[16]. As soon as the government of the border region was established, it began to investigate the development of the publishing industry and tried to strengthen unified leadership, which shows that the party and the government attach great importance to the publishing and propaganda undertakings. Article 11 of the Regulations on the Organization of the Administrative Committee of the Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei Border Region, promulgated in February 1943, clearly stipulates that the Education Office of the Border Region is responsible for a number of matters, including "matters concerning the compilation and examination of books and teaching materials" and "matters concerning the examination and registration of publications"[17]. There is no doubt that the development of literary and artistic publishing in the Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei Border Region has been developed under the close attention and centralized guidance of the party.
In 1942, the "Jinchaji Pictorial" was in the typesetting room of Nianpangou.
Similar to the cultural function attributes undertaken by Yan'an Literary and Art Publishing, the literary and artistic publishing undertaking in the Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei Border Region also has cultural functions such as information transmission, agitation and publicity, cultural popularization, and enrichment of life. Therefore, while emphasizing the freedom of the press, the government of the Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei Border Region has vigorously supported and guided the cause of literary and artistic publishing. In January 1941, Peng Zhen emphasized that "the border areas should publish comprehensive cultural periodicals, as well as some pictorial magazines and pamphlets that are needed by the public"[18], and that support for the publishing industry should be accompanied by management. The content of the print should be restricted" [19]. In terms of fundamental publishing concepts and policies, the Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei border region is generally the same as Yan'an. In July 1941, the Propaganda Department of the CPC Central Committee issued instructions on the publication of "newspapers and magazines in the anti-Japanese base areas" and problems, in which it emphasized that "in the anti-Japanese base areas, especially in North China, newspapers and magazines have developed greatly in terms of type and quantity, and most of them have played a role within a certain scope and to a certain extent. However, most newspapers and magazines show serious weaknesses such as unclear division of labor, duplication of each other, large quantity and poor quality, extravagant form and poor content" [20]. He further pointed out that we should concentrate our efforts on running five kinds of newspapers and magazines, including a political newspaper, a political magazine, an intra-party periodical, a magazine of a comprehensive cultural and literary nature, and a popular newspaper. And according to the importance of the rank, "the second and fourth two must rely on manpower and material resources to decide, do not force to make up the number" [21]. On the basis of this directive, coupled with factors such as the Rectification Movement and work in the countryside, Yan'an's literary and artistic publications declined rapidly, and even scholars said that "for a full six years, Yan'an's literary and artistic publications were blank" [22]. However, under the same conditions, the Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei Border Region even experienced the blow of the "May Day Sweep" in 1942, but still published literary and artistic periodicals, and the reason is worth exploring. On the one hand, the reason for this is that the problem of rectification in the base areas behind enemy lines is relatively small, and the instructions of the Central Propaganda Department to the Jin-Cha-Ji sub-bureau on the work of the United Nations General Assembly have stated that "because the United Nations General Assembly is behind enemy lines, the seriousness of dogmatism may be slightly less serious than that of the schools in Yan'an"[23], and this is caused by the war environment, and as a result, the Jin-Cha-Ji border region is relatively relaxed in the management of literary and artistic creations and periodicals other than party newspapers. On the other hand, compared with Yan'an, the government of the Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei Border Region maintains a more relaxed policy attitude towards literary and artistic work and a more flexible way of criticism and management. In January 1944, Nie Rongzhen delivered a speech at the Ji-Cha-Ji Military Region Literary and Art Work Conference, pointing out the different ways of criticism in the Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei Border Region, "Our criticism is mainly to adopt the method of goodwill correction, so that comrades can make trade-offs in their work and seek improvement in their work." If opening one's mouth is a 'political issue' and closing one's mouth is a 'matter of principle', this will make many literary and artistic workers tremble and dare not take action" [24].
Nie Rongzhen was in front of the headquarters of the Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei Military Region
Compared with Yan'an, the different ways and strategies adopted by the Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei Border Region for literary and artistic creation and publishing should still be attributed to the practical needs of wartime propaganda behind enemy lines, especially the needs of the increasingly fierce offensive and defensive propaganda wars. As a forward position, the Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei border region not only needs to resist the frequent sweeps of the Japanese army militarily, but also to prevent the negative impact of the Japanese army's enslavement propaganda and education on our military and civilians. The Japanese army carried out a "campaign to strengthen public order" in the Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei border area on many occasions to drive a wedge between the people and the Communist Eighth Route Army. For example, "taking advantage of the people's various religious habits to carry out general traitor activities"[25], and for young people and intellectuals, "taking advantage of young people's love of beauty, neatness, and active psychology, giving neat costumes and props, holding mobilization meetings, offering prizes, and holding various other competitions to win over young people" [26]. For example, the anti-Japanese family members propagated that "there are three unfilial pieties, and no queen is great, and your son will be wiped out if he dies" [27], and another example was the case in the Li Cheng riots, which hyped up "no food, no taxes" [28]. In view of the Japanese army's seizure and exploitation of intellectuals, the border government must adopt more effective measures to win over intellectuals rather than a strict policy of restraint. "The first thing is to care about their general personal life and solve their immediate difficulties. Introduce them to new knowledge books, novels with national consciousness......"[29], and on the issue of educating and transforming intellectuals, "they should adopt the method of holding meetings and discussions to enlighten them, and never give them an embarrassing attitude of subjective self-righteousness" [30]. Under the propaganda offensive of the Japanese army's political and military cooperation, the Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei border region had to take corresponding countermeasures, and in 1942 launched a huge "military-civilian oath movement" in the border area. In addition to carrying out collective rallying activities such as the military-civilian pledge meeting and the memorial service for the deceased, a large number of people relied on the literary and artistic media in the border areas to carry out positive propaganda, "using all newspapers, periodicals, leaflets, slogans, etc. to carry out extensive and in-depth publicity, and units at and above the county and regimental level may publish temporary tabloids"[31]. "Extensively mobilize art workers in the border areas to carry out an artistic creation movement with the theme of the military-civilian pledge movement, and produce and publish a large number of popular works of art." The village troupe "performed plays, drums, singing, Yangge dances, etc., related to the Pledge Movement"[32]. In the Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei Border Region, the publication of literary and artistic periodicals was directly endowed with this combat attribute. After publishing "Our Culture" in its inaugural issue, the "Culture of the Border Region," founded by the Jin-Cha-Ji Border Region Cultural Rescue Association, emphasized our cultural attributes, and said, "How disgusting is the 'culture' propagated by the enemy when it is dwarfed...... He shouted for co-prosperity and coexistence and the building of peace in East Asia, but told people not to move a little to maintain peace until they were shot and killed. We are not willing to be slaves, our eyes are opened, and we know who we are enemies and who are friends" [33]. Literary and artistic periodicals in the Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei Border Region confronted the enemy's propaganda offensive in a targeted manner, and were a heavy propaganda weapon that directly affected the war situation. It is quite necessary and effective to concentrate on resisting the Japanese propaganda invasion in the form of a large-scale campaign, but the development of the cultural movement is inseparable from the steady and lasting support of literary and artistic publishing and talent reserves. It was precisely under the realistic needs of such wartime cultural confrontation that around 1942, when Yan'an's literary and artistic newspapers were in decline, the literary and artistic publishing in the Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei Border Region not only had great value and space, but also had a strong urgency.
The diversified forms of wartime literary and artistic publishing in the Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei border region
"According to incomplete statistics, during the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression and the War of Liberation, about 279 periodicals were established in the Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei Border Region alone. Among the 279 periodicals, 166 are political journals (including comprehensive journals), accounting for nearly 60% of the total number of periodicals, 59 are literary and artistic journals, accounting for about 21.1%, 12 are cultural and educational journals, accounting for about 4.3%, and 42 are economic and production journals, accounting for about 15%"[34]. In order to examine the development of literary and artistic publications in the Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei Border Region more clearly and concretely during this period, the relevant information of well-documented literary and artistic publications is now compiled as shown in Table 1.
Table 1 Summary of the publication of literary and artistic periodicals in the Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei Border Region[36]
Note: The vacancy is unknown, and a small number of publications are not included because the name and date of establishment are unknown. The publications included in this table are dominated by literary and artistic publications, and a small number of comprehensive cultural publications or popular literary and artistic publications are more inclined to literary and artistic publications due to their nature, and are also included as appropriate. In addition, it does not include literary and artistic publications in the form of supplements.
Judging from the main body of literary and artistic publications, there are not only publishing institutions or units affiliated to the party, government, and military at all levels, but also a large number of mass organizations. Publishing units under the party, government, and military have made satisfying their own work needs their primary task of publishing, but there are still some publishing institutions that directly publish literary and artistic books and periodicals, or take into account literary and artistic publishing in the form of literary and artistic supplements and columns. The Propaganda Department of the Political Department of the Jizhong Military Region also founded "Company Literature and Art" and "Literature and Art Study", the former publishing the literary and artistic works of the troops, and the latter extracting Chinese and foreign literary masterpieces. The literary and artistic work of the army has received special attention from the party, government, and military departments in the border areas, and the literary and artistic workers in the army "are no different in status from the commanders and fighters of the whole army"[35]. In terms of quantity, the mass organizations in the Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei border region are the main force in literary and artistic publishing. The Literary and Art Association of the Border Region founded the "Jin-Cha-Ji Literature and Art", and the Literary Association and the Drama Association also edited and published the "Literary and Art Small Series" and the "Drama Small Series". The Ji Chinese Association founded "Ji Chinese" and "Literary and Art Studies", and the Ji Zhong New Century Drama Society founded "Song and Drama", "Poetry and Painting" and "New Century Poetry Magazine". Implementing the principle of "running newspapers by the masses", the Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei Border Region has also formed a situation of running newspapers at the district, sub-district, and county levels in terms of literary and artistic publications, and there are also many literary and artistic publications at the county level, such as "At the beginning of 1941, the Literature and Art Department of the Anping County Cultural Construction Association founded the literary and artistic publication "Torch", mimeographed, 32 folios, and monthly. It mainly publishes small literary and artistic works, but there are also articles that guide the work"[37]. From the point of view of printing technology, due to the harsh environment and shortage of materials, the literary and artistic publications in the Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei border region are mainly mimeographed, and some publications are "lithographed when the environment is good, and mimeographed when the environment is bad"[38], and everything changes with the changes in the actual situation. Judging from the development process, the number of literary and artistic periodicals in the Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei border region has indeed shrunk, and many periodicals were forced to suspend publication because of the enemy's sweep in 1942. From the perspective of the publication process of periodicals, except for large-scale publishing units in the border areas such as Jinchaji Daily, the editing, printing, and distribution of many literary and artistic journals are often completed by different units and are relatively prone to change, and there are characteristics of collaborative publishing and flexible publishing.
Although the number of literary and artistic periodicals published in the Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei border region is considerable, there are also some problems. The Propaganda Department of the CPC Central Committee has pointed out that newspapers and periodicals, especially in North China, have "serious weaknesses such as unclear division of labor, duplication of each other, large quantity and poor quality, extravagant form and poor content"[39]. These problems are real, but these shortcomings are also caused by the urgent need to develop the publishing business to deal with the Japanese army's propaganda warfare, and it is difficult to emulate Yan'an's standardized and efficient rectification measures in the war environment. There is no doubt that the literary and artistic publishing in the Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei border region helped to enhance the patriotic consciousness of the masses, helped the people to protract the War of Resistance against Japan, and made indelible contributions to the victory of the War of Resistance against Japan. In addition, due to the high mobility and indefinite publication dates, many literary and artistic works that are considered important today are not concentrated in certain periodicals, and even many works are published in other types of publications. For example, Liang Bin's short story "Three Bolshevik Fathers" was published in the comprehensive publication "Ji Chinese", and the old man in the novel is the prototype of Zhu Laozhong's character in "Red Flag Spectrum". Another example is Sun Li's "Theory of Realist Literature" published in the "Red Star" magazine founded by the Political Department of the People's Self-Defense Army in Jizhong, which put forward the literary slogan of realism for the first time in Jizhong. The publishing environment in the Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei Border Region is very bad, and the reason why many literary and artistic periodicals are still published is inseparable from the wisdom and strength of the broad masses. By mobilizing the masses, many publishing units are able to become self-reliant. Without batteries to power the radio, "Wang Huanan installed another ore radio, and without a battery, he could copy the news in the dead of night"[40]," and "Meng Lei, a primary school teacher in Yanfu Village, Gaoyang County, instructed some older students to conduct handmade paper-making experiments and succeeded"[41]. By smashing the wire into a flat pen, the engraver is able to engrave titles in different fonts and specifications. It is precisely under such arduous struggle and wisdom creation that the literary and artistic publishing in the Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei Border Region has gone through hardships, but it has still been able to survive endlessly.
In general, the form of literary and artistic publishing in the Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei border region has overflowed the standardization process of Yan'an literary and artistic publishing to varying degrees, and has not formed a "bookstore-oriented" and "integrated" literary and artistic publishing system as scheduled, but has shown more flexible and diverse wartime publishing characteristics. Fundamentally, this stems from the fact that the specific struggle situations in the two places are different, and the Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei border region has a more urgent and direct need for propaganda against the enemy. Under the guidance of the party's centralization and unification without losing flexibility, and unlike the norms and changes of literary and artistic publishing in Yan'an around 1942, the Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei Border Region has a more relaxed policy attitude and a more flexible way of criticism and management.
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36 Statistical source of table information: Editorial Department of Publication History of Hebei Provincial Press and Publication Bureau. Selected Historical Materials of the Communist Party of China in the Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei Border Region [M]. Shijiazhuang:Hebei People's Publishing House,1991;Hebei Provincial Press and Publication Bureau,Shanxi Provincial Press and Publication Bureau. The publication history of the Jin-Cha-Ji border region of the Communist Party of China [M]. Shijiazhuang:Hebei People's Publishing House,1991;Tian Jianping,Zhang Jinfeng. A brief history of the dissemination of books and newspapers in the Jin-Cha-Ji anti-Japanese base area 1938-1945[M]. Baoding:Hebei University Press,2010 ;Hebei Provincial Local Chronicles Compilation Committee. Hebei Provincial Chronicles Vol. 83 Publication Chronicles [M]. Shijiazhuang: Hebei People's Publishing House, 1996.
37 38 40 41 Du Jing . 193 kinds of newspapers and periodicals in Jizhong during the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression [M]// Editorial Department of Publishing History of Hebei Provincial Press and Publication Bureau. Selected Historical Materials of the Communist Party of China in the Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei Border Region . Shijiazhuang:Hebei People's Publishing House, 1991:277,259,249,250
Editor in charge: Chu Xintong
About the Author
Liu Xiangmei, born in September 1981, is a native of Changli, Hebei Province, an editor and a doctor of literature. He used to be the deputy editor-in-chief of Hebei Education Press, the director of the special issue department of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps-XPCC Daily (Xinjiang Aid), and is currently the vice president of the journal department of Hebei University. He has been engaged in publishing for nearly 20 years and has won more than 20 national and provincial book awards.
He has been selected as "Young Talents of Propaganda, Ideology and Culture of the Propaganda Department of the CPC Central Committee", "Expert Talents of Flexible Aid to Xinjiang", "Yanzhao Cultural Masters", "Cultural Masters of Hebei Province and Four Batch of Talents", "Good Editors of China", "Second-level Candidates of Hebei Province New Century 333" Talent Project, "Provincial Youth Post Experts", "Outstanding Editor Award of Lu Xun Literature Award", etc.
He won 1 second prize of Hebei Provincial Social Science Award, and presided over the special funded project of the Propaganda Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China "The Plant World in Song Ci" and the funded project of Hebei Provincial Social Science Fund "Research on Ding Ling's Literary Activities and Literary Creation in Zhangjiakou". He has published more than 50 papers and book reviews in core journals such as "Hebei Academic Journal", "Publishing Science", "China Editor", "Editorial Journal" and various newspapers such as "Guangming Daily" and "China Press and Publication News", of which 2 articles have been reprinted in full text and excerpted by "Xinhua Digest" and "Newspaper and Periodical Copying Materials of the National People's Congress".
Chai Xujie is a 2021 master's student in the School of Liberal Arts, Hebei University.
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